Filling Bone Defects Research Articles

Coating of VEGF-releasing scaffolds with bioactive glass for angiogenesis and bone regeneration

Bioactive glasses are potentially useful as bone defect fillers, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has demonstrated benefit in bone regeneration as well. We hypothesized that the specific combination of prolonged localized VEGF presentation from a matrix coated with a bioactive glass may enhance bone regeneration. To test this hypothesis, the capacity of VEGF-releasing polymeric scaffolds with a bioactive glass coating was examined in vitro and in vivo using a rat critical-sized defect model. In the presence of a bioactive glass coating, we did not detect pronounced differences in the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. However, we observed significantly enhanced mitogenic stimulation of endothelial cells in the presence of the bioactive glass coating, with an additive effect with VEGF release. This trend was maintained in vivo, where coated VEGF-releasing scaffolds demonstrated significant improvements in blood vessel density at 2 weeks versus coated control scaffolds. At 12 weeks, bone mineral density was significantly increased in coated VEGF-releasing scaffolds versus coated controls, while only a slight increase in bone volume fraction was observed. The results of this study suggest that a bioactive glass coating on a polymeric substrate participates in bone healing through indirect processes which enhance angiogenesis and bone maturation and not directly on osteoprogenitor differentiation and bone formation. The mass of bioactive glass used in this study provides a comparable and potentially additive, response to localized VEGF delivery over early time points. These studies demonstrate a materials approach to achieve an angiogenic response formerly limited to the delivery of inductive growth factors.

The copolymer of ε-caprolactone-lactide and tricalcium phosphate does not enhance bone growth in mandibular defect of sheep

In the field of craniomaxillofacial and orthopaedic surgery there is a constant need for bone or bone substitute. At the present, the most effective way to enhance bone healing clinically is to use autogenous bone grafts. The problems associated with the use of these autografts are donor site morbidity, limited supply and need for a second operative site. Currently there are several different synthetic products commercially available in the market; nevertheless, none of them is ideal for filling bone defects. Therefore, search for new synthetic materials for bone replacement is necessary. A mixture of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and epsilon-caprolactone-lactide copolymer P(epsilon -CL/DL-LA) was prepared and implanted in critical size mandibular bone defects in twelve sheep. Contralateral side was used as a control. Follow-up times for histological and radiological studies were 9, 14, 24 and 52 weeks. We found that the implanted material did not enhance bone formation compared to control site. We also confirmed that defect size was of critical size, since there was no complete healing of the control site either. The results do not encourage us to continue our studies with the mixture of TCP and P(epsilon-CL/DL-LA) as a filling material for bone defects. Therefore the search for the ideal material is still ongoing.

Bone repair using a new injectable self-crosslinkable bone substitute

A new injectable and self-crosslinkable bone substitute (IBS2) was developed for filling bone defects. The IBS2 consisted of a chemically modified polymer solution mixed with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic particles. The polymer hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose was functionalized with silanol groups (Si-HPMC) and formed a viscous solution (3 wt %) in alkaline medium. With a decrease in pH, self-hardening occurred due to the formation of intermolecular -Si-O- bonds. During setting, BCP particles, 40 to 80 microm in diameter, were added to the polymer solution at a weight ratio of 50/50. The resulting injectable material was bilaterally implanted into critically sized bone defects at the distal femoral epiphyses of nine New Zealand White rabbits. The IBS2 filled the bone defects entirely and remained in place. After 8 weeks, bone had grown centripetally and progressed towards the center of the defects. Newly formed bone, ceramic, and nonmineralized tissue ratios were 24.6% +/- 5.6%, 21.6% +/- 5.8%, and 53.7% +/- 0.1%, respectively. Mineralized and mature bone was observed between and in contact with the BCP particles. The bone/ceramic apposition was 73.4% +/- 10.6%. The yield strength for the IBS2-filled defects was 16.4 +/- 7.2 MPa, significantly higher than for the host trabecular bone tissue (2.7 +/- 0.4 MPa). This study showed that BCP particles supported the bone healing process by osteoconduction while the Si-HPMC hydrogel created intergranular space for bone ingrowth. This new injectable and self-crosslinkable bone substitute could be used conveniently in orthopedic surgery for filling critical-size bone defects.

