Filing Motion Research Articles

Single file motion of robot swarms

We present experimental results on the single file motion of a group of robots interacting with each other through position sensors. We successfully replicate the fundamental diagram typical of these systems, with a transition from free flow to congested traffic as the density of the system increases. In the latter scenario we also observe the characteristic stop-and-go waves. The unique advantages of this novel system, such as experimental stability and repeatability, allow for extended experimental runs, facilitating a comprehensive statistical analysis of the global dynamics. Above a certain density, we observe a divergence of the average jam duration and the average number of robots involved in it. This discovery enables us to precisely identify another transition: from congested intermittent flow (for intermediate densities) to a totally congested scenario for high densities. Beyond this finding, the present work demonstrates the suitability of robot swarms to model complex behaviors in many particle systems. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

The protector of public information as a defender of media enlightenment

The media are subjects of the legal order with duty to provide unbiased and truthful public information. All media are subject to public interest, but the content of public interest differs depending on the type of media. As a result of rendering the democratic society and the rule of law meaningless and inconsequential, there is abuse of freedom of public information. The question is no longer how to ensure the independence of the media from public authorities but how to ensure that the media serve the purposes of a democratic society and bring enlightenment in the public sphere. On the other hand, there is a challenge to preclude the arbitrariness of independent public authorities in the process of monitoring the media activities, which is a fatal disease in the state of law (Rechtsstaat). In the field of public information in the Republic of Serbia, there is an institutional imbalance between independent subjects of bodies in the field of public information. Considering that an effective legal form of control over the work of these independent public bodies has not been instituted yet, the establishment of the Protector of Public Information (Ombudsman), as a defender of media enlightenment, would be a positive step in the direction of establishing an institutional balance. The Ombudsman for Public Information (hereinafter: the PI Ombudsman) would be elected by the National Assembly from among prominent media professionals, based on the proposal of the journalists? association. The PI Ombudsman?s activities would entail control of the activities of the Regulatory Body for Electronic Media (REM), media and other public information entities. The PI Ombudsman would not have the authority to impose legal sanctions but the exercised control of the activities of public information entities would enable the Ombudsman to issue warnings and recommendations to the Regulatory Body and the media, as well as to file motions to the competent authorities on observed or established irregularities, especially concerning the REM activities. Based on the radiating effect that may be exerted by the reputation of this independent public body, the actions of the Ombudsman for Public Information would aim to remove the arbitrariness of the media and the Regulatory Body for Electronic Media, as a necessary precondition for the development of an enlightened public sphere based on polite and reasoned discussion.

Efficiency and complications in root canal retreatment using nickel titanium rotary file with continuous rotation, reciprocating, or adaptive motion in curved root canals: a laboratory investigation

BackgroundIt is currently unknown whether rotary file motion affects the best outcome of root canal retreatment. This experimental study compared the efficacy, efficiency, and complications of single-use NiTi rotary files using continuous rotation, reciprocating, and adaptive motions in root canal filling removal in curved root canals. Reciproc blue R25 was used with reciprocating motion (RB), VDW.ROTATE retreatment files with continuous rotation (VR), and ProTaper NEXT X2 with continuous rotation (PTNc) or adaptive motion (PTNa).MethodsForty mesial root canals of extracted mandibular first and second molars with an angle of curvature between 20°–40° and a radius of curvature between 5 and 10 mm were collected. The specimens were instrumented and obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer using the continuous wave of condensation technique. The specimens were randomly divided into 4 retreatment groups (n = 10), RB, VR, PTNc, and PTNa. The percentage of root canal filling removal in each group was analyzed using Micro-Computed Tomography (µCT). The motor running time, total time, root canal complication, and instrument complication were recorded and statistically analyzed (p-value < 0.05).ResultsThe pre-operative root canal curvature and root canal filling volume were comparable among groups. The percentage of root canal filling removal from the whole canal in the PTNc, RB, PTNa, and VR group was 98%, 96%, 95%, and 93%, respectively. A significant difference was observed between the PTNc and VR groups for the whole canal and the apical-third part. The motor running time and total time were significantly different between the groups. Instrument fracture was observed at 40% in the VR and 20% in the PTNa group, but none in the RB and PTNc groups.ConclusionsThe ProTaper NEXT X2 with continuous rotation and RB files can be used with high efficacy and efficiency in curved root canal retreatment. Continuous rotation is more efficacious and efficient than adaptive motion when using the NiTi rotary file. Single file retreatment can be used in small canals with high efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and less time consumption.

