Film Slides Research Articles

Friction reduction mechanisms of TiN film sliding in graphene aqueous dispersion

AbstractThe lamellar structure and weak interlayer shear force of graphene endow itself potential application value in lubrication fields, while its lubrication performance has been vastly investigated in various fields. However, there are few studies on the composite tribological performance of graphene and ceramic films. In this study, a solid–liquid lubricating system which TiN film slides in graphene aqueous dispersion is developed, aiming to achieve low friction of the TiN ceramic film in macroscale contact. Two kinds of TiN films were obtained by multi‐arc ion plating and magnetron sputtering respectively. The tribological test show that the friction coefficient of the TiN film drops when adding graphene aqueous dispersion and varies with the concentrations of graphene. The results indicate that the graphene might act in two ways to achieve low friction of TiN film, which are liquid lubricating effect of solvents and the formation of smooth sliding interface promoted by graphene.

Hydrogel-Based Stamping Technology for Solution-Free Blood Cell Staining.

An accurate microscopical analysis of blood smears requires a reproducible and convenient method of staining. Solution-based staining procedures can be cumbersome. Especially in low- and middle-income countries, the lack of skilled technicians and adequate laboratory facilities, as well as insufficient water and reagent quality, often become confounding factors. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a new cell staining method based on sequential stamping of agarose gel patches that contain eosin, methylene blue/oxidized methylene blue, Azure B, and buffer, respectively. Our method, termed "hydrogel staining", provides a simple, reproducible, solution-free, and inexpensive approach to stain blood cells. We have optimized incubation times to achieve the optimal transfer of dyes to fixed blood cells on a glass slide, with outcomes comparable to conventional solution-based methods for white blood cells and malaria-infected red blood cells. This hydrogel staining method does not require special skills to produce excellent quality stained blood film slides. The new method could enhance the accuracy of microscopical examination of blood smears, especially in resource-limited settings.

Phase behavior and hot storage characteristics of asphalt modified with various polyethylene: Experimental and numerical characterizations

Phase behavior is crucial to multi-phase materials, which intensively affects macro-performance of materials. Polymer modified asphalt is a typical multi-phase material and widely applied in paving industry. This paper presents the fundamental understanding of phase behavior and hot storage characteristics of polyethylene (PE) modified asphalts. The influence of polymer structure on phase behavior was studied by experimental and numerical approaches. Experimentally, four typical PE modified asphalts were selected to prepare thin film slides of asphalt, which were subjected to isothermal annealing and observed under fluorescence microscopy (FM). The morphology evolutions were evaluated by statistical size distribution. Storage stability was further evaluated by tube test. Numerically, microstructure evolutions and storage stability were described by phase field method. The results showed that the scope of PE phase size distribution becomes wider during annealing. Linear low-density PE shows a relative slow separation. Phase-field model perfectly describes the experimental microstructure evolution. Polyethylene structural parameters significantly affect the phase behavior. Lower crystalline, higher melt flow index (MFI) as well as more branched molecule promotes the swelling of PE particle and the interaction of constituents. Moreover, differences in density and viscosity between PE and asphalt greatly accelerate the separation in the vertical direction.

Studi Bahan Ajar Tentang Sejarah Islam di Indonesia dalam Buku Ajar Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Tingkat SMA/ MA dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Islam

