Filipino Parents Research Articles

Theorizing Docile Bodies in Mediatized Spaces

This inquiry investigates the media’s role in shaping contemporary discipline practices, specifically the human body, in the context of how the exercise of power intensifies the practice of discipline today. Some authors argue that the human body is not just a cultural text anymore but a practical, direct place of control. Parenting is an archetype of this ‘control.’ The study asserts that the mobility of the parent’s human body is being mediatized. In a mediatized space, media plays a pivotal role in reinforcing the docility of the human body. To prove this, semi-structured interviews were employed among Millennial Filipino parents to (a) narrate current social rules in parenting, (b) identify and categorize codes of mediatized spaces, and (c) demonstrate how these codes indicate aspects of a Foucauldian discipline. Keywords : discipline, mediatization, Foucault, mediatization, communication, technology

Parental support strategies and motivation in aiding their children learn the English language

Learning a language starts within the comfort of a home. Parent involvement in English language teaching serves as a brilliant step towards promoting literacy and communication among children. English has been regarded as a global language which urges parents to guide their children to be inclined toward English. With that, the purpose of this study was to determine the parental support strategies and motivation of parents in teaching the English language. Specifically, this study was qualitative research that focused on collecting narratives and experiences from parents. Eight bilingual Filipino parents, constituted 4 housewives and 4 professionals, were interviewed in the study. The findings suggested that parents see English as an important language that can direct their children towards their career path. Parents were motivated by how the English language can shape the aspirations and enthusiasm of their children. Competency, applicability, reputation, and positivity were the major predictor of the motivation of parents in teaching the English language to their children. Bilingual parents in this study were aware of their role in the language development of their children. Nevertheless, dialogic reading, correction, and educational contents were some of the characteristics of strategies. This study established a missing component of the literature specifying the role of parental support and motivation in education and language teaching.

Empty Nest Syndrome: Loneliness and Social Support among Middle-aged Parents

This study explored the dynamics of empty nest syndrome and its relationships with middle-aged parents' feelings of loneliness and the need for social support. As the Philippines was known for having this kind of family values, this study explored the different psychological impacts on Filipino parents when their child or children moved out of their nest. This study also aimed to provide a more thorough knowledge of how individuals navigated this transition, which could ultimately direct the creation of solutions to support middle-aged parents in thriving as they got used to the "empty nest" stage. This study utilized the explanatory-sequential mixed method design. Middle-aged parents (40-64 years old) living in specific municipalities of Laguna were the respondents/participants of the study. The sampling method used was convenience and purposeful homogenous sampling, and G*Power was used to compute the suggested sample size. 74 respondents were gathered for the quantitative phase, and 5 participants for the qualitative phase. Two adopted tests were used for quantitative data gathering, and a researcher-made interview guide was used for the qualitative phase. Statistical tools used were frequency distribution, percentage, weighted mean, and Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient or Spearman rho. Thematic analysis was also used in the qualitative aspect of the study. Results showed that middle-aged parents experiencing empty nest syndrome had a low level of loneliness (mean score 1.96) and received high social support (mean score 5.76). A significant negative correlation (r = -0.680, p < 0.001) existed between social support and loneliness, indicating that increased social support reduced loneliness. The lived experiences of these parents revealed themes such as sadness, coping strategies like social media and spiritual interventions, emotional support from friends, adaptation to social changes, maintaining relationships, and adjusting to new parental roles.

Living with a child with MSUD: Psychosocial issues of Filipino parents with a child with maple syrup urine disease

PurposeMaple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a common inborn error of metabolism diagnosed in the Philippines. A family may experience stress, anxiety, sorrow, or feelings of helplessness when a child is diagnosed to have a genetic disorder, which can lead to chronic care and disability. This study aims to explore the psychosocial issues experienced by Filipino parents with children having MSUD. MethodsThis is a descriptive and qualitative study. One-to-one interviews using a semi-structured set of questions were done between the months of November 2015 to March 2016. A total of 12 parents were interviewed. Thematic analysis was used. ResultsThe diagnosis of MSUD in a child is, indeed, a stressful event for the family. Parents experienced fear, confusion, and hurt, among other emotions. Having a child with MSUD had a negative impact on their families, especially in terms of financial burden, dietary restriction, and marital conflicts leading to separation. However, some parents reported positive effects, such as increased confidence in one’s abilities to care for the affected child and closer relationships among family members. ConclusionA diagnosis of MSUD on the child places considerable caregiver burden on the parents. Findings have important implications for genetic counselors.