Restoration of bone defect and enhancement of bone ingrowth using partially demineralized bone matrix and marrow stromal cells

This study aimed to investigate the capability of combining marrow stromal cells (MSC) and partially demineralized bone matrix (PDBM) to fill bone defect and enhance bone ingrowth using a canine non-weight-bearing gap model. Custom-made implants with 3mm gap between the porous surface and the host bone were used. The implants were inserted into the distal femurs of 25 mongrel dogs and the gaps were randomly assigned to be filled with culture-expanded autologous MSC-loaded PDBM, autograft, fresh-frozen allograft, PDBM alone, or nothing as controls. Histomorphometry using backscattered scanning electron microscopic examination, and mechanical push-out test were performed at 6 months after surgery. Histomorphometry showed that amounts of bone regeneration in the gap and bone ingrowth into the porous-coated surface in the MSC-loaded PDBM-treated group were comparable to those of autograft-treated group and were significantly greater than those of allograft-treated, PDBM-treated, or non-grafted groups. Mechanical test showed the same differences. The results of this study showed that combining PDBM and autologous culture-expanded MSC restored bone stock and enhanced bone ingrowth into the porous-coated area in a canine non-weight-bearing gap model. This combination may provide an option for reconstructing bone defect when we perform a cementless revision arthroplasty.

In vitro and in vivo release of ciprofloxacin from osteoconductive bone defect filler

Impregnation of antimicrobial agents within biodegradable carriers with osteoconductive properties could provide the means for one-stage surgical treatment of osteomyelitis. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo antibiotic release from this type of bone defect filler was characterized. Cylindrical pellets (2.5 x 1.5 mm) were manufactured from bioabsorbable poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) matrix, ciprofloxacin [8.3 +/- 0.1% (w/w)] and osteoconductive bioactive glass microspheres (90-125 microm) [27 +/- 2% (w/w)]. In vitro studies were carried out to delineate the release profile of the antibiotic. The antimicrobial activity of the release antibiotic was verified with MIC testing. In a time-sequence study in the rabbit, pellets were surgically implanted in the proximal tibia and the antibiotic concentrations achieved in bone were measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months. In vitro elution studies showed sustained release of ciprofloxacin at a therapeutic level (>2 microg/mL) over a time period of 4 months. The released ciprofloxacin had maintained its antimicrobial capacity against five standard ATCC strains. In vivo, the delivery system produced high local bone concentrations (247.9 +/- 91.0 mug/g of bone) for a time period of 3 months with no significant systemic exposure. Histomorphometry and micro-CT imaging confirmed new bone formation around the pellets within 3 months as a sign of an independent osteoconductive property of the composite. The tested composite seems to be a promising option for local therapy of surgically treated bone infections. The main advantages are the antibiotic release for a definite time period with therapeutic concentrations, which may minimize slow residual release at suboptimal concentrations.

Surface chemistry and biological responses to synthetic octacalcium phosphate

Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) has been suggested as a precursor of biological apatite in bone, dentin, and cementum because its existence explains the nonstoichiometry of apatite crystals in their compositions. Synthetic inorganic calcium phosphate compounds have been used clinically to fill bone defects, and sintered hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), bone substitute materials, are known to be osteoconductive, with beta-TCP also being bioresorbable. Nonsintered synthetic OCP has been shown to enhance bone regeneration accompanied by conversion into hydrolyzed apatitic products in situ and biodegradation. The surfaces of the OCP implant and the converted apatite seem to be continuously exposed to biological constituents, such as extracellular matrices, inorganic biominerals, and cellular components. This article reviews the surface reaction of OCP implants and the biological responses, such as experimentally stimulated bone formation on synthetic OCP, the mechanism of OCP hydrolysis into apatite, and the adsorption of biomolecules onto OCP and the converted apatite, of particular interest in reactive bone induction with synthetic OCP implants.

