Final Extraction Yield Research Articles

Extraction, identification, and starch-digestion inhibition of phenolics from Euryale ferox seed coat.

Euryale ferox is an important cash crop and valuable tonic in traditional medicine. The seeds of E.ferox are rich in starch, which is hard to digest, and the digestion speed is significantly slower than that of rice starch. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of E.ferox seed-coat phenolics (EFCPs) on the digestion of E.ferox seed starch. EFCPs were extracted and identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We optimized the extraction parameters, and the final extraction yield was about 1.49%. We identified seven phenolics from the E.ferox seed-coat extracts: gallic acid, digalloylhexoside, catechin, procyanidin B2, epicatechin, ellagic acid, and epicatechin gallate. Quantitative analysis results showed that the E.ferox seed phenolics mainly distributed in the seed coat and the gallic acid, digalloylhexoside, and epicatechin gallate were three main phenolic compounds. The phenolics displayed strong inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase and α-amylase with an IC50 of 3.25 μg mL-1 and 1.36 mg mL-1 respectively. Furthermore, these phenolics could interact with starch by hydrogen bonds, which might make its starch more difficult to digest. Our investigation suggests that the EFCPs can strongly inhibit the digestion of E.ferox seed starch by inhibiting the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities and interacting with starch by hydrogen bonds; therefore, E.ferox seeds have a promising application prospect in foods for hypoglycemia. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Production of chitin‐ and chitosan‐oligosaccharide using the edible insect, Tenebrio molitor

AbstractEdible insects are not only good food ingredients for people, but also open the possibility of functional food and pharmaceutical raw materials. This study investigated the production of chitin‐oligosaccharide and chitosan‐oligosaccharide using edible insect, Tenebrio molitor (Tm). Chitin of Tm larvae was prepared using demineralization (2 N HCl, room temp., 3 h), deproteinization [5% NaOH (w/w) for 3.5 h at 70°C], and decolorization (3% H2O2 for 1.5 h at 80°C). Chitosan of Tm larvae was prepared by Tm chitin deacetylation at 50% NaOH (w/w) for 5 h at 105°C. The chitin of Tm yielded 50% chitosan, and the final extraction yield of chitin and chitosan from dried Tm larvae was 6.82% and 3.75%, respectively. Chitin‐oligosaccharide and chitosan‐oligosaccharide of Tm larvae were prepared via acid hydrolysis using 5.0 g of both Tm chitin and Tm chitosan. Finally, 2.12 g chitin‐oligosaccharide of Tm larvae was obtained through acid hydrolysis (con. HCl 100 mL for 4 h at 40°C). Chitosan‐oligosaccharide (2.5 g) of Tm larvae was produced via acid hydrolysis (con. HCl 50 mL for 1 h at 81°C) and purification. These results indicate that the industrial applicability of Tm chitin‐oligosaccharide and chitosan‐oligosaccharide is viable in the field of health supplements, as a large amount of these oligosaccharides can be obtained from edible insect, Tm larvae.

Freeze dried extract from olive leaves: Valorisation, extraction kinetics and extract characterization

Valorization of olive leaves (OL) in a biorefinery context should include extraction of bioactive compounds, specially taking into account the high content of extractives of this by-product. Extraction of bioactive compounds from Spanish OL (cultivar “Serrana de Espadán”) was studied by conventional and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). Faster extraction was observed by UAE, although similar final extraction yield was reached by both technologies. The best extraction solvent was an 80% ethanol hydroalcoholic mixture at a ratio of 20 mL per gram of dried OL (DOL). At these conditions the highest content of oleuropein and luteolin-7-O-glucoside was determined as 31 ± 2 and 4.1 ± 0.2 mg/gDOL. The power law and the Weibull models fitted the total phenolic compounds extraction kinetics quite well. The major soluble carbohydrate was mannitol, with a content of 4.48 ± 0.09 mg/gDOL in the extract. The influence of OL source was also studied and it was concluded that the leaves collected as wastes from the factory presented the highest phenolic yield and antioxidant capacity.The optimum extract was freeze dried resulting in a solid power with more than 11% of oleuropein and 17% of mannitol. Antioxidant activity of the freeze-dried extract was preserved for two months.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill. var. Drymifolia): optimization and modeling

AbstractUltrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed to extract the total phenolic compounds from avocado (Persea americana Mill. var. Drymifolia; Lauraceae) leaves with different electric powers (UAE 0%, UAE 60%, and UAE 100%) and extraction times. Ultrasonic extraction parameters were optimized by using a mathematical model made by stepwise regression (SWR) for the determination of the maximum total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity. Moreover, TPC extraction was modeled applying heterogeneous models to elucidate the involved mechanisms phenomena that determine the extraction rates. Optimization results found that the maximum value of TPC reached 48,732 mg GAE/100 g D.M. at 84.5% electric power and 29.7 min of extraction, which was superior to 0% electric power UAE. It was also found that the ultrasound causes the degradation of phenolic compounds, whereas the final extraction yield of TPC increases and their antioxidant activity decreased with the increase of ultrasound electric power. Proposed models gave a satisfactory quality of fit data using a second-order reaction for the degradation kinetics of TPC under ultrasound application. The estimated effective diffusivity values were in a range from 1.3889 × 10−11 m2/s to 2.2128 × 10−11 m2/s for the UAE 0% and UAE 100%, respectively. UAE significantly increased the extraction yield through the enhancement of the effective diffusivity, demonstrating that it is a promising technology to extract phenolic substances from avocado leaves.

