Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation Research Articles

Transmission Diversity by Alamouti-Coding, Propagation Control by IRS in CDMA-FBMC-OQAM System

This manuscript suggests a modulation scheme for exploiting transmission diversity by integrating Alamouti coding and controlling the transmission by intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) in code division multiple access filter bank multicarrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (CDMA-FBMC-OQAM) system, a promising technique for future-generation wireless communication. To neutralize the impact of channel phases, the IRS elements are in charge of intelligently adjusting the incident signal phases. By maximizing the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the received signal, the bit-error-rate (BER) performance is improved. By changing the number of IRS elements, taking into account various channel scenarios and modulation schemes, we compare the BER performance of the proposed system with that of the conventional Alamouti coded CDMA-FBMC-OQAM system in simulation results. The findings demonstrate that the IRS-assisted Alamouti coded CDMA-FBMC-OQAM transmission is a feasible choice for future-generation wireless communication systems.

Spectral efficiency analysis on massive MIMO filter bank

ABSTRACT This article covers the potential of Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) modulation as an alternative to be used in the future 5 G wireless networks in which Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is implemented. The ‘energy efficient Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (M-MIMO) Filter bank Multi-carrier Modulation (FBMC)’ is necessary and beneficial for the upcoming wireless communiqué system. This is because there is an ever-increasing demand for higher data rates with higher Spectral Efficiency (SE). This paper compares orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with FBMC. This helps to evaluate the Spectral Efficiency (SE) of a Massive MIMO system that performs transmission under a unicellular environment. The variation in Massive MIMO allows equilibrium of the channel because FBMC has extra benefits due to the confinement of the subcarrier in an assigned range. However, the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in an M-MIMO-FBMC system is recognised as a serious problem that causes nonlinear signal deformation and restricts the effectiveness of the Power Amplifier (PA). In this work, to increase the SE in the system, the antenna count is optimised, such that the SNR or SNDR is maximum. For this, the antenna counts are optimised via Self Improved SSO with a Chaotic Map (SISSO-CM).

Effect of Line-of-sight Channels on DC-biased Optical Filter Bank Multicarrier Visible Light Communication with Multiple LED Arrays

This paper investigates the impact of propagation delay and channel loss due to the use of multiple LED arrays in visible light communication (VLC) systems based on filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) modulation. FBMC offers greater spectral efficiency, and asynchronous transmission and is a promising alternative scheme to orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM). The proposed FBMC model is based on 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 16-QAM formats and uses 100 symbols and 600 input bits per symbol. In this paper, the VLC-FBMC system is designed based on the line-of-sight (LOS) model under the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Comparison analyses between different bit rates in terms of bit error rate (BER), best sampling point, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirement have been carried out to show the delay and loss effect on communication quality and system performance. The results demonstrate that the proposed FBMC model achieves a bit rate of up to 29.296 Mbit/s with a low BER of 10-3 and less SNR penalty in high QAM formats, demonstrating its potential as a viable alternative to OFDM for future VLC systems.

A Novel 4 × 1 MISO-VLC System with FBMC-OQAM Downlink Signals

A novel visible-light communication (VLC) system with 4 × 1 multi-input–single-output (MISO) channels is designed. In the system, the filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) and offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) techniques are used to generate downlink signals. The principles and implementation methods are proposed and analyzed, and the light intensity and received light power distribution of four LED emitters are discussed. The results demonstrate that it not only satisfies the requirements of indoor information access but also provides daily lighting. The used FBMC-OQAM signals exhibit better reception performance than orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. The system used has a lower bit error rate (BER) and larger access bandwidth compared to a 1 × 1 single-input–single-output (SISO) system. It has the potential for application advantages in future indoor VLC system applications.