Effect of Continuous and Reciprocating File Motion on Microcrack Formation in Root Canals During Retreatment: A SEM Study

Effect of Continuous and Reciprocating File Motion on Microcrack Formation in Root Canals During Retreatment: A SEM Study

Efficacy of XP-endo Finisher-R in enhancing removal of bioceramic sealer from oval root canal: a micro CT study

Aim: To investigate the efficacy of the XP-endo Finisher-R (XP-FR) and manual H-filing in enhancing the removal of Totalfill BC sealer from oval root canals. Methodology: Forty mandibular incisors were prepared using ProTaper Next up to file X3 then filled with warm vertical condensation using Totalfill BC sealer. The volume of the root canal filling post-obturation and the remaining volume post-retreatment using Mani NRT-GPR system were assessed using Micro-CT (µ-CT). The total volume in 3 mm was calculated from the cervical line till the root apex using the CT-an software. Specimens were randomly divided into two equal groups n=20 according to the supplementary approach of gutta percha removal used; where Group I: XP-FR was used for 1 min, and Group II: size 30 H-file was used in a filing motion for 1 min. Specimens were again scanned using µ-CT and the remaining gutta percha volume was calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon, Man-Whitney, Friedman tests with significance level of 5%. Results: Significant reduction of the remining filling material was recorded post-retreatment with percentage of reduction of 63.34%, 78.53%, and 66.21% at the apical, middle, and coronal thirds respectively using Mani NRT-GPR system. Supplementary removal approaches significantly improved filling material removal (P<0.05). XP-FR removed significantly more filling material than manual H-filing with percentage of filling material reduction of 52.22%, 34.92%, and 40.60% compared to 21.89%, 18.43%, 31.72% in the apical, middle, and coronal thirds (Man-Whitney test, P<0.001). Conclusions: Rotary retreatment files failed to totally remove the root canal filling material. Supplementary methods have improved root canal filling material removal; where XP-FR significantly removed more filling than manual H-filing.

Micro-computed tomography evaluation of dentinal microcracks following canal preparation with thermomechanically heat-treated engine-driven files.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the frequency of microcracks and its severity at different root canal dentin locations, after preparation with thermomechanically heat‐treated engine‐driven nickel‐titanium instruments. Forty mandibular premolars were assigned to four experimental groups (n = 10): ProTaper Next, ProTaper Gold, WaveOne Gold and Reciproc Blue. After pre‐instrumentation micro‐computed tomography scans, the root canals were prepared to size 25. Following post‐instrumentation scans, pre‐ and post‐instrumentation scanned images were analysed for the presence and extent of dentinal defects. A total of 56 500 cross‐sectional images were obtained, showing that less than 2.3% with pre‐existing dentinal microcracks. No new microcracks were identified during the post‐instrumentation analyses. No significant association was found between the types of dentinal defects, file motions and sequences. Thermomechanically heat‐treated rotary files did not induce the formation of new microcracks. There was also no association between the kinematic motions and sequences of the rotary instruments to the types of dentinal defects.

