Filler Substances Research Articles

Fabrication of PDMS/FA superhydrophobic coatings and its self-cleaning and anti-icing performance

Superhydrophobic coatings have garnered immense attention in recent years. Nevertheless, the creation of superhydrophobic coatings is often associated with high production costs and comparatively intricate fabrication processes. In this paper, we utilize cheap and easily available ultrafine fly ash(FA) as the main raw material to replace the expensive filler substances traditionally used for constructing rough structures, and Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) as a low surface energy modification to construct FA-based superhydrophobic coatings by a simple spraying method. The PDMS/FA coating surface exhibits a water contact angle(WCA) of 157.65°and a water sliding angle(WSA) of 2.00° The irregular morphology of the FA is conducive to forming a rough texture on the coating surface, which captures more air, leading to the formation of a stable air layer. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide an insight into the anti-wetting mechanism of the superhydrophobic surface through an analysis of energetic and dynamic properties. PDMS/FA coatings remain superhydrophobic at 150 °C, in UV, and in varying pH environments. In addition, PDMS/FA coatings offer excellent mechanical, self-cleaning and anti-icing properties. This innovative approach to superhydrophobic coating, utilizing solid waste material as a basic material, demonstrates potential applicative value in fields such as self-cleaning and anti-icing.

Filler Migration after Facial Injection—A Narrative Review

Background: The injection of dermal fillers for facial esthetics has become a very popular procedure. Although usually safe in the hands of the experienced user, filler injections may bear a risk of unwanted side effects. Material and Methods: This is a narrative review of dermal filler migration after facial injections. We performed research on the literature on Pubmed and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were observational studies, case reports, and clinical trials which investigated the association of facial filler injections to filler migration. Animal studies have not been considered. Intravascular injections were excluded. Results: We identified 28 reports that met the inclusion criteria. The age range of affected patients was 21 to 86 years (mean ± standard deviation: 47 ± 14.8 years). Women were 25 times more reported than males. Hyaluronic acid and polyalkylimide were the most commonly encountered filler substances. Injections into the nose, lips, nasolabial folds, and forehead (including glabella) are more often reported for filler migration than injections into the cheeks. Tear-trough correction bears a risk for orbital migration. The delay from injection to presentation of filler migration was highly variable. Very late filler migration was more commonly seen with permanent fillers than non-permanent products. Conclusions: Filler migration distant from the injection site can occur even several years after the primary treatment. All filler types can be involved. Permanent fillers bear a higher risk of very late filler migration. Migration of permanent fillers needs surgical treatment, while HA fillers respond to hyaluronidase injections. Detailed knowledge of facial anatomy, safer injection techniques, and filler qualities are preventive measures.

The effects of nano-alumina particles on the enrichment of tensile, flexural and impact properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites

An experimental investigation to determine how the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy-based composites with alumina nanoparticles are affected by the fiber and filler materials. The analysis used a digital Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and an impact tester. The weight percentage of nano alumina particles are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Besides, the carbon fiber contents are varied as 34, 33, 32, 31, and 30 wt%, respectively. The hand layup technique fabricated the hybrid composite. The epoxy resin matrix was kept constant (65%). All the test specimens analyze through ASTM standards. The tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and water absorption percentages of all fabricated hybrid composites observed between 59.51 and 78.45 MPa, 38.68–50.99 MPa, 12.12–16.81 kJ/m2 and 1.92–2.17% respectively. The manufactured composite specimens' mechanical properties increase with the weight percentage of the filler particles. An additional quantity of filler (3, 4, and 5 wt%) substances in the epoxy matrix caused a reduction of mechanical properties. Experiment results show that increasing the amount of nano alumina particles in composites leads to notable improvements in the fabricated composites' tensile, flexural, impact, and water absorption capability. These mechanical property enhancements increase from the epoxy resin matrix to the carbon fiber and alumina nanoparticles. The outcome of strong bonding connections between the fiber and matrix demonstrates the developed resistance to thread draw out about fiber-reinforced composites lacking nano alumina particles.

Complications following Permanent Filler Injection: A Prospective Cohort Study and Protocol of Management.