Experiências vividas por cuidadores em terapia ocupacional por meio de telessaúde no meio de uma pandemia

Abstract Within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth was seen to be a viable and alternative solution to provide occupational therapy services in the Philippines. This phenomenological study aimed to describe the lived experiences of Filipino parents and carers in receiving occupational therapy through telehealth for their children with disabilities. We interviewed 10 participants who were considered primary carers of a Filipino child with disabilities undergoing telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic situation. An interpretative phenomenological analysis involving double hermeneutics was employed to analyze the interviews that yielded four themes: “dimensions of telehealth in occupational therapy”, “reinforcing family-centered occupational therapy”, “emphasizing an occupational therapist’s advocacy role”, and “telehealth in occupational therapy–today and tomorrow”. Our findings suggest that in order for telehealth to be a sustainable service, it should be seen not merely as an alternative in the occupational therapy service delivery process. Although telehealth remains to be an evolving concept and practice within health services, telehealth must be practiced within the principles of family-centered care approaches, interprofessional collaboration, and health accessibility and equitability. This study hopes to facilitate intersections between service providers and service users to cultivate a shared goal of bringing together experiences that will inform a more contextualized occupational therapy and telehealth practice at the tail-end of the pandemic. In conclusion, telehealth in occupational therapy shall not be an alternative, but an integrative tool that occupational therapists can maximize to transform occupational therapy access and equity.

Difficulties of parents with low educational attainment in assisting their children in modular distance learning during pandemic

A significant role was played by the parents of the students, who had to become homeschoolers within a few days without prior training upon the suspension of face-to-face education. This study investigated the difficulties of Filipino parents (n = 90) with low educational attainment in assisting their children in modular distance learning. In-depth analysis and survey were employed as research instruments to extract responses on the difficulties of parents with low educational attainment and how government should aid them during a global crisis. The study was conducted in Zamboanga City, Philippines from July 2022 to December 2022. Parents struggled to explain, elaborate, and understand the lessons in the self-learning modules. Simulated teacher roles were another difficulty where parents were clueless on facilitating homeschooling and addressing learners’ needs. Gender roles difficulties were prominent where women assume that homeschooling responsibilities added to their roles in child and home care. Most of the families belong to low-income households and experienced economic difficulties on added expenses incurred in assisting their children in implementing modular distance learning. Results dictated that the government could support the parents by equipping them to be effective collaborative partners in the new modality through developing skillset on learner’s management, strategies on administering learning modules, remote instructional support to bridge the gap in learning and intensify programs venturing in livelihood and entrepreneurial opportunities. This study is vital to map out the difficulties of parents with low educational attainment in modular distance learning. It initiates responses by providing them concrete homeschooling manuals, module guides, training, and programs, establishing effective partners in the collaborative process of continuous learning at home.

Short-term outcomes from a pilot randomized controlled trial evaluating a virtual culturally adapted parenting intervention among Filipino parents of school-age children.

Filipino youth in the United States have significant behavioral health problems, including high rates of depression and suicidal behavior. Evidence-based parenting groups promote positive parenting practices and improve child behavior, yet few have been implemented online. This study tested the short-term effects of a culturally adapted hybrid version of the Incredible Years School Age Basic and Advance Programs when delivered online among groups of parents of Filipino children and estimated intervention effect sizes. Forty-nine parents of children aged 8-12 years recruited from schools, clinics, community organizations, and social media were randomly assigned to intervention or a wait-list control group that received literature from the American Academy of Pediatrics' Bright Futures program. The intervention consisted of 12 weekly 2-hr sessions. Parent perceptions of child behavior, parenting practices, and parenting stress as well as child surveys of anxiety and depression symptoms using validated assessments were obtained at baseline and 3-month postintervention follow-up. Forty parents completed both baseline and follow-up surveys with a mean attendance of 9.35 out of 12 sessions (n = 18). Analysis of covariance comparing 3-month (pre-/postintervention) changes revealed that the program had a statistically significant positive impact on parenting practices (positive verbal discipline, praise and incentives, and clear expectations); parent perceptions of their child's internalizing symptoms; and child-reported anxiety and depression symptoms. Results support the feasibility and potential effectiveness of offering an online evidence-based parenting program to promote positive parenting and decrease child anxiety and depression. This multigenerational approach to mental health prevention could potentially help address the growing mental health epidemic among youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Care Needs of Parents of Children With Cancer in a Low-Middle-Income Country.