Numerical simulation and experimentation of endodontic file using Taguchi DoE

The endodontic file is a tapered, needle shape body used for the preparation of curved human root canals. During the preparation, process files get failed due to the locking action offered by the canal wall. The present study aimed to find the fatigue life of endodontic files at 23°, 33° and 43° root canal curvature angles. Four brands of files were selected for the present study viz. Hyplex CM, Pro-Taper Next, Hero Shaper, Pro-File Vortex. The strain life analysis done using ANSYS showed that the Hyplex CM file gives the highest fatigue life at 23°, 33° and 43° root canal curvature angles. Therefore, Hyplex CM file was selected for DoE Taguchi Optimization study. Each experimental reading was conducted on X Smart Plus experimental setup under purely rotary and combined reciprocating-rotary motion, at 500 rpm, 600 rpm and 700 rpm and 23°, 33° and 43° root canal curvature angles. Hyplex CM file given maximum fatigue life at 23° root canal curvature angle and 500 rpm speed of rotation. But if file motion is combined rotary-reciprocating, life reduces. The ANNOVA study showed that P-value and significance F are very small, which represented that the regression model is effective.

Место ходатайств и жалоб в современном уголовном процессе

Introduction: this paper studies motions and complaints in the context of criminal procedure in the Russian Federation. Purpose: to determine the place of the right to file motions and complaints in the structure of rights of persons involved in criminal proceedings, in the system of human rights, the place of motions and complaints in the criminal procedure form, their role in achieving the purpose of criminal procedure. Methods: system analysis, formal and dialectical logic, interpretation of legal norms, comparative historical method, comparative legal method. Results: the sole purpose of criminal procedure is to protect rights and lawful interests of persons involved in criminal proceedings. The scope and the very existence of the legal institution of motions and complaints directly depend on the current purpose of procedure. This legal institution is a regulatory implementation of the right to appeal against procedural actions and decisions, which is among the ‘law-enforcement’ principles that currently determine the form (type) of criminal procedure. The scope of this principle includes both complaints and motions. The right to file motions and complaints serves to ensure that substantive rights can be exercised and also has its individual significance among other inalienable human rights as an element of the ‘right to a right’. The right to file motions and complaints is enshrined in international acts on human rights. The principle of the right to appeal against procedural actions and decisions is the most important guarantee of the purpose of criminal proceedings being achieved, a mandatory component of the criminal procedure form. The right to file motions and complaints consists in legal entitlement to bring into action the state apparatus with the aim of the applicant’s procedural interest being satisfied. Conclusions: the right to file motions and complaints is a key right for building criminal procedure relations aimed at protecting the rights and freedoms of persons involved in criminal proceedings.

Reasonable Fourth Amendment Exclusion

The Fourth Amendment exclusion doctrine is as baffling as it is ubiquitous. Although courts rely on it every day to decide Fourth Amendment violations as well as defendants’ motions to suppress evidence obtained through these violations, virtually every aspect of the doctrine is a subject of fundamental disagreement and confusion. When defendants file motions to suppress unlawfully obtained evidence, the government often argues that, even if a violation of the Fourth Amendment has transpired, the remedy of evidence suppression is barred because the police acted in “good faith,” meaning the officer reasonably, albeit mistakenly, believed the search or seizure was lawful. Judges and commentators sharply disagree about whether and which police mistakes of law are, in fact, reasonable so as to deny the application of the exclusionary rule remedy. They also disagree on the nature and scope of the reasonableness standard, and its impact on the very existence of the exclusionary rule as a remedy against police misconduct. This Article offers a new approach to the “good faith” exception doctrine based on a revisionist reading stemming from the Court’s recent decision in Heien v. North Carolina. There is widespread consensus that the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule doctrine determines the application of the remedy of evidence suppression to acknowledged violations of Fourth Amendment rights. But I argue that it is, in fact, better understood as an inquiry into the substance of Fourth Amendment rights and not into the application of the remedy. Since the Court held in Heien that a reasonable police mistake of law is relevant in the evaluation of conduct covered by the Fourth Amendment, there is no need for a “good faith” reasonableness exception to the exclusionary rule remedy, when that rule kicks in only after a violation of the Fourth Amendment. This approach renders the “good faith exception” to the exclusionary rule doctrine redundant. Instead of ruling that the exclusionary rule does or does not apply, courts in these cases can simply hold that an unreasonable search did or did not take place. This approach bears a significant practical payoff: courts will no longer be able to declare broadly that the police have violated the Fourth Amendment while in the same breath undercutting the value of remedying this violation based on two different questions on what constitutes one reasonable police officer.

