Filefish Research Articles

유통중인 주요 건어포류의 미생물학적 조사

This study assessed the quantitative contamination levels of total viable bacteria, fungi (yeast and mold), coliforms and Escherichia coli in Todarodes pacificus (squid), Stephanolepis cirrhifer (file fish) and Lophiomus setigerus (black mouth angler) as major dried fishery food products which were favored by consumers in Korea. Total viable bacteria in dried squid, dried file fish and dried black mouth angler were detected as 1.0~3.5, 2.0~5.1, and 3.2~5.9 log <SUB>10</SUB> CFU/g, respectively. Fungi in dried squid, dried file fish and dried black mouth angler were also detected as 2.0~3.8, 2.3~4.9, and 1.8~6.4 log <SUB>10</SUB> CFU/g, respectively. Coliforms were not detected in dried squid and dried black mouth angler, whereas the positive rate of coliforms in dried file fish was 60% with 1.5~2.3 log <SUB>10</SUB> CFU/g. E. coli was not detected in all samples (ND: < 1 log <SUB>10</SUB> CFU/g). The data on microbial contamination levels may be utilized for quantitative microbial assessment of dried fishery food products for controlling the level of microbial contamination and securing microbiological safety.

저수온에 노출된 말쥐치 Thamnaconus modestus의 생존율, 혈액학적 및 조직학적 반응

저수온에 노출된 말쥐치 Thamnaconus modestus의 생존율, 혈액학적 및 조직학적 반응

Description of trigger fishes (family: Balistidae) and file fishes (family: Monacanthidae) from Visakhapatnam coast of India with an account on first record of Paramonacanthus pusillus (Ruppell, 1828) from Indian

The present paper provides a record of species of fishes of the two families Balistidae (Trigger fishes) and Monacanthidae. (file fishes) under Tetradontiformes. Trigger fishes are generally edible, except for some large specimens that are toxic as there were occasions where eating the flesh of these fishes had led to most virulent poisoning. In spite of abundance of file fishes in Indian waters, these species have been inadequately described. Balistidae was represented by seven species belonging to five genera : Abalistes, Balistes, Balistoides, Canthidermis, Odonus and Sufflamen and Monacanthidae by six species belonging to three genera Aluterus, Lalmohania and Paramonacanthus, in the catches of Visakhapatnam coastal waters. Of these Paramonacanthus pusillus (Ruppell, 1828) forms the first record from Indian waters, while Canthidermis maculata (Bloch, 1786),, Paramonacanthus japonicus (Tilesius, 1865) and Paramonacanthus choirocephalus (Bleeker, 1852) were recorded for the first time from Visakhapatnam, north of Chennai.

부산 연근해 저서어류 체내의 미량금속 분포 특성과 잠재적 인체 위해성 평가

Trace metals concentrations in the tissue of edible marine fish (4 species), olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), file fish (Stephanolepis cirrhifer) and abbysal searobin (Lepidotrigla abyssalis), collected near the Yongho wharf in Busan were determined to assess the potential human health risk (HRA) of trace metals by fish consumption. Levels of Li, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the fish tissue were 0.005 ± 0.009, 0.77 ± 0.30, 0.29 ± 0.34, 0.49 ± 0.14, 15.96 ± 2.52, 10.62 ± 4.67, 0.001 ± 0.002, and 0.045 ± 0.06 mg/kg dw respectively. The estimated daily intakes of Cu and Zn and the estimated weekly intakes of As, Cd, and Pb from the fish collected near the Yongho wharf were 0.0032, 0.054-0.18% of PMTDI (provisional maximum tolerable daily intake) and 13, 0.0041, 0.020% of PTWI (provisional tolerable weekly intake) which were set to evaluate the food safeties by the JFCFA (The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Lifetime cancer risk and target hazard for local residents due to those fish consumption were found to be negligible.