Background: Mapping out actual supportive care needs assists nurses in providing holistic individualized care. This study aimed to explore the care needs of parents of children with cancer in the Philippines. Method: Guided by the Supportive Care Needs Framework (SCNF), this study used an embedded mixed-method design with the quantitative revised Cancer Patient Needs Questionnaire and qualitative semistructured interviews to describe parents' care needs and priorities. Results: Filipino parents (N = 156) of children with cancer have various care needs which could be classified along the SCNF categories-practical, informational, spiritual, physical, emotional, and physical needs as ranked from highest to lowest. A number of variables were significantly associated with care needs. Solid tumor diagnosis was associated with greater practical, emotional, and psychosocial care needs; having a child who had undergone surgery was associated with more practical and spiritual care needs; and being within one year of the child's diagnosis was associated with practical, psychosocial, and spiritual care needs. Parent priority needs included (a) addressing financial needs; (b) access to temporary housing to minimize treatment-related costs; (c) support groups among parents of children with cancer as a source of information; (d) financial and social support between members of family and partners of parents of children with cancer; and (e) using prayer to facilitate acceptance. Conclusions: Supportive care needs of parents of children with cancer are important components of care that should be given recognition to enhance holistic individualized care throughout the childhood cancer experience.

The Role of Parents’ Characteristics on Child-Parent Relationships in Homeschooling during COVID-19 Lockdown

The COVID-19 crisis has interrupted the education systems in the Philippines and the whole world. Most families were forced into homeschool learning. However, carrying out homeschool learning has also placed a strain on child-parent relationships. One hundred thirty-five Filipino parents who were homeschooling their children during the Covid lockdown answered an online survey. This cross-sectional study investigated how parents’ characteristics such as faith-based role construction (FBRC) and parent-focused role construction (PFRC) influence child-parent relationships (CPR) in homeschool learning during the Covid crisis. This study also investigated the mediating role of parents’ self-efficacy (PSE) in helping their children succeed in school between parents’ FBRC and CPR. The mediating role of PSE between PFRC and CPR was also investigated. Results showed that FBRC of the parents has a direct positive association to child-parent closeness but not to child-parent conflict. The PSE mediated the relationship between the FBRC and child-parent closeness and conflict. The PFRC was not directly associated to child-parent closeness and conflict, however, there was an indirect association between PFRC and child-parent closeness and conflict when the PSE was placed as a mediator between PFRC and child-parent closeness. There was also an indirect association between PFRC and child-parent conflict when mediated by PSE. Implications for educational policy-making decisions were drawn. Likewise, recommendations to improve the child-parent relationship in homeschool learning were also offered.

Uncovering the Filipino mothers’ experiences in teaching young children during uncertain times through reflexive thematic analysis

The present study examined the preparations made by 14 mothers to ensure that their children’s education was unhampered during the COVID-19 crisis and ready for face-to-face classes when permitted. The study used a reflexive thematic analysis of the face-to-face interviews with participants belonging to low-income families living in the central Philippines whose children used printed modules as teaching materials provided by the school. The study generated three themes: “realizing the gaps” (realizing that in-person campus-based instruction is better because distant learning is not effective); “filling in the gaps” (taking the lead in teaching the child at home and assisted by family and community members) and “getting back on track” (preparing children for face-to-face classes against the COVID-19). The study showed how Filipino parents particularly mothers kept their children in school despite pandemic-induced uncertainties, economic scarcities and social inequalities. The desire driven by the perceived benefits derived from education brought out the pathways to resourcefulness. This study draws attention to equal opportunities for learning across socio-economic statuses and a more inclusive delivery of instruction during a crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

‘You can still have dreams for your child’: Filipino young people’s lived experiences of parenthood

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore Filipino young people’s lived experiences of parenthood. We employed narrative analysis of 27 photo elicitation and semi-structured interviews with 10 Filipino adolescent mothers (aged 15–19) and five young fathers (aged 18–24). We found that young parents developed constructions of ‘good’ mothers and fathers, invoking discourses of responsibility, sacrifice, and ‘intergenerational repair’ as they transitioned into their new ‘adult’ roles. Learning to deal with judgement and criticism was an inescapable part of navigating the realities of parenthood. However, they pushed back against these through discourses of redemption and aligning themselves with their constructions of good parents. Through discourses of ‘making it work’, young parents managed evolving relationships amid challenging circumstances. In looking to the future, they employed discourses of restoration, transformation, and hope, discovering joy and a sense of purpose in fulfilling their adult roles while remaining cognisant of their youth. Programmes and policies aimed at helping young Filipino parents achieve better health and wellbeing outcomes would benefit from considering their circumstances and responding to their specific needs for non-judgmental youth-friendly healthcare, unimpeded access to sexual and reproductive health resources, and supportive home, school, and community environments.