Smooth or shock: Universality in closed inhomogeneous driven single file motions

We study the nonequilibrum steady states in a unidirectional {or driven} single file motion (DSFM) of a collection of particles with hard-core repulsion in a closed system. For driven propulsion that is {spatially} smoothly varying with a few discontinuities, we show that the steady states are broadly classified into two classes, independent of any system detail: (i) when the steady state current depends explicitly on the {conserved} number density $n$, and (ii) when it is independent of $n$. This manifests itself in the universal topology of the phase diagrams {and fundamental diagrams (i.e., the current versus density curves) } for DSFM, which are determined solely by the interplay between {two control parameters} $n$ and the minimum propulsion speed along the chain. Our theory can be tested in laboratory experiments on driven particles in a closed geometry.

Universalism and the recognition of group proceedings under the UNCITRAL Model Law in Montenegro

AbstractAmong the most topical insolvency issues in 2017 was the Croatian “Lex Agrokor”—a controversial “tailor‐made” law providing a unique restructuring opportunity for the largest Croatian conglomerate, the parent company of which was otherwise facing bankruptcy. Soon after the “extraordinary administration procedure” began, the appointed administrator started filing motions for the recognition of the alleged group insolvency as foreign insolvency proceedings in a number of neighbouring and other European countries, most of which have adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross‐Border Insolvency. It was an attempt to save the conglomerate's property from being seized in a disorderly fashion by various secured creditors, most noticeably, the largest Russian financial institution Sberbank, which contested these motions with varying success. This article, however, does not present an effort to comprehensively analyse the ongoing legal battle but rather adopts a broader approach to examining the Lex Agrokor to establish grounds for more general conclusions. More precisely, the purpose of this article is twofold. First, to offer strong arguments that, from the standpoint of typical insolvency legislation based on the Model Law, such as that of Montenegro, both the actual and future group proceedings initiated under the Lex Agrokor should fail to meet recognition requirements. Second, based on the preceding case study, to offer conclusions on how to further promote universal approach regarding group insolvencies by emphasizing exactly what the national laws regulating group insolvency should not feature so as to have the proceedings introduced therewith recognized in countries adopting the Model Law.

Право адвоката-защитника заявлять ходатайства в уголовном судопроизводстве: нормативно-правовое закрепление

Право адвоката-защитника заявлять ходатайства в уголовном судопроизводстве: нормативно-правовое закрепление

Influence of File Motion on Shaping, Apical Debris Extrusion and Dentinal Defects: A Critical Review.

Advances in endodontics have enabled the evolution of file manufacturing processes, improving performance beyond that of conventional files. In the present study, systems manufactured using state of the art methods and possessing special properties related to NiTi alloys (i.e., CM-Wire, M-Wire and R-Phase) were selected. The aim of this review was to provide a detailed analysis of the literature about the relationship between recently introduced NiTi files with different movement kinematics and shaping ability, apical extrusion of debris and dentin defects in root canal preparations. From March 2016 to January 2017, electronic searches were conducted in the PubMed and SCOPUS databases for articles published since January 2010. In vitro studies performed on extracted human teeth and published in English were considered for this review. Based on the inclusion criteria, 71 papers were selected for the analysis of full-text copies. Specific analysis was performed on 45 articles describing the effects of reciprocating, continuous and adaptive movements on the WaveOne Gold, Reciproc, HyFlex CM and Twisted File Adaptive systems. A wide range of testing conditions and methodologies have been used to compare the systems. Due the controversies among the results, the characteristics of the files used, such as their design and alloys, appear to be inconsistent to determine the best approach.