The focus of this study is about the materials of History of Islam in Indonesia on Indonesian National History Textbook in the Perspective of Islamic Education. It�s not only knowing of this materials but also can be useful for people who want to master of historical of Islam in Indonesia. In the process of learning the teacher presenting the material, starting with the creation of teaching materials interesting and innovative. Teaching materials have great contribution for the success of the learning process. In this occasion the role of the teacher as a facilitator is very important because it also as a resource in teaching and learning. Learning based on the students-oriented could be possible to learn from a variety of sources of information independently, both of graphic media such as books, magazines, newspapers, newsletters, and others; or on electronic media such as radio, television, film slides, video, computer, or perhaps from the internet. Writing the past of historical of human life is strongly influenced by the ideology of the author, also at the time who was in the power in that country. So that it is presented to be criticize on its truth do not accept what if it were going to leave uncertainty forever. The method is used in this research is descriptive narrative, that research on describing what the data that the author has found from many sources that are the subject of a study of the Qur'an, Hadith, and scholarly opinion which strengthens. While the theory is used in this case is theories have Framing in content analysis. Framing analysis is used to determine how the reality framed by the media. Through analysis of the framing will be known who controls whom, who opposed the who, where friends where the opponent, where the patron and which clien. At the high school level (high school) or Madrasah Aliyah (MA) History teaching aims to encourage pupils can critical thinking, analysis and synthesis. Understanding the past life to be used as the foundation of life of the present and future. Also understand that history is a part of everyday life. The observation of the author after reading the teaching material for the National History Indonesia SMA / MA, there are theories that led to the materialist sourced from Western secular theory. The next presentation of teaching materials national history in SMA / MA when viewed from the perspective of Islamic education efforts are needed to Islamization include Islamization of Sciences, the Islamization of writing and teaching history, because history, as well as other science today predominantly influenced by the theories of secularism which considers a value-free and not nothing to do with religion; especially the Islamic religion that comes from revelation of Allah (Qur'an) and hadiths of The Messenger of Allah SAW. The teachers that administer the National History Lesson is expected to exploit the opportunities available that actively attending activities Subject Teachers Council (MGMP) to formulate, discuss and criticize the teaching materials that have been available in the Handbook both for teachers and for students. Of these activities are expected to grow curiosity continuously so that the teachers are always seeking to prepare themselves before teaching in the classroom. Likewise, students are stimulated to seek his own experiences with the task given of their selves both structured and unstructured task. Hopely the students can take advantage of opportunities for critical thinking in viewing and studying the teaching materials are available that they can eventually finds himself to be used as provision of his life in the future.<p><strong>Keyworld</strong>: teaching material, history of Islam, islamic education</p>

Performance evaluation of malaria microscopists working at malaria slides rechecking laboratories for external quality assessment in Ethiopia

Background: Microscopic diagnosis of Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films by skilled microscopists has remained the standard laboratory method for the diagnosis of malaria. The Performance of Malaria Microscopists in all health facilities have been raised concerns by many experts. Microscopists who are working at Malaria Rechecking Laboratories have to be competent to cross check blood film slides which are collected from testing sites. Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the performance of 107 Malaria Microscopists who are working at 23 Malaria Rechecking Laboratories in Ethiopia. A set of 12 blood film slides containing known Negative and positive (different species, stage, and parasite density) results were distributed to each Malaria microscopists. Data was collected and entered into Microsoft Excel sheets and exported to software SPSS version 20 for analysis. Chi-square (for categorical data), sensitivity, specificity, percent agreement, and kappa score were calculated to assess laboratory professionals’ performance in detecting and identification of Plasmodium species. Association was taken as significant at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 107 study participants were involved in this study, the mean age of the participants was 30+/- 5.04 years. Overall, the sensitivity of participants in detection and species identification of malaria parasites were 96.8% and 56.7%, respectively. The overall agreement on detection and identification of malaria species was 96.8% (Kappa = 0.9) and 64.77% (kappa = 0.33), respectively. About 34(31.8%) participants were used unrecommended quantification (+) system. The least malaria species which were identified correctly by the participants were P. malariae(2.8%) followed by and P.ovale(32.7%). Malaria microscopists working at sub regional laboratory had a better Quantification performance (P=0.003). Study participants who were participated on malaria microscopy and quality assurance training had a better performance on parasite quantification (P<0.001). Conclusion: Agreement of the participants with expert microscopist in the identification of different malaria species and quantification were very low. Most participants did not identify P. malariae and P.ovale correctly. Therefore, policy backed regular competency assessment and training for malaria microscopists is essential and mandatory that can assure proper diagnosis and management of malaria in Ethiopia.

Thermolubricity of gas monolayers on graphene.

Nanofriction of Xe, Kr and N₂ monolayers deposited on graphene was explored with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) at temperatures between 25 and 50 K. Graphene was grown by chemical vapour deposition and transferred to the QCM electrodes with a polymer stamp. It was found to strongly adhere to the gold electrodes at temperatures as low as 5 K and at frequencies up to 5 MHz. At low temperatures, the Xe monolayers are fully pinned to the graphene surface. Above 30 K, the Xe film slides and the depinning onset coverage beyond which the film starts sliding decreases with temperature. Similar measurements repeated on bare gold show an enhanced slippage of the Xe films and a decrease of the depinning temperature below 25 K. Nanofriction measurements of Kr and N₂ confirm this scenario. This thermolubric behaviour is explained in terms of a recent theory of the size dependence of static friction between adsorbed islands and crystalline substrates.