Evaluation of FBMC Channel Estimation using multiple Auxiliary symbols for high throughput and low BER 5G and beyond communications

Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) modulation has been recognized as a consistent contender and a possible successor for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in 5G and beyond because of its outstanding spectral properties. The channel is assessed in FBMC using pilot-symbol aided channel estimation that provides robust estimates even for severe channel conditions. In the present work, neutraliz ing the imaginary interference at the pilot positions is focused while estimating the channel. To neutralize the imaginary in terference, multiple auxiliary symbols have been proposed to enhance the throughput and channel capacity. The Iterative Minimum Mean Squared Error (IMMSE) cancellation scheme has been proposed to reduce the interference at the pilot and data positions. Transmission power, Bit Error Rate (BER) and throughput are computed for Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC), OFDM and proven that better system performance is obtained for FBMC. The performance of channel estimation is evaluated through 5G standards and indicates that the usage of multiple auxiliary symbols per pilot leads to better throughput and low Bit Error Rate at low power transmission.

Equalization methods for Filter Bank Multicarrier OQAM

Filter bank multi-carrier offset-quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC OQAM) is a hot topic in 5G multi-carrier research. In order to achieve high data rates and reliable wireless communication, receiver channel equalization is required. This is because of the equalizer's excellent spectral efficiency, exceptionally low side-lobe leakage, zero periodic cyclic prefixes (CP), and multiphase filter design. However, a number of degradations, including fading, Doppler shifts, and intermittent symbol interference (ISI), are added to the transmitted data symbols as they traverse the wireless channel, reducing the network's overall quality. To mitigate the negative effects of channel defects, many channel equalization algorithms have been developed for use in modern telecommunications networks. Six different equalizer approaches have been implemented. Using the Pedestrian A and Vehicular B channel in our simulations, we examine how well they function. The system was simulated using MATLAB's Communications Toolbox (an M file). Bit-error-rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were used to evaluate the outcomes. The Bit error rate was calculated by checking for differences between the sent and received bit sequences. The best value of the bit error ratio using frequency domain equalization and the time domain equalization 5.4 and 4.7 , respectively.

Papr reduction of FBMC-OQAM signals using Phase Search-PTS and modified discrete fourier transform spreading

In this research, a novel peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction technique for filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) modulation systems is presented. With multicarrier systems like FBMC, the strategy focuses on the survival of the fittest principle to suit the value of PAPR. The Filter Bank Multicarrier with Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (FBMC-OQAM) has recently captured the attention of numerous academics due to its minimal adjacent channel leakage ratio (CLR). Unfortunately, the issue of increased PAPR measurement has a negative impact on the effectiveness of the FBMC system's energy measurement. In this study, the Phase search-based Partial Transmit Sequence (PS-PTS) approach and Modified Discrete Fourier Transform Spreading (MDFT) are developed for the PAPR reduction of the FBMC-OQAM signals. The increased PAPR measurement is reduced using the PTS and MDFT with osprey optimization method, which may result in a PAPR reduction of roughly 5.1 dB as comparable to the conventional approach.

A Survey on Physical Layer Techniques and Challenges in Underwater Communication Systems

In the past decades, researchers/scientists have paid attention to the physical layer of underwater communications (UWCs) due to a variety of scientific, military, and civil tasks completed beneath water. This includes numerous activities critical for communication, such as survey and monitoring of oceans, rescue, and response to disasters under the sea. Till the end of the last decade, many review articles addressing the history and survey of UWC have been published which were mostly focused on underwater sensor networks (UWSN), routing protocols, and underwater optical communication (UWOC). This paper provides an overview of underwater acoustic (UWA) physical layer techniques including cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM), zero padding orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ZP-OFDM), time-domain synchronization orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (TDS-OFDM), multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM), generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), unfiltered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (UF-OFDM), continuous phase modulation orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CPM-OFDM), filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) modulation, MIMO, spatial modulation technologies (SMTs), and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing index modulation (OFDM-IM). Additionally, this paper provides a comprehensive review of UWA channel modeling problems and challenges, such as transmission loss, propagation delay, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and distance, multipath effect, ambient noise effect, delay spread, Doppler effect modeling, Doppler shift estimation. Further, modern technologies of the physical layer of UWC have been discussed. This study also discusses the different modulation technology in terms of spectral efficiency, computational complexity, date rate, bit error rate (BER), and energy efficiency along with their merits and demerits.