Emic Perceptions of Age-Appropriate Parent-Child Intimate Behaviors Related to Hygiene, Affection and Privacy

Objective. A multi-phase, sequential mixed methods study aimed to determine acceptable age-appropriate physical intimate behaviors shared between Filipino parents and children that are related to hygiene, affection and privacy.
 Methods. Following an exploratory qualitative phase (Phase 1) and an instrumentation phase (Phase 2), the quantitative survey phase (Phase 3) utilized the resultant Filipino Family Behavior Questionnaire (FFBQ). A total of 145 participants from Cabuyao, Laguna and selected urban communities in Metro Manila were comprised of 72 parents and 73 adult children.
 Results. Parents and adult children view the affection-related behaviors of hugging (magyakapan/ magyapusan) and kissing on the cheeks (humalik sa pisngi) as most acceptable among the list of parent-child intimate behaviors in the FFBQ, and is allowed without any age limit set for children (up to age 18 years). The lowest accepted age-appropriate intimate behaviors were hygiene related, specifically on washing genitalia (median 5 years, range 0,18), co-bathing (3 years, range 0,18), and holding/kissing genitals (0, range 0,17). Generally, adult children accept higher age-limits compared to parent participants. Both groups placed higher age-acceptable limits on mothers compared to fathers.
 When comparing parent-child pairs, same-gender pairs have significantly higher age-acceptable limits compared to mixed gender pairs. Ranked in order of highest to lowest age-acceptable limits, the most accepted gender pair in performing intimate behavior is mother-daughter; father-son; mother-son; and father-daughter. Perceptions of acceptable age limits were comparable between parents with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) compared to those without ACE, except for hugging between mother-daughter (17.21 vs 18 years, p=0.04) and father-daughter (17.21 vs 14.22 years, p<0.01) as well as co-dressing of mother-son (3.76 vs 2.19 years, p=0.02).For children, differences in perception were noted only for hugging between mother and son (17.95 vs 15.37 years, p<0.01), and kissing on lips between father and son (5.33 vs 8.94 years, p=0.03). Respondents in Phase 4 believe that mothers are seen as nurturing and caring towards children, thus rendering acceptance of higher age limits for engaging in intimate behavior, specifically for hygiene and privacy. Similar-gender pairs tend to be more at ease with each other, hence the persistence of intimate behavior even at older ages.
 Conclusion. This study was able to identify Filipino intimate behaviors of parents and children including their age-appropriateness. Parents and adult children had similar valuations for healthy boundaries in intimate behavior, as evidenced by the older perceived mean ages for hugging, kissing on the cheek (affection) and co-sleeping (privacy), as well as younger perceived mean ages for hygiene-related intimate behavior such as holding/kissing genitalia, washing genitalia and co-bathing. Parent-child intimate behavior is more acceptable for same-gender pairs, and is least appropriate for older ages in father-daughter pairs. Moreover, adult children appear to be more permissible in exhibiting lower cutoffs for age limits of acceptability compared to parents.

Listening to Filipino parents’ voices during distance learning of their children amidst COVID-19

ABSTRACT Given that the experiences of Filipino parents around distance learning education amid the COVID-19 pandemic have been overlooked in research, this study used an embedded mixed methods design to survey 837 Filipino parents’ needs regarding distance learning of their children under primary level during the pandemic. Findings revealed that although the parents generally appeared ready for the new set-up, certain overwhelming observations regarding their responses indicated their needs and/or concerns. Specifically, they need orientation, training, or workshop on distance learning, knowledge and skills facilitative to distance learning, excellent internet access, support on the psychological burden, consideration of teachers, increase of teacher scaffolds, preference for face-to-face classes, and constant parent-teacher communication. These concerns of the parent-stakeholders in the Philippine educational landscape are pivotal in shaping educational infrastructure during emergency times like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Analysis of the Lived Experiences of Filipino Parents of Children with ASD

Parents having a child diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) face a lot of challenges thus making them more susceptible to experience higher levels of stress and deal with more complex situations. This research aimed to investigate this context in a Filipino setting and as well as classify the uniqueness of their parenting style compared to typical counterparts. The phenomenological approach of qualitative research was utilized to explore the lived experiences of underprivileged parents who have ASD children This study was participated by three Filipino underprivileged mothers with ASD children. In-depth interviews were conducted; thematic analysis was utilized. Three major themes in their experiences have been derived namely: parenting caught off guard, parenting strains and struggles of ASD childcare and parenting the unique spectrum. Implications for future research to parenting education, the fields of education and mental health have also been discussed. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD Parenting, Parents, Children

Attitudes of Filipino parents of children with Down syndrome on noninvasive prenatal testing.