The accuracy of the first response histidine-rich protein2 rapid diagnostic test compared with malaria microscopy for guiding field treatment in an outbreak of falciparum malaria

Background:Recent WHO guidelines recommended a universal “test and treat” strategy for malaria mainly by use of the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in all areas. There are concerns about RDT that use the antigen histidine-rich protein2 (HRP2) to detect Plasmodium falciparum, because infection can persist after effective treatment.Aim:The aim of this paper is to describe the accuracy of the first response (HRP2)-RDT compared with malaria microscopy used for guiding the field treatment of patients in an outbreak situation in the Al-Rahabah area in Al-Rydah district in Hadramout/Yemen.Materials and Methods:An ad hoc cross sectional survey of all febrile patients in the affected area was conducted in May 2011. The field team was developed including the case management group and the entomology group. The group of case management prepared their plan based on “test and treat” strategy by using First Response Malaria Antigen HRP2 rapid diagnostic test for falciparum malaria, artemsinin-based combination therapy (ACT) according to the national policy of anti-malaria drugs in Yemen were supplied to treat those who were found to be RDT positive in the field; also blood smear films were taken from every patient with fever in order to validate the use of the RDT in the field. Blood film slides prepared and read by skilled lab technicians, the fourth reading was done by one lab expert in the malaria referral lab.Results:The accuracy parameters of HRP2 compared with microscopy are: Sensitivity (74%), specificity (94%). The positive predictive value is 68% and the negative predictive value is 96%. Total agreement is 148/162 (93%) and the overall prevalence is 14%. All the positive malaria cases were of P. falciparum either coming from RDT or microscopy.Conclusions:HRP2–rapid test is an acceptable test as a guide for field treatment in an outbreak situation where prompt response is indicated. Good prepared blood film slides should be used as it is feasible to evaluate the accuracy of RDTs as a quality control tool.

Microscopic examination of bone marrow aspirates in malignant disorders of haematopoiesis—a comparison of two slide preparation techniques

It is mandatory to perform microscopic examinations of bone marrow aspirates during the diagnosis of many neoplastic haematopoiesis disorders. In 2008, The International Committee for Standardization in Hematology recommended the use of two types of slides for the microscopic evaluation of bone marrow: wedge-spread film and crush film slides. Because these techniques have not yet been compared, we performed such a comparison. Routine bone marrow samples from 250 patients diagnosed due to different neoplastic haematological disorders were evaluated. The major differences between the two compared techniques were identified in 13 patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, seven patients with systemic mastocytosis and 11 patients with acute leukaemias or myelodysplastic syndromes or chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. Differences were noted also in many patients with multiple myeloma, but the clinical significance of these discrepancies was rather modest. The major causes of the differences observed seemed to be the dilution of marrow with blood cells and the focal growth of many neoplastic cells. We believe that the crush technique is more advantageous compared to the wedge-spread films. Therefore, we recommend the use of crush films as the primary method for establishing a diagnosis or for making therapeutic decisions based on the microscopic examination of bone marrow.

Sliding Friction of Kr Films Adsorbed on Graphite

We have carried out quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) experiments for Kr films adsorbed on exfoliated graphite from a single crystal, and have examined the coverage dependence of the sliding friction and the depinning transition up to the bilayer film. For the monolayer film, the coupled mass density appears at the commensurate and fluid (C+F) phase. An increase of this density starts at the commensurate (C) phase and continues at the incommensurate (IC) phase after the C–IC transition. It was found that the monolayer film slides not uniformly but partly on the substrate, and that the slip time is 60 ns at the C phase. On the other hand, the film around the layer completion slides almost uniformly, and its slip time is about 10 ns. For the bilayer film, the experimental data are reasonably explained by a model in which the slip occurs at the boundary between the first and second atomic layers, in addition to the boundary between the film and the substrate. For the oscillation amplitude sweep at a constant...