Performance Comparison of FBMC-OQAM and CP-OFDM Using AWGN Channel

The 5G NR network planning covers the types of use scenarios and applications that include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (MTC). Regarding multicarrier modulation schemes, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become the most popular choice in previous technology, so OFDM is a strong candidate for its 5G NR technology application. However, OFDM has disadvantages such as higher PAPR and decreased bandwidth efficiency due to the addition of CP. These weaknesses can be overcome by the FBMC modulation scheme with Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OQAM) as a more efficient CP replacement for its implementation in 5G NR. This study analyzed the development of OQAM in Filter Bank multicarrier (FBMC) and compared it with using Cyclic Prefix (CP) based on OFDM using the AWGN channel. The first step of this research is to present an overview of the modulation scheme used. Next, compare the performance of FBMC-OQAM and CP-OFDM by analyzing several Bit Error Rate (BER) simulation results against the SNR value when both systems use the same simulation parameters. Based on the test results of each BER, both methods have different values, almost 2 dB for the same BER results. It indicates that the FBMC-OQAM system reached the BER value of 10-4 at SNR 15 dB. The CP-OFDM system, meanwhile, was able to achieve a BER value of 10-4 at SNR 17 dB. These results indicate that the FBMC-OQAM system is superior to CP-OFDM based on the BER values.

4 × 4 MIMO Fiber-Wireless System with RoF Transmission Capability

Transport networks, particularly fronthaul systems are facing substantial issues as a result of the expansion of radio access technologies (RATs) in 5G and beyond networks. Due to the difficulties and high expense of installing fiber links, a traditional fiber-optic based mobile transport system will not be adequate for delivering radio signals to new antenna sites. The ease and speed of installation make wireless transport systems an appealing alternative. In this work, a 4×4 MIMO fiber wireless system with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and polarisation division multiplexing (PDM) radio over fiber (RoF) transmission capacity is proposed and Simulated. Moreover, a Filter Bank Multicarrier modulation is employed to increase the system capacity. In order to improve the spectral efficiency of RoF and fiber-wireless systems, FBMC is an excellent choice for modulation. Also a 4×4 MIMO OQAM based FBMC signal is simulated and its performance is compared with 2 × 2 MIMO system. Satisfactory performance is confirmed with quality factor of 14.6040 and minimum BER of 1.22×10-45. 4 × 4 MIMO fiber wireless system achieved better quality factor compared to 2×2 MIMO system. Simulation of both systems are performed using Matlab integrated with Optisystem Software. It offers an affordable solution to enable massive amount of MIMO signal transmission and may be a potential approach for upcoming mobile access and radio transport networks in high frequency bands.

A robust transmission with enhancement of 5G PHY using FBMC and AMC for machine-to-machine communication node

Advancement of 5G new radios has enabled more robust communication for the Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication node, using filter bank multicarrier (FBMC). This paper focuses on robust transmission over random fluctuations of the channel and also enhances the battery life for the massive machine type communication (mMTC) node. Filter bank multicarrier and Adaptive Modulation Coding (AMC) have been utilized together to enhance the performance of the 5G (NR) PHY layer. A frame-to-frame implementation is used to diminish the impact of fading using AMC, while efficient utilization of spectrum is achieved using FBMC. The selection of the AMC profile is obtained through the analysis of uplink packets using the Distance Statistics (DS). The FBMC is incorporated with 5G PHY in place of OFDM to achieve the optimum utilization of spectrum and also obtain a significant reduction in peak to average power ratio (PAPR) for robust transmission, which saves 10% of the battery requirement. On the basis of channel state information, distance statistics were employed to optimize the AMC. The optimum selection of AMC with FBMC will reduce the bit error rate (BER) against multipath fading and ensure the better utilization of available spectrum to attain the optimum utilization of the power amplifier.

Analysis of quantization noise in FBMC transmitters

This paper investigates Filter Bank MultiCarrier (FBMC) modulation implemented with frequency spreading and polyphase network-based in terms of the introduced quantization noise. As FBMC is considered one of the future candidates for 5G/6G communication systems due to its advantageous spectral properties, the introduced quantization noise in the implementation is an essential design criterion. Analytical expressions for fixed- and floating-point Quantization Noise Power (QNP) in FBMC transmitter schemes are given. Based on the results, it can be stated that the total QNP depends on the number of carriers, overlapping symbols, and the resolution of the quantizer. The results are verified through simulations. Estimating the quantization noise in FBMC systems in the function of the selected bit resolution and keeping it at an acceptable level is an essential design step. The results can be directly employed in the preliminary hardware design of FBMC transmitters, where the choice of the arithmetical units and the bit resolution is a key factor.