This cohort study was conducted by distributing a checklist form among all patients aged 18 years or older who arrived for a new cosmetic consultation between 2015 and 2019. The primary outcome was the occurrence of complications, which are defined as symptoms induced by the PF. The demographics, type of PF, injection site, the time for the complication to occur, and signs and symptoms were recorded and followed up. In this study, 325 out of 503 (64.61%) patients presented with PF-related complications. About 92.8% were women. All patients with PF-related complications presented with a lump (n = 325, 100%). In regard to the anatomical area of injection, the most common areas were the cheeks (66.6%). The time it took for the complication to occur most commonly ranged from 1-5 years (39.2%, P < 0.001). Complications were significantly higher among patients who received the injection in a nonmedical facility (P < 0.0002). Seventy-seven cases (15.3%, P < 0.0001) underwent PF removal. PF-related complications in the body exhibit a wide range of onset and adverse events. The best method to prevent complications caused by permanent filling materials is to avoid them altogether. When it comes to permanent filling agents, we suggest extreme caution.

SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION OF SUBSTANCES WITH KNOWN Au SPECIATION – AN EXPERIMENTAL DATA

A study has been conducted on the features of distriburion of Au among the fractions of a 7-step sequential extraction procedure using model substances that are similar in composition to natural organic matter from the dispersion train of sulfide tailings. Use has been made of model substances with known Au speciations: bulk native gold, nanoscale native gold, Au-containing pyrite, humic acids, and Fe(III) oxides/hydroxides, which served as the basis for preparing mixtures with low-Au filler substances (quartz, limestone, humic acids, Fe(III) oxides/hydroxides). It has been stated that several Au species are leached in one fraction during sequential extraction. Nanoscale Au 0 and gold bound to the organic matter are leached together in easily oxidizable (organic) fraction; gold bound to Fe(III) compounds and Au complexes chemisorbed on the surface of other minerals (sulfides, aluminosilicates) are leached in reducible (hydroxides) fraction; "invisible" gold in sulfides, nanoscale Au 0 and, partially, &gt;1 μm-seized bulk Au 0 are leached in hardly oxidizable (sulfidic) fraction. Bulk native gold is leached predominantly in residual fraction. Mobile species are Au bound to water-soluble organic compounds and complexes of ionic Au desorbed from the surface of minerals.

Influences of Mg-Cr filler materials in Friction Stir Process of Aluminium-based dissimilar alloys

In this research, the AA2014 and AA5052 have been welded by Friction stir process (FSP) with various percentages of filler material. Al-Cu (AA2014) and Al-Mg (AA5052) Alloys have been selected as base materials and various percentages of weight ratios of Magnesium (Mg) and Chromium (Cr) were used as filler substances to examine the impacts on tensile strength and corrosion rate. The tool rotational speed, depth of plunge depth, welding speed, and powder mixing ratio have been considered as controlling parameters and the one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approach has been applied to the design and analysis. The effects of each factor on the tensile and corrosion rate have been analyzed. While increasing Mg element, powder mixing ratio, the welding quality, tensile strength, and corrosion factors were improved.

A Procedural Approach to Minimize the Risk of Embolization of Blood Vessels with Soft-Tissue Fillers

Background: Soft-tissue filler injections are amongst the most widely used treatments in nonsurgical facial rejuvenation. Although generally deemed safe, rare catastrophic side effects are regularly reported in the literature, the most devastating of which is irreversible blindness. The avoidance of these serious vascular events is of the utmost importance during soft tissue filler injections. Objective: This article suggests a procedural protocol to greatly minimize the risk of embolization of blood vessels with soft-tissue fillers. Discussion: Extensive cadaver studies have shown significant inter-individual and intra-individual variations in vascular anatomy. Hence, detailed knowledge of anatomy, albeit very important, is not always sufficient to prevent the accidental cannulation of major arteries. Furthermore, the recent inclusion of xylocaine, a known vasodilator, in several proprietary filler substances, may increase the probability of intravascular injection. Hence, avoidance remains the single most important factor in preventing the dire outcomes of vascular complications with filler substances. Conclusion: The outlined treatment recommendation, if diligently followed, may greatly minimize the risk of intraluminal injection with soft-tissue fillers.