American Academy of Gold Foil Operators Clinician of the Year Award

It gives me great pleasure to introduce this year's recipient of the American Academy of Gold Foil Operators Clinician of the Year Award—Dr Dan Henry of Pensacola, Florida. Dr Henry is a most deserving awardee. He is an enthusiastic and tireless advocate for the use of gold foil as a restorative material, and like all the previous recipients, not only is he an outstanding clinical operator, but he has generously given his time and effort back to dentistry. He is a real character who is never without a funny story or a colorful phrase.Dr Henry graduated from the University of Maryland Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1975, where he received the AAGFO Student Award for the highest proficiency in the use of direct and indirect gold restorations. After a few years in private practice, he realized that he would benefit from additional instruction in direct gold restorations and contacted the AAGFO. He registered for his first annual meeting and, before it was over, he had operated at the clinical session and became an active member of the Academy. Over the years, he has operated at six or seven clinical sessions of the annual meeting. This year, in Gainesville, Florida, he placed a beautiful Class II direct gold restoration, the result of many years of practice.In 1999, he attended the Gerald D Stibbs Gold Foil Seminar in Vancouver, Canada. Dr Henry brought his son as his assistant, then a junior at the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. Working together, they had a great week, placing nine gold restorations.In 2002, he joined Dr Clyde Roggencamp and they took on the task of photographing the clinical sessions of the AAGFO annual meeting. Together, they documented the sessions for three years. At this time, the Academy was still using film. Consequently, their time was spent running to photo labs, dropping off and picking up film, then sorting and labeling slides late into the night, all to be ready for the review of the clinical session the following day.In 2007, Dr Henry became president of the Florida Dental Association, the culmination of a seven-year commitment to organized dentistry. In 2009, Dr Henry was the newest member to join the Executive Council of the AAGFO, a five-year commitment to becoming president in 2014.At the annual meeting of the Academy of RV Tucker Study Clubs in 2006, Dr Henry presented a lecture on the use of easy gold and cohesive gold foil in restoring small Class I and Class II lesions. This lecture was later worked into an article that was subsequently published in Operative Dentistry in 2008.The one dental accomplishment that Dr Henry is most proud is the 23 dental missions he organized over the past 20 years to Costa Rica. These missions were conducted in conjunction with his church in Pensacola.In light of of his accomplishments, this award recognizes Dr Henry's past, present and future contributions to the pursuit of excellence in dentistry. Congratulations, Dan!

Photography an Aid in Orthodontics

Abstract No Abstract Available. *Read, accompanied by film slides, at the tenth meeting of Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontia, Del Monte, California, April 8, 1936.

Epidemiological factors that promote the development of severe malaria anaemia in children in Ibadan.

Effective control and management of severe malaria cases depends on a clear understanding of the local epidemiological factors and specific clinical manifestations of the disease in the different endemic regions. To determine the prevalence of severe malaria and epidemiological factors that affect the development of malaria anaemia. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among children below 5 years of age, at the Adeoyo State Maternity Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Questionnaires and case histories were taken from patients clinically diagnosed of malaria. Thus, 372 volunteers were recruited into the study from the 3131 paediatric cases that reported over the 10-week period to the out-patient department (OPD) of the hospital. 229 (61.6%) of the recruited volunteers presented with fever (>37.5 degrees C) at consultation. These had malaria parasite and PCV tests done. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed microscopically in 78% (290/372) for Plasmodium infection using thick film slides. Anaemia (PCV <28%) prevalence was 28.2%. Factors that contributed to the rapid progression of uncomplicated malaria to severe status included: age of the child, level of parasitaemia, careless response and attitude of parents or guardians to fever in the children; parents' preoccupation with their jobs or other healthy children and unwillingness to use available health facilities. The study underscores the need for community involved partnership for malaria control especially through health education for the home management of malaria, especially among those experiencing some form of inequity in access to healthcare.

Ductility of thin metal films on polymer substrates modulated by interfacial adhesion

When a laminate of a thin metal film on a tough polymer substrate is stretched, the metal film may rupture at strains ranging from a few percent to a few tens of percent. This variation in the ductility of the metal film is modulated by the adhesion of the metal/polymer interface. To study this modulation, here we use the finite element method to simulate the co-evolution of two processes: debonding along the interface and necking in the metal film. We model the interface as an array of nonlinear springs, and model the metal and the polymer as elastic–plastic solids. The simulation shows that necking of the film is accommodated mainly by interfacial sliding, rather than interfacial opening. Depending on the resistance of the interface to sliding, the metal film can exhibit three types of tensile behavior: the film slides and ruptures at a small strain by forming a single neck, the film slides and deforms to a large strain by forming multiple necks, and the film deforms uniformly to a very large strain without sliding and necking.