Joint radar communication system design based on filter bank multicarrier modulation scheme

Since orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals are sensitive to Doppler shift, OFDM signals with cyclic prefix (CP) not only reduce the communication rate but also result in symmetric pseudo peaks in the ambiguity function of the radar, which eventually lead to the degradation of the performance of the joint radar communication system (JRCS). In this study, a novel JRCS is proposed based on the filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) waveform for the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging and communication system. On the one hand, FBMC waveforms are capable of low orthogonality between subcarriers, which can counter Doppler and multipath effects. On the other hand, FBMC waveforms do not require CP, so the false targets can be avoided and spectral efficiency can be improved. The influence of multipath effect and Doppler shift on FBMC waveform in an integrated system is analysed in detail, and a Doppler compensation algorithm suitable for FBMC-integrated waveform is proposed. The phase error caused by target motion can be iteratively compensated to obtain a well-focussed ISAR image. Finally, considering the ISAR image entropy after motion compensation as the evaluation metric, extensive simulation experiments verify the noise robustness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Compared with the conventional OFDM and CP-OFDM schemes, the simulation verifies that the proposed waveform design and processing method has better performance in the ISAR imaging and communication integrated system.

Low-latency and High-Reliability FBMC Modulation scheme using Optimized Filter design for enabling NextG Real-time Smart Healthcare Applications.

This paper presents a prototype filter design using the orthant optimization technique to assist a filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) modulation scheme of a NextG smart e-healthcare network framework. Low latency and very high reliability are one of the main requirements of a real-time e-healthcare system. In recent times, FBMC modulation has gotten more attention due to its spectral efficiency. The characteristics of a filter bank are determined by t’s, prototype filter. A prototype filter cannot be designed to achieve an arbitrary time localization (for low latency) and frequency localization (spectral efficiency), as time and frequency spreading are conflicting goals. Hence, an optimum design needed to be achieved. In this paper, a constraint for perfect or nearly perfect reconstruction is formulated for prototype filter design and an orthant-based enriched sparse ℓ1-optimization method is applied to achieve the optimum performance in terms of higher availability of subcarrier spacing for the given requirement of signal-to-interference ratio. Larger subcarrier spacing ensures lower latency and better performance in real-time applications. The proposed FBMC system, based on an optimum design of the prototype filter, also supports a higher data rate as compared to traditional FBMC and OFDM systems, which is another requirement of real-time communication. In this paper, the solution for the different technical issues of physical layer design is provided. The presented modulation scheme through the proposed prototype filter-based FBMC can suppress the side lobe energy of the constituted filters up to large extent without compromising the recovery of the signal at the receiver end. The proposed system provides very high spectral efficiency; it can sacrifice large guard band frequencies to increase the subcarrier spacing to provide low-latency communication to support the real-time e-healthcare network.

Performance analysis of modulation techniques in 5G communication system

In the 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation mobile communication (5G) system, better bitrate, better power consumption, and better Bit Error Rate are needed. To meet all these requirements in 5G, the waveform is important. Although the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme has been commonly used in 4G, it is difficult to meet the requirements of 5G. A lot of candidate waveforms are discussed in the 5G system included Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC), Filtered OFDM (F-OFDM), and Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM), etc. However, since GFDM is no longer widely used, in this paper, FBMC, UFMC, and F-OFDM modulation schemes are discussed and compared with OFDM. Power Spectral Density (PSD), Bit Error Rate (BER), Transmitted Signal Power, Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and Bit Rate parameters of the modulation schemes are studied and compared with OFDM. FBMC demonstrates to be the most promising modulation scheme for 5G systems.

Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation Techniques for 5G and Beyond Wireless Communication Systems

Higher data rates, higher mobility, lower latency, and better quality of service are the prime requirements for future communication systems. It is expected to provide connectivity to the Internet of everything, time-sensitive/time-engineered application, and service to high-fidelity holographic society. Its performance in terms of data rate, latency, synchronization, security, and reliability will be much better compared to 4G and 5G mobile communication systems. This paper investigates the performance of the pulse shaping-based filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) modulation technique used in 5G mobile communication systems. Simulation results show that the FBMC system has a better performance compared to the conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system in terms of many parameters such as achievable channel capacity, signal to noise ratio, time, and frequency response, out of band leakage, etc.