종 특이 프라이머를 이용한 동물성 식품원료의 진위 판별법 개발

본 연구에서는 식품 중 동물성 사용원료의 진위 판별을 위하여 분자생물학적 기법을 이용한 시험법을 개발하였다. 동물성 식품원료의 종 판별을 위한 유전자로는 미토콘드리아 DNA에 존재하는 COI, Cytb, 및 16S rRNA 유전자를 대상으로 하였으며, 가공식품에 적용하기 위하여 PCR 산물의 크기는 200 bp 내외가 되도록 종 특이 프라이머를 설계하였다. 대상종으로는 가축류 2종, 가금류 6종, 민물어류 2종, 해양어류 13종 및 갑각류 1종, 총 24종을 선정하였으며 종 특이 프라이머를 이용하여 예상되는 PCR 산물의 생성 유무를 확인하였다. PCR을 수행한 결과 토끼, 여우, 꿩, 집비둘기, 멧비둘기, 메추리, 참새, 제비, 메기, 쏘가리, 날치, 열빙어, 청어, 까나리, 멸치, 참조기, 넙치, 조피볼락, 홍어, 가오리, 말쥐치, 농어, 성게 및 바닷가재에 대하여 각각 156, 204, 152, 160, 113, 163, 167, 152, 165, 121, 136, 151, 178, 178, 146, 188, 177, 166, 179, 218, 188, 185, 127 및 172 bp에서 PCR 증폭 산물을 확인하였다. 그리고 프라이머 별로 비교종에서는 비특이적 PCR 산물(non-specific PCR product)은 생성되지 않았다. 본 연구에서 개발된 유전자 분석법을 이용하여 동물성 식품원료가 사용된 식품 원료 및 가공식품의 진위 판별에 활용이 가능할 것이며, 불량식품 근절에 크게 기여할 것으로 기대된다. In this study, the detection method was developed using molecular biological technique to distinguish authenticity of animal raw materials. The genes for distinction of species about animals targeted at Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), Cytochrome b (Cytb), and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes in mitochondrial DNA. The species-specific primers were designed by that Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) product size was around 200 bp for applying to processed products. The target 24 raw materials were 2 species of domestic animals, 6 species of poultry, 2 species of freshwater fishes, 13 species of marine fishes and 1 species of crustaceans. The results of PCR for Rabbit, Fox, Pheasant, Domestic Pigeon, Rufous Turtle Dove, Quail, Tree Sparrow, Barn Swallow, Catfish, Mandarin Fish, Flying Fish, Mallotus villosus, Pacific Herring, Sand Lance, Japanese Anchovy, Small Yellow Croaker, Halibut, Jacopever, Skate Ray, Ray, File Fish, Sea Bass, Sea Urchin, and Lobster raw materials were confirmed 113 bp ~ 218 bp, respectively. Also, non-specific PCR products were not detected in compare species by species-specific primers. The method using primers developed in this study may be applied to distinguish an authenticity of food materials included animal raw materials for various processed products.

Biological studies on the filefish Setphanolepis diaspros, Fraser-Brunner, 1940 (Monacanthidae) from the Gulf of Suez, Egpyt

The reproductive characteristics and stomach contents of the filefish Stephanolepis diaspros were investigated in the Gulf of Suez during the period from 2004 to 2007. The overall sex ratio of males to females was estimated as1.00: 0.18, where females were represented in small sizes (8.0- 16.0 cm), while males largely outnumber females up to the length interval of 16.0- 26.0 cm. The monthly average values of gonad weight percentages and monthly different maturity stages showed that the species spawns during summer with intensive spawning in May. The length at first sexual maturity was estimated at 9.5 cm for males and 8.5 cm for females. The diet of file fish consisted of a wide variety of items, dominated by crustaceans and mollusks. Algae, echinoderms, coelenterates and fish remains were also demonstrated in the stomachs. Sponges, hydrozoans, foraminifera and Bryozoa were also preyed by the file fish. The maximum feeding intensity was attained in spring, while the minimum was observed during summer (June to September).

부산 연근해의 해양오염퇴적물과 식용 어류 체내의 PCBs와 유기염소계 농약의 분포 및 잠재적인 인체 위해성평가

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) contents in marine sediment and edible fish (4 species) from the estuary near the Yongho wharf in Busan were determined to assess their presence and their potential health risk to the local population through fish consumption was also assessed. Levels of ΣPCBs and ΣDDTs in marine sediment were 3.22~ 197.65 and 1.77~20.27 ng/g dw, respectively. HCHs and endosulfan sulfate concentrations in bottom sediment were 1.42~6.08, 0.56~ 13.89 ng/g dw, respectively. The bottom sediment in the offshore of the Yongho wharf may be characterized as semi-polluted status with potential adverse marine biological effects in terms of sediment quality guidelines of US NOAA. The mean concentrations of ΣPCBs in the tissues of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), file fish (Stephanolepis cirrhifer) and abbysal searobin (Lepidotrigla abyssalis) were 67.37, 10.20, 48.26, 22.81 ng/g lw, respectively. DDTs and HCHs were also detected in all fish samples. Lifetime cancer risk and target hazard quotient to local residents due to those fish consumption were found to pose negligible cancer and non-cancer risk.