Foreign Intelligence, Criminal Prosecutions and Special Advocates

The Snowden leaks and other revelations about the bulk foreign surveillance programs led to significant public concern that the United States was conducting illegal surveillance programs. Lost in the scandal over the disclosure of these secret programs is the truth that these programs were presumptively lawful, they were enacted with the approval of the very courts set up to prevent overreaching by the government. In matters of national security, courts are hampered by procedures that limit the adversarial process. The procedures that permitted the intelligence community to seek — and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to approve — these excessive programs must be altered to ensure our national security professionals that are charged with protecting our nation do not infringe on essential civil liberties. The USA FREEDOM Act was a welcome step in the right direction. Unfortunately, the changes brought by the USA FREEDOM Act are not sufficient to prevent another broad misuse of the intelligence authorities. The act established an amicus curiae, a special advocate who can appear before the secret courts and argue against proposed government intelligence programs. This type of special advocate is needed, but there is a much more essential forum for special advocates, before traditional criminal judges in courts where the government is using evidence gathered from intelligence collection programs at trial against defendants.Criminal defendants are extremely limited in their ability to challenge FISA derived evidence and judicial independence suffers from this lack of adversarial process. Defendants facing prosecution with evidence collected from FISA should have their own special advocates — a panel of cleared defense counsel — who can review FISA applications and file motions to suppress evidence on behalf of criminal defendants. Providing these defendants with equal ability to question the appropriateness of a government intelligence search or seizure will help courts remain independent and prevent the intelligence community from obtaining approval for programs that are contrary to our American values.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF APICAL TRANSPORTATION AND STRAIGHTENING OF TWO ROTARY NICKEL-TITANIUM SYSTEMS WHEN USING FINAL APICAL BRUSHING

INTRODUCTION: Apical transportation results in an inadequately clean apical area and makes apical seal more difficult thus affecting the final outcome and may lead to failure. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare between the effect of two rotary nickel titanium systems after using final apical strokes on canal transportation and apical straightening of the canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty mesiobuccal canals of extracted mandibular first molars with root canal curvature angle (25 to 45 degree) were selected. Canals were divided into two groups (n=30). In group I canals were prepared with OneShape file, while in group II, canals were prepared with Revo-S system. Each group was then sub-divided into two sub-groups according to the motion used (pecking or circumferential filing). Sub group Ia (OneShape file) and sub group Ib (Revo-S system) were prepared with pecking motion while sub group II an and sub group II b were prepared with circumferential filing motion. A radiographic platform was used to obtain accurate radiographs. All specimens were radiographed from proximal and mesiodistal views. To measure apical transportation, the pre and post-instrumentation radiographs were exported from the Kodak software into Photoshop program. Then a grading system was used to assess the amount of transportation. Based on apical curvature measured before and after instrumentation (using Image J program), canal straightening was determined as the difference between these two measurements. RESULTS: Regarding apical transportation, no statistical significance was found between both groups and the sub groups. Apical straightening was evaluated, and no statistical significance was found between the groups. However, circumferential filing produced more straightening. CONCLUSIONS: OneShape file and Revo-S system maintained the original canal curvature with no significant differences between the files. Circumferential filing motion with both systems resulted in higher values of straightening when compared to pecking motion.

Absence of jamming in ant trails: feedback control of self-propulsion and noise.

We present a model of ant traffic considering individual ants as self-propelled particles undergoing single-file motion on a one-dimensional trail. Recent experiments on unidirectional ant traffic in well-formed natural trails showed that the collective velocity of ants remains approximately unchanged, leading to the absence of jamming even at very high densities [John et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 108001 (2009)]. Assuming a feedback control mechanism of self-propulsion force generated by each ant using information about the distance from the ant in front, our model captures all the main features observed in the experiment. The distance headway distribution shows a maximum corresponding to separations within clusters. The position of this maximum remains independent of average number density. We find a non-equilibrium first-order transition, with the formation of an infinite cluster at a threshold density where all the ants in the system suddenly become part of a single cluster.