Study and analysis of multi carrier modulation techniques – FBMC and OFDM

Modern wireless communication systems such as the 4th Generation (4G) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) are highly attracted to Multicarrier (MC) techniques. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and FBMC (Filter Bank Multi-Carrier) transmission schemes are compared in this paper. Analysis of the merits of FBMC and OFDM modulation techniques is based on its Spectral Density, Spectral Efficiency, Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and Bit Error Rate (BER). FBMC overcomes some of the drawbacks of OFDM. Based on the simulation results, FBMC had low BER, higher PAPR, better Spectral Efficiency and better Spectral Density than OFDM. In comparison with Conventional OFDM, FBMC delivers superior performance.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FILTER BANK MULTI-CARRIER MODULATION IN MULTIPATH FADING CHANNELS

Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) modulation is one of the most significant enablers for future 5G technologies. It is a modulation technique for resolving inter-carrier and inter-symbol interference using two possible methods: Frequency Spreading (FS) and Poly Phase (PP) implementation. Cyclic prefixes are used in OFDM for signal robustness, but they have some disadvantages in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. FBMC is used to solve the disadvantages of OFDM and save a bandwidth. In this paper, performance comparisons in terms of symbol error rate between OFDM and FBMC systems in AWGN and multipath fading channels are presented. The obtained results show that FBMC over performs OFDM in multipath fading channels and the improvement margin is increased as the number of subcarriers decreased.

Visible light communication using new Flip-FBMC modulation system technique

Filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) modulation in the visible light communication (VLC) system is one of the most promising modulation systems in optical wireless communications (OWC), especially in 5G and 6G future applications. FBMC has a wide bandwidth compared to other modulation systems. One of the highest degree essential conditions for utilising the signal in VLC is that the signal is real positive, the signal is agreeable with intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD), where Hermitian symmetry (H.S) is utilised to get a real signal (RE) and to be unipolar direct current (DC)-bias is used. Here the challenge arises as this method increases complicating, due to the modulation of the N number of frequency symbols, these symbols need 2N inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) and fast fourier transform (FFT), in addition to energy consumption. This research focused on the time domain and not the frequency domain by using the traditional complex FBMC generation signal, and to obtain the RE signal by placing the RE signal side by side with the imaginary signal (IMs) in a row, and then using new Flip-FBMC technology, which saves more energy. The proposed technologies provide approximately 57% of the number of IFFT/FFT. The use of Flip-FBMC technology consumes less energy than traditional technologies with better bit error rate (BER) performance.

Cross-phase modulation compensation in multichannel system based on filter bank multicarrier modulation

Futuristic mobile data networks are expected to reach higher data rates per user to accommodate the specifications of emerging services, such as triple play and mobile applications. Researchers are carrying out their works to tackle the drawbacks of traditional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing by designing new waveforms with high spectral efficiency and low out-of-band emissions. Among many others, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) is an appealing candidate for beyond 5G that fulfills these constraints. Consequently, it is worth to shed light on the performance of FBMC in multichannel transmission system. The main contribution of our paper is to compensate fiber nonlinearity including self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation effects using adaptive Volterra equalizer in longhaul FBMC system based on a 6 × 20 Gb / s in wavelength-division multiplexing scheme over 100 km × 30 spans of single-mode fiber (SMF). The impacts of channel spacing, bit rate, and fiber types on system performance are addressed. For a target of bit error rate = 10 − 3, the simulations show that this performance can be reached at −12 dBm of launch power when 5-taps third-order Volterra (TOV) equalizer is used for 12.5 GHz of channel spacing and an improvement of approximately 1 dB is obtained for 7 taps compared with the same equalizer with 3 taps. To further enhance the system performance, standard-SMF is replaced by a new class fiber called pure-silica-core fiber with large effective area, which exhibits a gain of almost 1.3 and 1 dB for 3 and 5 taps, respectively. The complexity burden of the TOV filter is also discussed.