Natural fibre reinforcement experimental study in polymer composite

The excessive fee of synthetic fibres together with glass, carbon, kevlar, and lots of others, results in the high value of producing and merchandise derived from those substances, which has necessitated possibility way of materials improvement. The natural fibre is a renewable and much less steeply-priced alternative to synthetic materials together with glass, carbon, Kevlar which may be used in reinforcement process in these paintings; the goal changed into to increase, look at and evaluate the mechanical houses of composite material the usage of herbal fibres like jute and human hair. The fabrication of the composite was carried out the usage of epoxy resin because of the matrix, jute and human hair fibres with nylon fillers as reinforcement. The goal of this paintings is to understand and estimate the effect of various natural fibres and filler substances which might be utilized in the fabrication of composite fabric and look at the examined effects like tensile, hardness and flexural. The present study aimed to examine the mechanical residences, which include hardness, tensile and flexural power-based totally on experimental effects.

Human Histology and Persistence of Various Injectable Filler Substances for Soft Tissue Augmentation.

An increasing number of soft tissue filler substances have been introduced to the beauty market outside the U.S. which lackexperimental and clinical data in support of their claim. Ten commercially available filler substances were examined for biocompatibility and durability: 0.1 cc of each substance was injected deep intradermally into the volar forearm of one of the authors and observed for clinical reaction and permanence. At 1, 3, 6, and 9 months the test sites were excised, histologically examined, and graded according to foreign body reactions classification. Collagen (Zyplast) was phagocytosed at 6 months and hyaluronic acid (Restylane) at 9 months. PMMA microspheres (Artecoll) had encapsulated with connective tissue, macrophages, and sporadic giant cells. Silicone oil (PMS 350) was clinically inconspicuous but dissipated into the tissue, causing a chronic foreign body reaction. Polylactic acid microspheres (New-Fill) induced a mild inflammatory response and had disappeared clinically at 4 months. Dextran microspheres (Reviderm intra) induced a pronounced foreign body reaction and had disappeared at 6 months. Polymethylacrylate particles (Dermalive) induced the lowest cellular reaction but had disappeared clinically at 6 months. Polyacrylamide (Aquamid) was well tolerated and remained palpable to a lessening degree over the entire testing period. Histologically, it dissipated more slowly and was kept in place through fine fibrous capsules. Polyvinylhydroxide microspheres suspended in acrylamide (Evolution) were well tolerated, slowly diminishing over 9 months. Calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres (Radiance FN) induced almost no foreign body reaction but were absorbed by the skin at 12 months.Host defense mechanisms react differently to the various filler materials, but all substances- resorbable or nonresorbable-appeared to be clinically and histologically safe, although all exhibit undesirable side effects. Since the mechanism of late inflammation or granuloma formation is still unknown, early histological findings are not useful in predicting possible late reactions to filler substances.

The impact of adverse reactions to injectable filler substances on quality of life: results from the Berlin Injectable Filler Safety (IFS) - study.

Injectable filler substances are commonly used in aesthetic medicine. Adverse reactions are rare, but may cause severe impact on quality of life (QoL). To the best of our knowledge, data on the impact of adverse reactions caused by injectable filler substances on QoL is missing. To evaluate the impact of adverse filler reactions on the QoL. The Injectable Filler Safety (IFS) - study is a partially population-based registry for adverse reactions due to injectable filler substances. In 2008, the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire was added to the questionnaires of the IFS study. For this analysis, only patients with a completed DLQI were included in the analysis. One hundred and four patients of the IFS study were analysed. A total of 88.5% were female with an average age of 49.2 years. Here, 50.0% were treated with biodegradable and 40.4% with permanent fillers. The most common adverse reactions were nodule formation and hardening. Most patients experienced mild to moderate adverse reactions. Impact on QoL was moderate with an average of 8.9 (±8.4 SD) in patients with adverse reactions to biodegradable and 10.5 (±9.4 SD) to permanent products. However, 24.0% and 13.4% showed a large or a very large impact on QoL. Adverse reactions to injectable filler products can have a considerable impact on the QoL, comparable to severe chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis.