Digital Photography in Orthopaedic Surgery

Digital photography has become a practical alternative to film photography for documentation, communication, and education about orthopaedic problems and treatment. Digital cameras may be used to document preoperative and postoperative condition, intraoperative findings, and imaging studies. Digital photographs are captured on the charged coupler device (CCD) of the camera, and processed as digital data. Images may be immediately viewed on the liquid crystal display (LCD) screen of the camera and reshot if necessary. Photographic image files may be stored in the camera in a floppy diskette, CompactFlash card, or SmartMedia card, and transferred to a computer. The images may be manipulated using photo-editing software programs, stored on media such as Zip disks or CD-R discs, printed, and incorporated into digital presentations. The digital photographs may be transmitted to others using electronic mail (e-mail) and Internet web sites. Transparency film slides may be converted to digital format and used in digital presentations. Despite the initial expense to obtain the required hardware, major cost savings in film and processing charges may be realized over time compared with film photography.

BODY MASS SCALING OF FRONTAL AREA IN CYCLISTS 1124

Swain (1994) found that projected frontal area (AP, m2) for cyclists in a “racing position” scaled with body mass (MB) to the 0.55 power (ie AP α MB0.55), which is lower than the 0.67 exponent predicted theoretically (˙Astrand and Rodahl, 1986). To evaluate this contradiction, the present study sought to determine how AP scaled with MB after statistically controlling for anthropometric and bicycle geometry covariates in 21 male cyclists(Mean±SD: 23.6±5.1 yrs, 74.4±7.2 kg, 10.8±3.5% fat). AP for each subject was measured at 3 trunk angles (TAs: 5°, 15°, 30°) at each of 3 seat-tube angles (STAs: 70°, 75°, 80°) while seated stationary on a Monark cycle ergometer modified with adjustable seat and handlebar positioning and aerobars. Images from 35 mm film slides of each subject were hand digitized to compute AP using standard planometry procedures (n = 189 slides). Multiple log-linear regression analyses (α = 0.05) were used to determined the MB exponent for AP while using TA, STA, body height (1.82±0.06 m), and biacromial diameter (0.48±0.02 m) as covariates. The resulting regression model (R2=0.84; P<0.001) found that AP scaled with MB to the 0.41 power (95% CI:0.30-0.52). Thus, AP scaled to a lower power than predicted by the literature (0.41 vs 0.55 or 0.67). Clearly, the statistical control of anthropometric and bicycle geometry covariates was very important to determining the MB exponent for AP.

交流駆動両電極形静電モータ

An electrostatic motor technology that makes it possible to actuate machines with normal dimensions (not micro machines) by electrostatic force is developed. The novel motor is named AC Dual Excitation Multiphase Electrostatic Drive (ADEMED). It consists of a pair of two thin plastic films, called slider and stator, in both of which 3-phase parallel electrodes are embedded. By applying a 3-phase AC voltage to the electrodes in the two films, the slider film slides on the surface of the stator. A prototype of the motor is fabricated and tested. The prototype has a mass of 7 [g] and generates a thrust force and a power of 4.4 [N] and 1.6 [W] respectively. From these measured power and mass, the power/mass ratio of this motor is calculated as 230 [W/kg]. In terms of this performance, this motor exceeds the standard of typical mechatoronic servo motors reaching the highest level of AC servo motors that are commercially available.

Developmental profile and regulation of estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA expression in the preoptic area of prenatal rats

Estrogen, derived from circulating testosterone, masculinizes the developing preoptic area. Expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) within the preoptic area is one requirement for a possible direct action of estrogen in the process of sexual differentiation of this brain region. Using a 35S-labeled riboprobe and in situ hybridization to detect ER mRNA on both film and emulsion-coated slides, we were able to detect ER mRNA within the rat preoptic area by embryonic day 18 (ED 18), coincident with the reported onset of the critical period for testosterone-dependent masculinization of this region. ER mRNA increased significantly between ED 18 and 19 in both sexes, and continued to increase through postnatal day 0 (PND 0 = day of birth) in females, but not males. ER mRNA levels were not significantly greater in females than in males until PND 0. The lack of a sex difference in ER mRNA prenatally, however, appears to be due to an effect of intrauterine neighbors. ER mRNA levels in ED 20 embryos were relatively high in females with female-only neighbors, whereas ER mRNA levels were relatively low, and comparable to males, when the in utero neighbors included one or more males. Treatment of pregnant dams with diethylstilbestrol or with tamoxifen did not significantly alter ER mRNA levels in the preoptic area of the embryos. Although these results suggest that ER mRNA expression is subject to hormonal regulation prenatally, the relevant hormone was not identified.