Ageing single file motion

The mean squared displacement of a tracer particle in a single file of identical particles with excluded volume interactions shows the famed Harris scaling aEurox (2)(t)aEuro parts per thousand a parts per thousand integral K (1/2) t (1/2) as function of time. Here we study what happens to this law when each particle of the single file interacts with the environment such that it is transiently immobilised for times tau with a power-law distribution psi(tau) a parts per thousand integral (tau(a similar to...))(alpha), and different ranges of the exponent alpha are considered. We find a dramatic slow-down of the motion of a tracer particle from Harris' law to an ultraslow, logarithmic time evolution aEurox (2)(t)aEuro parts per thousand a parts per thousand integral K (0) log (1/2)(t) when 0 < alpha < 1. In the intermediate case 1 < alpha < 2, we observe a power-law form for the mean squared displacement, with a modified scaling exponent as compared to Harris' law. Once alpha is larger than two, the Brownian single file behaviour and thus Harris' law are restored. We also point out that this process is weakly non-ergodic in the sense that the time and ensemble averaged mean squared displacements are disparate.

Effect of reciprocating file motion on microcrack formation in root canals: an SEM study

To compare dentinal microcrack formation whilst using Ni-Ti hand K-files, ProTaper hand and rotary files and the WaveOne reciprocating file. One hundred and fifty mandibular first molars were selected. Thirty teeth were left unprepared and served as controls, and the remaining 120 teeth were divided into four groups. Ni-Ti hand K-files, ProTaper hand files, ProTaper rotary files and WaveOne Primary reciprocating files were used to prepare the mesial canals. Roots were then sectioned 3, 6 and 9 mm from the apex, and the cut surface was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and checked for the presence of dentinal microcracks. The control and Ni-Ti hand K-files groups were not associated with microcracks. In roots prepared with ProTaper hand files, ProTaper rotary files and WaveOne Primary reciprocating files, dentinal microcracks were present. There was a significant difference between control/Ni-Ti hand K-files group and ProTaper hand files/ProTaper rotary files/WaveOne Primary reciprocating file group (P < 0.001) with ProTaper rotary files producing the most microcracks. No significant difference was observed between teeth prepared with ProTaper hand files and WaveOne Primary reciprocating files. ProTaper rotary files were associated with significantly more microcracks than ProTaper hand files and WaveOne Primary reciprocating files. Ni-Ti hand K-files did not produce microcracks at any levels inside the root canals.

Influence of file motion on cyclic fatigue of new nickel titanium instruments.

The aim of the present study was to compare the resistance to cyclic fatigue of Hyflex® (Coltene-Whaledent, Allstatten, Switzerland) size 40 taper.04 nickel titanium instruments used in continuous rotation versus the use with a reciprocating motion. The null hypothesis was that different file motions had no influence on the lifetime of instruments subjected to a cyclic fatigue test. 24 Hyflex® size 40 taper.04 nickel titanium instruments were randomly divided in two groups (n=12 each), and submitted to a cyclic fatigue test. The first group (CR group) were used with a continuous rotation, while the second one (RCP group) with a reciprocating motion. The cyclic fatigue tests were performed by using a stainless steel block containing an artificial canal shaped with a 135° angle. All instruments were rotated or reciprocated until fracture occurred. The time to fracture was recorded visually with a 1/100 second chronometer. Data were recorded and statistically analysed. Results indicated that instruments used with a reciprocating motion showed a significant increase in the meantime to failure when compared to those used in continuous rotation. The null hypothesis was rejected. Results of the present study showed that reciprocating motion extended resistance to cyclic fatigue of the tested nickel titanium instruments, when compared to continuous rotation.

Influence of file motion on cyclic fatigue of new nickel titanium instruments

Influence of file motion on cyclic fatigue of new nickel titanium instruments