Characterizations of Flexible Wearable Antenna based on Rubber Substrate

Modern ages have observed excessive attention from both scientific and academic communities in the field of flexible electronic based systems. Most progressive flexible electronic systems require incorporating the flexible rubber substrate antenna operating in explicit bands to offer wireless connectivity which is extremely required by today’s network concerned society. This paper characterizes flexible antenna performance under the environments developed by natural rubber as the substrate. Flexible antenna grounded on rubber substrate was simulated using CST microwave studio with diverse permittivity and loss tangent. In our work, prototype antennas were built using natural rubber with different carbon filler substances. This paper reveals advanced flexible substrate effects on antenna quality factor (Q) and its consequences on bandwidth and gain. Such antennas under bending washing environment were also found to perform better than existing designs, showing less change in their gain, frequency shift and impedance mismatch.

Initial observations on using magnesium metal in peripheral nerve repair.

Biodegradable magnesium metal filaments placed inside biodegradable nerve conduits might provide the physical guidance support needed to improve the rate and extent of regeneration of peripheral nerves across injury gaps. In this study, we examined basic issues of magnesium metal resorption and biocompatibility by repairing sub-critical size gap injuries (6 mm) in one sciatic nerve of 24 adult male Lewis rats. Separated nerve stumps were connected with poly(caprolactone) nerve conduits, with and without magnesium filaments (0.25 mm diameter, 10 mm length), with two different conduit filler substances (saline and keratin hydrogel). At 6 weeks after implantation, magnesium degradation was examined by micro-computed tomography and histological analyses. Magnesium degradation was significantly greater when the conduits were filled with an acidic keratin hydrogel than with saline (p < 0.05). But magnesium filaments in some animals remained intact for 6 weeks. Using histological and immunocytochemical analyses, good biocompatibility of the magnesium implants was observed at 6 weeks, as shown by good development of regenerating nerve mini-fascicles and only mild inflammation in tissues even after complete degradation of the magnesium. Nerve regeneration was not interrupted by complete magnesium degradation. An initial functional evaluation, determination of size recovery of the gastrocnemius muscle, showed a slight improvement due to magnesium with the saline but not the keratin filler, compared with respective control conduits without magnesium. These results suggest that magnesium filament implants have the potential to improve repair of injured peripheral nerve defects in this rodent model.

Lip Augmentation Dermal Filler Reactions, Histopathologic Features

Instances of perioral and labial foreign body reactions to a variety of injectable dermal fillers were selected from the oral and maxillofacial pathology and dermatopathology archives at Pacific Pathology Laboratory of San Diego with the objective being to engender a compilation of histopathologic characteristics that allow the pathologist to identify the inciting materials. All cases of foreign body reactions located in the lips and perioral regions were reviewed by four pathologists, retaining those cases with a history of injection lip augmentation as well as those with histologic features previously documented to represent dermal filler substances. In selected cases, Alcian blue pH 2.5 with and without hyaluronidase pretreatment was performed. Immunohistochemical markers for macrophages (CD 68), adipocytes (S-100) and keratinocytes (AE1/AE2) were undertaken. All instances presented as single or multiple submucosal plaques, nodules or swellings. Natural polymers including collagen, hyaluronate, hydroxyapatite, poly-L-lactate and synthetic polymers including carboxymethyl cellulose, dimethylpolysiloxane, and polyethyl methacrylate induce histologically unique features that allow for their identification. Host histopathologic responses included nodule without foreign body reaction, nodule with chronic inflammation, granuloma with epithelioid histiocytic and multinucleated giant cell reaction. Dermal filler foreign body host reactions in conjunction with the morphology of the foreign materials themselves are unique and can be differentiated from one another microscopically.

An anatomic study of depressor anguli oris muscle and the mentalis muscle in the lower face

The use of botulinum toxin type A in the lower face has increasingly popular. And treatment of the depressor anguli oris muscle(DAO) and the mentalis muscle(MT), particularly in combination with filler substances, produces a remarkable improvement in the lower aged face. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the topographical anatomy of the DAO, MT, and their related structures, thereby providing critical information for determining the safest and most effective site for BTX-A injections. The most effective injection sites of DAO and MT were suggested based on the new anatomical knowledge of the lower face.