Globally, there has been an increasing uptake of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT). In the Philippines, the test is currently available through private laboratories and can be availed by families who can afford the out-of-pocket cost. In a country where elective termination of pregnancy is not an option, the question arises as to the relevance of this testing, even among health professionals. This is an exploratory qualitative study that explored the attitudes of Filipino parents of children with Down syndrome (DS) toward NIPT using thematic analysis of in-depth interviews. Study participants acknowledged the value of NIPT in providing early diagnosis and, subsequently, emotional, mental, spiritual, and financial preparation. This said, they also emphasized that such early detection may cause anxiety and even thoughts of termination for some, despite abortion being against the law and predominant religious beliefs. For those undergoing NIPT and receiving positive results, study participants highlighted the need to receive proper and nonbiased counseling from both health professionals and parents who have children with DS.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12687-022-00597-w.

Perspectives From French and Filipino Parents on the Adaptation of Child Health Knowledge Translation Tools: Qualitative Exploration.

BackgroundA number of evidence-based knowledge translation (KT) tools for parents of children with acute health conditions have been developed. These tools were created and tested with parental input and disseminated to groups proficient in English. Therefore, it is unclear whether they are useful for populations that are more diverse. To enhance the reach of our current and future KT tools, language translation and cultural adaptations may promote relevance for previously underserved knowledge users.ObjectiveThis study aims to explore and understand considerations for the cultural and linguistic adaptation of a KT tool in French and Filipino communities.MethodsA KT tool (whiteboard animation video) describing the signs and symptoms of croup was originally developed in English to provide parents with evidence-based information couched within a narrative reflecting parents’ experiences with the condition. This KT tool was adapted (linguistics and imagery) for French- and Tagalog-speaking parents and caregivers through feedback from key stakeholders. The videos were presented to the respective language speakers for usability testing and discussion. Participants were asked to view the KT tool, complete a usability survey, and participate in semistructured interviews. Audio recordings from the interviews were transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and analyzed for relevant themes by using thematic analysis.ResultsFrench- (n=13) and Tagalog-speaking (n=13) parents completed the usability survey and were interviewed. Although analyzed separately, both data sets produced similar findings, with key themes relating to understanding, relatability, and accessibility. Both the French and Tagalog groups reported that the video and other KT tools were useful in their adapted forms. Participants in both groups cautioned against using verbatim vocabulary and suggested that cultural competency and understanding of health languages were essential for high-quality translations. Parents also discussed their preference for videos with diverse visual representations of families, home environments, and health care workers, as such videos represent their communities more broadly.ConclusionsFrench and Filipino parents appreciated having KT tools in their first language; however, they were also supportive of the use of English KT products. Their suggestions for improving the relatability and communication of health messages are important considerations for the development and adaptation of future KT products. Understanding the needs of the intended end users is a crucial first step in producing relevant tools for health evidence dissemination.