Histological study on sinus lift grafting by Fisiograft and Bio-Oss

The work aims to provide a histological investigation of Fisiograft, a PLA/PGA copolymer, used as filler for bone defects in humans. The study was performed on biopsies of sinus lifts where Bio-Oss and Fisiograft gel were applied as graft material. Bone regeneration was satisfactory in all sinus lifts, even when Fisiograft was applied alone. Due to remarkable osteoclast activity, Bio-Oss granules were cleared from the majority of biopsy cores. At histology, Fisiograft gel appeared as globes enveloped by fibroblasts, displaying an epithelial-like cell appearance. Due to its solubility in solvents, undegraded Fisiograft (recorded for 7 months or more) did not stain whereas degraded Fisiograft stained positive. The loose connective tissue, that surrounded Fisiograft and bone contained isolated mastocytes. Bone grew inside the loose connective and often reached the surface of Fisiograft by intervening cells. The results seem to indicate that Fisiograft may be considered both a polymer useful for fastening bone substitutes inside a defect and in addition a material capable of prompting bone regeneration, with or without the use of a bone substitute. In addition to space-former and space-maintainer functions, Fisiograft shows potential bone stimulation function, which may be labelled as osteopromotive capability.

Improving the properties of porous hydroxyapatite ceramics by fabricating methods

Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic is a widely used ma-terial for bone graft substitutes primarily because ofits close composition to human bone and its high bio-compatibility with surrounding living tissues [1–5]. Inrecent years, attention has been particularly focused onthe fabrication of porous bioceramics, for the porousnetwork allows the tissue to infiltrate, which furtherenhances the implant-tissue attachment [6–10]. Up tonow, porous HA bioceramics have been applied in fill-ing bone defects, eye ball prosthesis, dental implants,and so on [11–13], which has developed into an im-portant division of the biomedical field. However, asindicated by Hulbert

Flow Perfusion Culture of Marrow Stromal Cells Seeded on Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Ceramics

Calcium phosphate ceramics have been widely used for filling bone defects to aid in the regeneration of new bone tissue. Addition of osteogenic cells to porous ceramic scaffolds may accelerate the bone repair process. This study demonstrates the feasibility of culturing marrow stromal cells (MSCs) on porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic scaffolds in a flow perfusion bioreactor. The flow of medium through the scaffold porosity benefits cell differentiation by enhancing nutrient transport to the scaffold interior and by providing mechanical stimulation to cells in the form of fluid shear. Primary rat MSCs were seeded onto porous ceramic (60% hydroxyapatite, 40% beta-tricalcium phosphate) scaffolds, cultured for up to 16 days in static or flow perfusion conditions, and assessed for osteoblastic differentiation. Cells were distributed throughout the entire scaffold by 16 days of flow perfusion culture whereas they were located only along the scaffold perimeter in static culture. At all culture times, flow perfused constructs demonstrated greater osteoblastic differentiation than statically cultured constructs as evidenced by alkaline phosphatase activity, osteopontin secretion into the culture medium, and histological evaluation. These results demonstrate the feasibility and benefit of culturing cell/ceramic constructs in a flow perfusion bioreactor for bone tissue engineering applications.

Structural Allograft Implantation for Thoracic Spinal Impalement

Impalement injury is uncommon, with only occasional reports. Thoracic impalement injuries from falls are rarely seen in the emergency department, because most patients die at the scene of injury. We present an unusual case in which a patient survived a bilateral thoracic impalement injury and was successfully treated for the bleeding thoracic spinal defect with a method that used a structural ulnar allograft implantation.

The in vitro growth and activity of sheep osteoblasts on three‐dimensional scaffolds from poly(L/DL‐lactide) 80/20%

Critical-size bone defects usually require the use of autogenous bone grafts to heal. Harvesting of bone is traumatic, and results in high morbidity of donor site. A potential alternative to bone graft may be a bone substitute with adequate biocompatibility and biological properties produced from ceramics and/or bioresorbable or biodegradable polymers. In the present study, sheep osteoblasts isolated from cancellous bone chips were seeded and cultured for 1, 2, and 3 weeks on porous poly(L/DL-lactide) 80/20% scaffolds. The cell morphology was assessed from rhodamine staining and scanning electron microscopy, cell growth, and activity from the measurements of DNA, alkaline phosphatase activity, and total protein amount in the cell lysate, and mineral deposits from EDAX and van Kossa staining. The cells attached firmly to the scaffold walls, grew deeply into the pores, and exhibited morphology typical of osteoblasts. Mineralized noduli with a Ca/P ratio of 1.4 to 1.8 found in the scaffold indicated that the cells had maintained their osteoblastic phenotype. The amount of DNA, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the total amount of proteins increased with time of culturing, although at 3 weeks the cells did not yet reach the contact inhibition. These results demonstrate that three-dimensional porous poly(L/DL-lactide) 80/20% scaffolds provide a suitable substrate for the attachment and growth of primary osteoblasts, and might potentially be used as bone defect fillers and in the design of tissue-engineered bone substitutes.