Granulomatous foreign-body reaction with facial dermal fillers after omalizumab treatment for severe persistent allergic asthma: a case report

Madam, During the past few decades, an increasing number of soft‐tissue filler substances have been introduced to the beauty market worldwide for treating age wrinkles, correcting atrophic scars or small cutaneous defects, and cosmetically augmenting soft tissue of different parts of the body.1 Although these injectable fillers are considered safe, significant adverse reactions may occur.2 As was reported with interferon alfa, new immunomodulatory therapies used for inflammatory and allergic disease may produce a foreign‐body granulomatous reaction in patients injected with dermal fillers.3 We report on a case of a patient who had received hyaluronic acid (HA) and calcium hydroxylapatite injections and showed foreign‐body granulomatous reaction after omalizumab administration for severe persistent allergic asthma. A 50‐year‐old white woman with facial erythematous nodules was referred to our clinic. She had received treatment for adult‐onset severe allergic asthma with maximal inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast, but the asthma remained poorly controlled, with frequent exacerbations requiring monthly courses of oral steroids. A 16‐week trial treatment with omalizumab (300 mg subcutaneously per month) was started. The last short course of oral steroids for an exacerbation was stopped 10 days before the first administration of omalizumab.

Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: History and Overview

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers have many favorable characteristics that make it a popular injectable filler device. Its minimal immunogenicity and relative ease of use has helped HA become the most commonly used injectable filler today. A brief history of injectable fillers, the various injection techniques, and legal ramifications are discussed. A review of the most recent literature compares the efficacy and safety of HA to other injectable filler substances.

Office‐Based Facial Plastic Procedures for Otolaryngologists

Program Description: The modern otolaryngologist has had residency-based, and in many cases, advanced fellowship training in a wide spectrum of facial plastic and reconstructive procedures to correct congenital-, acquired-, and aging-related deformities. Due to advances in technologies, there has been an increase in the ability to offer patients a variety of effective and minimally invasive interventions in the office setting. Among these interventions, the use of injected botulinum toxin has become common in the treatment of rhytids, hyperfunctional lines, and facial dystonias. The treatment of skin and subcutaneous contour deformities is also a common challenge for which patients seek consultation. Although previously the materials used for correction were limited in number, there has now been an increasing number of widely used and newly introduced materials made available to the practitioner. The introduction of hyaluronic acid–based agents created a significant increase in acceptance and demand for filler substances by patients. More recently approved and soon to be approved fillers promise to increase the application. Laser and light technologies, including laser hair removal, offer intervention for an increasingly large number of clinical issues including the treatment of wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, cutaneous vascular lesions, rosacea, unwanted hair, and other aging-related skin conditions. Finally, although not representing new technology, but instead low-cost effective treatments, the practitioner will find the availability of skin care services, particularly the use of various chemical peeling agents, to be a useful adjunct in the office setting. The purpose of the miniseminar is to present an up-to-date review of safe, effective office-based procedures that the otolaryngologist may have available to patients in their office. The presentations will review the pertinent pharmacology, physics where applicable, and anatomy. Technique, preoperative and post procedure issues will be discussed. The clinical photo-rich presentations will demonstrate technique and patient selection. The prevention and management of complications will be reviewed. This miniseminar will update the attendees that have previous training in these procedures and serve as an introduction to those that are exploring these procedures. Educational Objectives: 1) Learn the indications and techniques for cosmetic botulinum toxin injections. 2) Learn the indications and techniques for facial filler injections. 3) Learn the indications and techniques for chemical peels, lasers, and light-based devices.