Evaluating an Evidence-Based Parenting Intervention Among Filipino Parents: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundFilipino Americans underuse mental health and preventive care services even though studies have indicated that Filipino youth experience high rates of suicidal ideation, substance abuse, and teen pregnancies, whereas adults experience immigration stress, discrimination, and depression. Evidence-based parenting interventions provided in early childhood have proven to be effective in preventing the onset and escalation of child mental health disorders. In a pilot randomized controlled trial, we found that participation in the Incredible Years Basic Parent Training Program (IY) improved parenting stress and positive parenting practices and decreased child internalizing and externalizing symptoms among Filipino families. A fully powered trial is needed to determine the efficacy of IY as a prevention program among Filipino families.ObjectiveThe aims of this study are to describe the design and rationale of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of the web-based IY program among parents recruited from multiple community-based settings and its impact on parenting practices, parenting stress, and child problem behavior among Filipino Americans and describe the impact of COVID-19 on our study protocols.MethodsThis study uses a randomized controlled 2-arm individually randomized group treatment pretest–posttest design for 180 parent–child dyads. Individuals are eligible if they are ≥18 years, live in California, and have at least one Filipino child aged 8-12 years. Consenting participants are randomly allocated to receive either the 12-week IY parenting intervention (intervention arm) or American Academy of Pediatrics’ Bright Future handouts and placed on a waitlist to receive IY posttrial (waitlist control arm). Primary outcomes include the Parent Practices Interview and the Parenting Stress Index. Secondary outcomes will be measured using the Child Behavior Checklist (completed by parent) and will include child internalizing and externalizing behaviors and total problems. Data are collected at baseline and 3- and 6-month follow-ups.ResultsChanges made to the protocol owing to COVID-19 include administration of surveys remotely and implementation of the intervention on the web. The pandemic has provided an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of a web-based version of IY that may improve access and increase use of the intervention. Recruitment and data collection procedures are still ongoing and are expected to be completed by December 2022.ConclusionsOur research will determine whether IY promotes positive parenting practices and prevents child internalizing and externalizing behaviors in healthy but high-risk populations such as Filipino families. It will also uplift cultural narratives and add to the evidence base for web-based parenting programs and their implementation in real-world settings. If found efficacious, IY has the potential to prevent behavioral health disparities in this understudied and high-risk Filipino population and can be scaled, adapted, and implemented in other at-risk racial and ethnic minority communities.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04031170; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04031170International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/21867

THE LUCID ADVANCEMENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT OF PARENTS TOWARDS DISTANCE LEARNING, A PHENOMENOLOGY

Background:Distance learning contributed significantly to the lived experiences of parents with children. The pandemic brought a sudden shift of school to home-based learning. Children are not yet mature enough to handle distance learning independently, while parents have to juggle workloads and family affairs, thereby experiencing challenges. Method: To better understand the lived experiences of Filipino parents regarding the sudden shift to distance learning, a qualitative phenomenological study was used. With the central question What are the common struggles and coping strategies of Philippine School Doha parents on the institutions distance learning education program?. The researchers conceived twenty-five developmental questions, which were asked to the participants during the semi-structured interviews. The collected data were transcribed and analyzed into themes. Findings: Filipino parents lived experiences towards the shift to distance learning can be divided into three main themes, namely Capability, Adaptability, and Productivity. Conclusion: A parents role and impact on childrens success in the online set-up are crucial yet required. Parents serve as a coach for their children, which lead students through their learning process. The capability to adapt by parents to the newly changed routine during a pandemic shows that many coping strategies are effectively working. Many parents have struggled but conquered hardships in terms of investments in necessary technologies and allowing time for their childrens studies. Enriching knowledge to students in distance learning has further enhanced their abilities, and some parents receive outstanding results from their children. Equally benefiting both parties increases the vote for distance learning more than face-to-face classes, which in conclusion, parents and students most likely prefer distance learning. Recommendations: The researchers recommend interviewing working or non-working parents with children attending distance learning and experiencing the new learning modality that affected their lifestyle and decisions.

Health Equity and Enrollment in Preventive Parenting Programs: A Qualitative Study of Filipino Parents

ABSTRACT This qualitative study identified the parent health beliefs and normative beliefs related to child behavioral and mental health problems and examined the benefits and barriers of enrolling in an evidence-based parenting intervention among Filipino parents of school-aged children. A secondary aim was to also use the results to inform the development of a theory-based video intervention to increase enrollment in parenting interventions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen parents who had or had not participated in the Incredible Years® parenting program, an evidence-based parenting intervention. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Using a “Coding Consensus, Co-occurrence, and Comparison” methodology, emergent themes were mapped into a matrix against a priori-coded health belief model (HBM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs. Parents believed that perceived susceptibility could be influenced by including knowledge of health disparities affecting Filipino youth in the U.S. Perceived severity was related to behavioral and mental health concerns about school, family dynamics, bullying and parent coping strategies. Perceived benefits included strengthening parent-child relationships, creating support systems, and learning positive parenting skills. Perceived barriers included logistics, stigma, and the perception of the relevance of the program, cultural factors such as generational differences about parenting, and family issues. Social norms and subjective norms related to parent participation were also discussed. Applying the HBM and TPB to enrollment in parenting interventions may explain low enrollment rates. Future interventions need to target perceived susceptibility to future behavioral health problems, barriers, and benefits to enrollment, and influence subjective and social norms.

A Grounded Theory on Filipino Parents’ Acceptance of Their Trans Women Children

A Grounded Theory on Filipino Parents’ Acceptance of Their Trans Women Children