Effects of nano HAP on biological and structural properties of glass bone cement

A novel type of glass-based nanoscale hydroxyapatite (HAP) bioactive bone cement (designed as GBNHAPC) was synthesized by adding nanoscale hydroxyapatite crystalline (20-40 nm), into the self-setting glass-based bone cement (GBC). The inhibition rate of nanoscale HAP and micron HAP on osteosarcoma U2-OS cells was examined. The effects of nanoscale HAP on the crystal phase, microstructure and compressive strength of GBNHAPC were studied, respectively. It was concluded that nanoscale HAP could inhibit the cell proliferation, whereas micron HAP could not, and that nanoscale HAP could be dispersed in the cement evenly and the morphology did not change significantly after a longer immersion time. XRD and FTIR results show nanoscale HAP did not affect the setting reaction of the cement. Furthermore, GBNHAPC had a higher compressive strength (92.6 +/- 3.8 MPa) than GBC (80.1 +/- 3.0 MPa). It was believed that GBNHAPC might be a desirable biomaterial that could not only fill bone defects but also inhibit cancer cell growth.

Ultrastructure of bone healing in defects grafted with a copolymer of polylactic/polyglycolic acids

Bone substitutes have been used for the treatment of bone defects. The objective of this study was to ultrastructurally evaluate the healing pattern of bone defects filled with a copolymer of polylactic/polyglycolic acid (FisiograftR) at a time point in which it is expected to be only partially degraded, with the purpose to ultrastructurally analyze how the bone is forming around the grafting material. Three 5-mm-diameter bone defects were created in each tibia from 5 rabbits (average weight 2.5 kg) in which the material was randomly implanted. Animals were sacrificed 30 days after surgery and the 30 bone defects were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde-2.5% formaldehyde, under microwave irradiation, decalcified in EDTA, embedded in Spurr resin, and examined in a Jeol 1010 TEM. All the bone defects were filled with connective tissue, interspersed with different amounts of the filling material and newly formed bone trabeculae. In areas where the degrading copolymer was present in small amounts, newly formed bone matrix was detected; it was deposited by osteoblast-like cells in close relation to the copolymer. In areas where the degrading copolymer formed accumulates, an amorphous multilayered material was identified between the connective tissue and the copolymer. In summary, the copolymer of PLA/PGA studied appears to be an osteoconductive material when it is used to fill bone defects.

Restoration of bone defect and enhancement of bone ingrowth using partially demineralized bone matrix and marrow stromal cells

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the capability of combining marrow stromal cells (MSC) and partially demineralized bone matrix (PDBM) to fill bone defect and enhance bone ingrowth using a canine non-weight-bearing gap model. Methods Custom-made implants with 3 mm gap between the porous surface and the host bone were used. The implants were inserted into the distal femurs of 25 mongrel dogs and the gaps were randomly assigned to be filled with culture-expanded autologous MSC-loaded PDBM, autograft, fresh-frozen allograft, PDBM alone, or nothing as controls. Histomorphometry using backscattered scanning electron microscopic examination, and mechanical push-out test were performed at 6 months after surgery. Results Histomorphometry showed that amounts of bone regeneration in the gap and bone ingrowth into the porous-coated surface in the MSC-loaded PDBM-treated group were comparable to those of autograft-treated group and were significantly greater than those of allograft-treated, PDBM-treated, or non-grafted groups. Mechanical test showed the same differences. Conclusion The results of this study showed that combining PDBM and autologous culture-expanded MSC restored bone stock and enhanced bone ingrowth into the porous-coated area in a canine non-weight-bearing gap model. This combination may provide an option for reconstructing bone defect when we perform a cementless revision arthroplasty.