Structural features and rheological behavior of a water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from the seeds of Plantago ciliata Desf.

A water-soluble polysaccharide (PSPC) was extracted from the seeds of Plantago ciliata Desf., a spontaneous Algerian Saharan plant by a hot aqueous extraction then purified by successive ethanolic precipitations. The final extraction yield for PSPC was close to 18.6% (w/v). PSPC was then investigated regarding its global composition, structural features and rheological properties. PSPC is a neutral arabinoxylan, composed of a β-(1,3)/β-(1,4)-d-xylan backbone with side chains of Xylp, and Araf residues attached in O-2 and O-3 positions. The macromolecular characteristics of PSPC in water was determined by SEC/MALLS, with a high molecular weight (Mw) of 700 kDa, a low polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.47 and an intrinsic viscosity [η] close to 157 mL/g. PSPC showed a pseudoplastic behavior in semi-dilute media and the critical overlay concentration (C*) was estimated around 0.32–0.37% (w/v). This current research has supplied original structural information on a new arabinoxylan which could be particularly useful as a novel source of soluble fiber belonging to psyllium.

Antioxidant and proliferative activity of the fruit extract of Lycium chinense in regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy in rats

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity and effect of a hot water extract of Lycium chinense fruit (LFE) on liver regeneration induced by Partial Hepatectomy (PH) in rats. Methods: Antioxidant activity of LFE was determined. Rats were divided into three groups; laparotomized (sham, n=15), 70% PH (control, n=25), and LFE-treated after PH (experimental, n=35). Starting 7 days before PH, rats received DW or LFE (500 mg/kg in DW) orally once a day until sacrifice. Rats were sacrificed on d 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 7 after surgery. Liver regeneration ratio and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) expression were determined through immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Results: Final extraction yield of LFE was 36.0%. LFE scavenged the DPPH and the ABTS radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 of LFE on DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity was 5.97 mg/ml and 2.53 mg/ml, respectively. The extent of liver regeneration seen in the experimental group (91.29%) at 7 d after PH was greater than that in the control group (89.43%). After PH, the liver reconstruction process involving collapse, re-arrangement and re-modelling of hepatic tissue was observed to happen sooner in the experimental group. The number of PCNA-positive hepatocytes obviously increased in the experimental group. PCNA-positive hepatocyte ratio peaked at 2 and 3 d in the experimental and control groups, respectively. Conclusions: Administration of LFE had beneficial effects on the regenerative capacity of remnant liver tissue after 70% PH in rats, probably owing to its antioxidant and proliferative properties.

Impact of post-harvest ozone treatments on the skin phenolic extractability of red winegrapes cv Barbera and Nebbiolo (Vitis vinifera L.)

Recently the use of ozone as sanitizing agent has been proposed on winegrapes in order to control mycobiota after harvest. The aim of this work was to investigate possible indirect physico-chemical effects of ozone treatment on berry skin phenolic composition and extractability. Vitis vinifera L. cv Nebbiolo and Barbera, chosen for their different anthocyanin profiles, were post-harvest treated for 24 and 72h with gaseous ozone (30μL/L). Skin anthocyanin and flavanol extractability was assessed during maceration (6, 24, 48, 96, 168 and 240h) using a wine-like solution. In our experimental conditions, ozone did not affect significantly the final extraction yield of anthocyanins (TA), proanthocyanidins (PRO), and flavanols reactive to vanillin (FRV) in Barbera, although TA and FRV extractabilities were higher in control samples than in ozone-treated samples during the first stages of maceration. In Nebbiolo, the final TA extraction yield was positively influenced by the ozone treatment (68.6, 64.2, and 59.9% for 24h ozone-treated berries, 72h ozone-treated berries and control samples, respectively). Final PRO and FRV extractability also increased in both ozone-treated samples compared to the control (+8.6–9.1% for PRO and +7.3–11.7% for FRV). No significant differences were found among treatments for individual anthocyanins in both cultivars at the end of maceration. Therefore, the use of ozone as sanitizing agent in red varieties prior to winemaking process can be considered because it did not negatively affect the extractability of skin anthocyanins and flavanols.