Developmental profile and regulation of estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA expression in the preoptic area of prenatal rats

Estrogen, derived from circulating testosterone, masculinizes the developing preoptic area. Expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) within the preoptic area is one requirement for a possible direct action of estrogen in the process of sexual differentiation of this brain region. Using a 35S-labeled riboprobe and in situ hybridization to detect ER mRNA on both film and emulsion-coated slides, we were able to detect ER mRNA within the rat preoptic area by embryonic day 18 (ED 18), coincident with the reported onset of the critical period for testosterone-dependent masculinization of this region. ER mRNA increased significantly between ED 18 and 19 in both sexes, and continued to increase through postnatal day 0 ( PND 0 = day of birth) in females, but not males. ER mRNA levels were not significantly greater in females than in males until PND 0. The lack of a sex difference in ER mRNA prenatally, however, appears to be due to an effect of intrauterine neighbors. ER mRNA levels in ED 20 embryos were relatively high in females with female-only neighbors, whereas ER mRNA levels were relatively low, and comparable to males, when the in utero neighbors included one or more males. Treatment of pregnant dams with diethylstilbestrol or with tamoxifen did not significantly alter ER mRNA levels in the preoptic area of the embryos. Although these results suggest that ER mRNA expression is subject to hormonal regulation prenatally, the relevant hormone was not identified.

Effects of rainfall intensity and duration on dispersal of Rhynchosporium secalis conidia from infected barley leaves

Simulated rain of two intensities was allowed to fall for 30 min on to barley leaves infected by Rhynchosporium secalis. The resulting splash droplets were collected on horizontal pieces of fixed photographic film. Most spore-carrying droplets were in the 400–800 μm diam range. They were dispersed as far as 1 m from the barley leaves and the number of conidia collected on horizontal microscope slides declined exponentially with distance from the leaves. It was estimated that, of the conidia dispersed in 30 min of simulated rainfall with an intensity of 12 mm h−1, 40% were dispersed in the first 10 min and 27% in the last 10 min, and with an intensity of 65 mm h−1 39% were dispersed in the first 10 min and 25% in the last 10 min. Horizontal pieces of film and microscope slides were placed, under rain-shields, at 15 cm above ground level in an infected crop of winter barley during June and July 1985. Of the spore-carrying droplets collected during periods of rain, most were less than 400 μm diam, but most spores were in 400–800 μm diam droplets. No conidia were collected during dry weather or during rainfall with intensity less than 0.2 mm h−1. During showers most conidia were collected when rainfall intensity was greatest; a regression of number of conidia collected cm−2 min−1 on rainfall intensity (both square-root transformed) accounted for 76% of the variance.

The measurement of fractionated bilirubin by Ektachem film slides. Method validation and comparison of conjugated bilirubin measurements with direct bilirubin in obstructive and hepatocellular jaundice.

The authors evaluated the Kodak Ektachem Slides for total, "direct," conjugated, unconjugated, and albumin-bound ("delta") bilirubin. For various concentrations of control material, the precision (CV) within- and between-day ranged from 1.7 to 2.4% (2.8-6.6%) for total bilirubin, 0.8-4.2% (1.6-11.5%) for unconjugated bilirubin, and 1.6-9.5% (2.6-20.7%) for conjugated bilirubin. The Ektachem total and "direct" bilirubin assays demonstrated excellent correlation with the Jendrassik and Grof procedure; a 30% difference was observed, however, between absolute numbers with the two direct bilirubin methods. We found the measurement of true conjugated bilirubin by the Kodak Method to be superior to the measurement of "direct" bilirubin in following the response to treatment of various hepatic disorders manifested by extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary obstruction.