Comparison of a New Kind of Calcium Phosphate Formula Versus Conventional Calciumphosphate Matrices in Treating Bone Defects – A Long-Term Investigation in Pigs

In clinical practice arises an increasing need for bone substitute materials. The main inorganic part of bone is the hydroxyapatite (HA). A new hydroxyapatite formula was created by a sol-gel-process at low temperature level [4]. The aim of this investigation was to test the biodegradation and the induction of bone formation by this new material and to compare these versus conventional fabricated HA and ß-TCP. 30 one-year-old Goettingen minipigs were divided into five groups. Critical size defect (>5 m3) in the mandible was treated differently in all 5 groups:-group I- filling with pure HA, which was fabricated by sol-gel-technique, group II- control, only gelatinous material was given, group III- conventional ß-TCP [Cerasorb®], in group IV- conventional HA [Endobone®] and in group V [Targobone®], a non denatureted bovine collagen matrix was used. Macroscopical and microscopical investigations of the former defects were made eight months postoperatively. The bone formation was superior in the sol-gel-HA-group (group I) in comparison with the control groups (group II) and the conventional fabricated ceramics groups (III and IV). In the sol-gel-HA group, the biodegradation of this new biomaterial was considered to very good with a resorption rate of more than 98%; eight months postoperatively. In this group complete bone formation was seen in former defects. In the control group, only an incomplete bone formation with 48.4% of the defect area was noted. This difference was significant (p<0,001). A less bone formation was also observed in group III and IV with 57.6% and 56.9%. The bovine non-denaturated collagen matrix (group V) leads to only 20% of new formed bone. The new calcium phosphate formula made by a sol-gel method seems to be superior and suitable for filling bone defects.

Bone In-growth Induced by Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Ceramic in Femoral Defect of Dogs

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics consisting of hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) has been used as a bone graft material during the last decade. In this paper, we report the bone in-growth induced by BCP ceramic in the experimentally created circular defects in the femur of dogs. This BCP ceramic consists of 55% hydroxyapatite (HA) and 45% b-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) prepared in situ by the microwave method. The defects were created as 4-mm holes on the lateral aspect of the femur of dogs and the holes were packed with the implant material. The defective sites were radiographed at a period of 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. The radiographical results showed that the process of ossification started after 4 weeks and the defect was completely filled with new woven bone after 12 weeks. Histological examination of the tissue showed the formation of osteoblast inducing the osteogenesis in the defect. The collageneous fibrous matrix and the complete Haversian system were observed after 12 weeks. The blood serum was collected postoperatively and biochemical assays for alkaline phosphatase activity were carried out. The measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity levels also correlated with the formation of osteoblast-like cells. This microwave-prepared BCP ceramic has proved to be a good biocompatible implant as well as osteoconductive and osteoinductive materials to fill bone defects.

Efficacy of ciprofloxacin-releasing bioabsorbable osteoconductive bone defect filler for treatment of experimental osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus.

The concept of local antibiotic delivery via biodegradable bone defect fillers with multifunctional properties for the treatment of bone infections is highly appealing. Fillers can be used to obliterate surgical dead space and to provide targeted local bactericidal concentrations in tissue for extended periods. Eventually, the osteoconductive component of the filler could guide the healing of the bone defect. The present experimental study was carried out to test this concept in a localized Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis model in the rabbit (n = 31). A metaphyseal defect of the tibia was filled with a block of bone cement, followed by insertion of a bacterial inoculum. After removal of the bone cement and surgical debridement at 2 weeks, the defect was filled with a ciprofloxacin-containing (7.6% +/- 0.1%, by weight) composite (treated-infection group) or with a composite without antibiotic (sham-treated group). Both a positive control group (untreated-infection group) and a negative control group were also produced. The treatment response, monitored by positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorine-18-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) at 3 and 6 weeks, showed rapidly decreasing amounts of [18F]FDG uptake in the treated-infection group (P = 0.001 compared with the results for the untreated-infection group at 6 weeks). The bacteriological analysis confirmed the eradication of the bone pathogen in the treated-infection group. However, three animals had culture-positive soft tissue infections. All animals in the sham-treated and untreated-infection groups had culture-positive bone infections with typical radiographic changes of osteomyelitis. Histomorphometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and backscattered electron imaging of scanning electron microscopy images verified the osteoconductive properties of the bioactive glass microspheres within the composite. The median bone ciprofloxacin concentrations were 1.2 and 2.1 microg/g at two anatomic locations of the tibia. This is the first report to show the value of [18F]FDG PET for quantitative monitoring of the treatment response in bone infections. The collaborative results of bacteriologic and [18F-FDG] PET studies showed that use of the multifunctional composite was successful for eradication of the S. aureus pathogen from bone.