Tissue Augmentation with Fibrin Sealant and Cultured Fibroblasts: A Preliminary Study

Nonoperative subdermal tissue augmentation is one of the most frequently performed procedures in plastic surgery and dermatological practice. Many products, from biological to synthetic filler substances, are currently available. However, none has achieved ideal clinical efficacy, especially regarding volume maintenance and longevity. We examined the use of fibrin sealant as a biological and fully degradable matrix for dermal augmentation in combination with precultured human fibroblasts and hyaluronic acid gel (HYAFF). Four implant preparations were studied: fibrin glue only (F); 1% HYAFF mixed in fibrin glue (FH); 1.8×10(6)cells/ml of fibrin glue (FC); and 1% HYAFF and 1.8×10(6)cells/ml of fibrin glue (FHC). Each mouse was given two separate subcutaneous injections of implant material. At 1, 3, and 6weeks two mice from each group were sacrificed, such that there was an n=4 for each implant group at each time point. The mice were grossly examined for implant retention and the implants were evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry for fibrosis, integration into surrounding tissue, presence of elastin, and blood vessel infiltration. Only the implants in the cell-containing groups, FC and FHC, remained after 6weeks. Moreover, with the exception of a mild inflammatory response, no adverse affects of the cell-seeded implants were noted. Presence of fibroblasts increases implant durability. Further studies should evaluate the ideal hyaluronic acid and fibroblast concentration for long-term longevity.

Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers: Safety and Efficacy for the Treatment of Wrinkles, Aging Skin, Body Sculpturing and Medical Conditions

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear naturally occurring polysaccharide formed from repeating disaccharide units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate. HA is omnipresent in the human body but highest amounts are found in soft connective tissues. HA is involved in several key processes, including wound repair, regeneration, and matrix organization. To increase stability, modifications of HA like various crosslinking substances and technologies have been developed. In recent years, most HA-fillers are of bacterial origin which ensures very low protein contaminations. HA fillers are temporary fillers, which can easily be digested by hyaluronidase, usually lasting for 6 to 9 months. They are safe for volumizing procedures when used with the appropriate technique and indications. Various types of clinical application are discussed. Best data are available for facial rejuvenation, in particular for nasolabial folds and the periocular region. Combining HA dermal fillers with other techniques allows an individualized treatment. In addition, HA fillers are useful to improve medical conditions such as scars and HIV-associated lipodystrophy as well. This review will provide an overview on the potential of this class of filler substances.

Follow up study of dermal hyaluronic acid injection by high frequency ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging

In the last few years, increasing use of injectable resorbable fillings has been reported for facial wrinkle treatment and for soft tissue augmentation of HIV-associated facial lipodystrophy [ 1 Buck D.W. Alam M. Kim J.Y.S. Injectable fillers for facial rejuvenation: a review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009 Jan; 62: 11-18 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar , 2 Gooderham M. Solish N. Use of hyaluronic acid for soft tissue augmentation of HIV-associated facial lipodystrophy. Dermatol Surg. 2005 Jan; 31: 104-108 Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar ]. However, important practical information concerning the localization and subsequent diffusion of the injected product in skin tissues are poorly documented. Histological analysis has been previously used to compare different kinds of fillers [ [3] Lemperle G. Morhenn V. Charrier U. Human histology and persistence of various injectable filler substances for soft tissue augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2003; 27: 354-366 Crossref PubMed Scopus (399) Google Scholar ], to evaluate remanescence of the injected material [ [4] Duranti F. Salti G. Bovani B. Calandra M. Rosati M.L. Injectable hyaluronic acid gel for soft tissue augmentation. A clinical and histological study. Dermatol Surg. 1998; 24: 1317-1325 Crossref PubMed Scopus (413) Google Scholar ], or to observe the product placement at the injection site [ [5] Arlette J.P. Trotter M.J. Anatomic location of hyaluronic acid filler material injected into nasolabial fold: a histologic study. Dermatol Surg. 2008; 34 (discussion S62-3: S56–S62): S56-S62 Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar ]. Wang et al. have recently proposed a mechanism in which the filler-induced mechanical tension solicits local fibroblasts and activates collagen synthesis [ [6] Wang F. Garza L.A. Kang S. Varani J. Orringer J.S. Fisher G.J. et al. In vivo stimulation of de novo collagen production caused by cross-linked hyaluronic acid dermal filler injections in photodamaged human skin. Arch Dermatol. 2007; 143: 155-163 Crossref PubMed Scopus (356) Google Scholar ].