Acoustic wave generation in near-critical supercritical fluids: Effects on mass transfer and extraction

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process has attracted increasing interest over the recent decades. This is particularly motivated by concerns regarding the environmental effects of using traditional organic (potentially toxic) solvents. However, the conventional process of extraction using supercritical solvents has a slow dynamics even when solute free solvent is re-circulated and therefore improvements in the extraction process are required. The use of acoustic waves represents a potential efficient way of enhancing mass transfer processes in the supercritical region. Mass transfer enhancement using high amplitude resonant acoustic waves is investigated in this study. To carry out the investigation, three different cases are simulated. Acoustically augmented flow and transport in supercritical fluid (CO2) generated by resonant standing wave in a cylindrical shaped resonator (case 1) is simulated first. Based on the knowledge gathered from the simulations of the first case, simulations of acoustically augmented flow and transport in supercritical extraction systems, namely – in a fixed bed extractor (case 2) and membrane contactor (case 3) are also carried out. The oscillatory flow fields in these cases are created by the vibration of one of the end walls of the systems. A real-fluid model for representing the thermo-physical and transport properties of the supercritical fluid is considered. The fully compressible form of the Navier–Stokes equations is used to model the flow fields and an implicit time-marching scheme is used to solve the equations. Due to diverging thermo-physical properties of supercritical fluid near the critical point, large scale oscillations are generated even for small sound field intensity. The effects of near-critical property variations on the formation process of the streaming structures are also investigated. Predicted results from these simulations confirm that acoustic waves significantly accelerate the kinetics of the supercritical extraction process, especially in the near-critical region of operation and improve the final extraction yield. These improvements are attributed to an increase in the overall convective mass transfer coefficient.

Kinetic modeling of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from grape marc: Influence of acoustic energy density and temperature

The effects of acoustic energy density (6.8–47.4W/L) and temperature (20–50°C) on the extraction yields of total phenolics and tartaric esters during ultrasound-assisted extraction from grape marc were investigated in this study. The ultrasound treatment was performed in a 25-kHz ultrasound bath system and the 50% aqueous ethanol was used as the solvent. The initial extraction rate and final extraction yield increased with the increase of acoustic energy density and temperature. The two site kinetic model was used to simulate the kinetics of extraction process and the diffusion model based on the Fick’s second law was employed to determine the effective diffusion coefficient of phenolics in grape marc. Both models gave satisfactory quality of data fit. The diffusion process was divided into one fast stage and one slow stage and the diffusion coefficients in both stages were calculated. Within the current experimental range, the diffusion coefficients of total phenolics and tartaric esters for both diffusion stages increased with acoustic energy density. Meanwhile, the rise of temperature also resulted in the increase of diffusion coefficients of phenolics except the diffusion coefficient of total phenolics in the fast stage, the value of which being the highest at 40°C. Moreover, an empirical equation was suggested to correlate the effective diffusion coefficient of phenolics in grape marc with acoustic energy density and temperature. In addition, the performance comparison of ultrasound-assisted extraction and convention methods demonstrates that ultrasound is an effective and promising technology to extract bioactive substances from grape marc.

Atividade de extratos de Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) Verlot obtidos por processos biotecnológicos sobre a proliferação de fibroblastos e células tumorais humanas

Arrabidaea chica (H&B) Verlot is a plant popularly known as Pariri and this species is a known source of anthocyanins, flavonoids and tannins. This report describes an approach involving enzymatic treatment prior to extraction procedures to enhance A chica crude extract anticancer activity. Anticancer activity in human cancer cell lines in vitro using a 48 h SRB cell viability assay was performed to determine growth inhibition and cytotoxic properties. The final extraction yield without enzyme treatment was higher (24.28%) compared to the enzyme-treated material (19.03%), with an enhanced aglycones anthocyanin ratio as determined by HPLC- DAD and LC-MS with direct infusion.

Membrane extraction for separation of copper cations from acid solution using polypropylene hollow fibre membrane

The membrane extraction of copper ions was carried out using hydrophobic poly(propylene) (PP) hollow fiber membrane modules and kerosene solutions containing organic extractant. The influences of different extractant on the extraction yield, mass transfer performance and mass transfer mechanism were studied. Compared with 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (2EHPA) and 2-methyl-5-sulpho benzaldoxime (2M5SB), di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) extractant system with high distribution coefficient exhibited higher extraction yield of 99.7%. The extraction equilibrium time, the final extraction yield and the total mass transfer coefficient were independent of the flow rates of two phases. The extraction equilibrium time and the final extraction yield at different flow rates of two phases were 80 min and near 99.5%, respectively. A mass transfer model of a complexation reaction describing the overall mass transfer resistance was controlled by interfacial reactions rather than the aqueous and organic boundary layer which could explain the effect of flow rate on the final extraction yield and the total mass transfer coefficient. This model showed that the mass transfer resistance and mass transfer coefficient were independent of Cu2+ when copper ion concentration was more than 0.06 g/L. However, when copper concentration was less than 0.06 g/l, the mass transfer resistance increased as Cu2+ concentration decreased, and the mass transfer coefficient decreased as Cu2+ concentration decreased. Extractant entrainment in the aqueous phase and membrane fouling were investigated primarily. It was found that the solvent entrainment could reduce to 10 ppm much lower than 200 ppm of the classic liquid–liquid extraction, and that the cleaning of contaminated membranes was not complete. However, it can be still concluded from this research that the membrane extraction in PP hollow fibre with D2EHPA extractant would be an effective and promising processing means for Cu2+ separation from aqueous solution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.