Immune response and effect of adenovirus-mediated human BMP-2 gene transfer on the repair of segmental tibial bone defects in goats

Background Tissue-engineered bone may be used for filling bone defects. There are, however, no reports on this technique used in large animals.Methods We evaluated the effectiveness of, and immune response in repairing diaphyseal bone defects by gene transfer using bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). We used adenovirus-mediated human BMP-2 (Adv-hBMP-2) gene-transduced bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) to repair 2.1-cm segmental tibial bone defects in goats (group I, n = 7). An Adv-ßgal-transduced BMSC group (group II, n = 5), a non-transduced BMSC group (group III, n = 5), and an untreated group (group IV, n = 2) were used as controls. Self-secreted extracellular matrix was used as cellular carrier.Results Radiographic and histomorphometric examination demonstrated more callus in the bone defects of group I compared to other groups.Week 24 after implantation, the defect healing rates of groups I, II, III, and IV were 6/7, 1/5, 2/5, and 0/2, respectively. The maximum compressive strength of new tissue in the bone defects of group I was higher than those of groups II and III. Temporary cellular and persistent humoral immune responses against adenovirus were detected after hBMP-2 gene transfer.Interpretation We found that Adv-hBMP-2 genetransduced BMSCs had superior osteoinductivity in the repair of tibial bone defects in goats, but it could cause temporary cellular and persistent humoral immune responses against adenovirus.

Bioactive and degradable organic–inorganic hybrids

CaO–SiO 2–poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) and CaO–P 2O 5–SiO 2–PVAL organic–inorganic hybrids were obtained as monoliths and characterized before and after be soaked in a solution mimicking human plasma. The hybrids were obtained by adding PVAL (0.9, 1.8 and 3.6 wt.%) to three CaO–(P 2O 5)–SiO 2 gel glasses with 25 mol% of CaO and 0, 2.5 and 5 mol%, respectively of P 2O 5. The influence of PVAL and P 2O 5 on the monoliths obtaining and on their textural properties and in vitro behavior was analyzed. Additions of PVAL favored the synthesis of cracked-free monoliths able to be coated with bone-like apatite after be soaked in Kokubo's simulated body fluid (SBF), i.e. to present in vitro bioactivity. Increasing P 2O 5 contents made the hybrids syntheses difficult and decreased their in vitro bioactivity. In addition, the in vitro degradation of hybrids increased with the increasing of PVAL and P 2O 5. Thus, hybrids with the highest amounts of both components showed so high degradation in SBF that the apatite layer formation was impeded. Organic–inorganic hybrids in these systems could be clinically used as bone defect fillers in non load bearing applications or as matrices in controlled release systems.

Preparation and characterization of a novel bioactive bone cement: Glass based nanoscale hydroxyapatite bone cement

A novel type of glass-based nanoscale hydorxypatite (HAP) bioactive bone cement (designed as GBNHAPC) was synthesized by adding nanoscale hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystalline (20-40 nm), into the self-setting glass-based bone cement (GBC). The inhibition rate of nanoscale HAP and micron HAP on osteosarcoma U2-OS cells was examined. The effects of nanoscale HAP on the crystal phase, microstructure and compressive strength of GBNHAPC were studied respectively. It was concluded that nanoscale HAP could inhibit the cell proliferation, while micron HAP could not, and that nanoscale HAP could be dispersed in the cement evenly and the morphology did not change significantly after a longer immersion time. XRD and FTIR results show nanoscale HAP did not affect the setting reaction of the cement. Furthermore, GBNHAPC had a higher compressive strength (92 MPa) than GBC. It was believed that GBNHAPC might be a desirable biomaterial that could not only fill bone defects but also inhibit cancer cell growth.