On the natural spawning of the file fish, Navodon modestus (GÜNTHER), in the culture pond

On the natural spawning of the file fish, Navodon modestus (GÜNTHER), in the culture pond

Erratum to: Using otoliths to estimate age and growth of a large Australian endemic monacanthid, Nelusetta ayraudi (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)

Erratum to: Using otoliths to estimate age and growth of a large Australian endemic monacanthid, Nelusetta ayraudi (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)

First record of the filefish, Pervagor nigrolineatus, from Japan

First record of the filefish, Pervagor nigrolineatus, from Japan

Changes of Oxygen Consumption in the Red Sea Bream, Banded Grouper, File Fish, Multicolorfin Rainbowfish and Frogfish under Progressive Hypoxia

Changes of Oxygen Consumption in the Red Sea Bream, Banded Grouper, File Fish, Multicolorfin Rainbowfish and Frogfish under Progressive Hypoxia

적조생물 Cochlodinium polykrikoides에 노출된 어류의 산소 소모량 및 조직 변화

Eco-physiological research and the control of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was carried out to elucidate eco-physiological characteristics of red tide organism through culture experiment depending on the condition of photon irradiance. Oxygen consumption of C. polykrikoides was high with a value of 1.12 mg/L/hr in the dark compared with that of 0.13 mg/L/hr at <TEX>$100{\mu}mEm^{-2}s^{-1}$</TEX>. DO values in a circular chamber with the lapse of time in seawater containing C. polykrikoides were declined in the dark period. DO values of seawater containing C. polykrikoides in the dark were declined from 7.01 mg/L to 2.65 mg/L in 30 cm depth and from 7.01 mg/L to 6.63 mg/L in 5 cm depth depending on the depth of circular culture vessel. Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and file fish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer exposed to Cochlodinium showed the separation of the lamella epithelium from gill filament, which disrupted the respiratory process at the gill level.

Mass-balance ecosystem model of the East China Sea

Using the Ecopath mass-balance trophodynamic model, this paper analyzed the trophic levels, flows, food web structure and ecosystem maturity of the East China Sea, and identified ecologically important functional groups in the ecosystem. The model is based on fishery resource surveys of the East China Sea in 2000, studies on diet composition and global databases such as FishBase and the Sea Around Us Project Database. The results showed that trophic levels of the functional groups are between 2.86 and 4.37, with an average of 3.32. Anchocy ( Engraulis japonicus), small fishes and benthic crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs are important groups in terms of the trophic structure and flow dynamics in the East China Sea. Energy flows of most groups are between specific trophic levels, except file fish ( Thamnaconus spp.), pomfret ( Pampus spp.) and cephalopods. Trophic transfer efficiency of levels II, III, IV and more than V are 11.8%, 21.1%, 17.4% and 22.1–22.5%, respectively. Effects of fishery – the largest ‘consumer’ of the ecosystem – are much stronger than those exerted by biological groups in the system. The model suggests that the current fishery can further reduce the complexity of the ecosystem. Evaluations of the system indices suggest that maturity of the ecosystem is low. The conclusion of this model indicates that it was the overfishing that caused the ecosystem of the East China Sea declined, which should be taken into account as a critical reference for fisheries management in the future.

우리나라 근해 어업의 잠재적 감척규모분석에 관한 연구

Fisheries buyback programs in Korea have been implemented since 1994, and their scales are estimated to be the present value of 930 billion won for the last 9 yens since 1994. The paper attempts to identify the patterns of each fish species, of which their yields can be steadily increased or significant]y decreased, and to evaluate its effective level and the optimal level for buyback programs by means of fishing capacity analysis. The paper distinguishes fish species, that there is no need to reduce the fishing efforts, such as anchovies, mackerels, squids, Spanish mackerels, and herrings, because MSY exceeds yields, from fish species to control overfishing such as file fish, yellow corvenias, young pollack, hair tail, snow crab, and pollack. The paper also suggests that 65% of the fishing efforts (total tonnages) should be cut back at the national aggregate level in order to restore fish stocks.

Archipelago-wide episodic recruitment of the file fish Pervagor spilosoma in the Hawaiian Islands as revealed in long-term records

The endemic filefish, Pervagor spilosoma, has long been known to recruit infrequently but in large numbers to shallow water habitats in Hawai‘i. When it does recruit, as it did in 1944, 1975 and 1982–1987, it becomes the most abundant or one of the most abundant species on Hawaiian reefs. At these times of high abundance, juvenile individuals also become abundant in the off-shore pelagic environment and in deeper benthic habitats. The results of two previously published studies and this one show that the last heavy recruitment occurred throughout the Hawaiian Island chain in the period from 1982–1988. The earliest strong recruitment in this interval occurred on the leeward, or northwest Hawaiian Islands in 1982, then on O‘ahu in 1983, then on the island of Hawaii, at the southeast end of the island chain in 1985. At the Kane‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu, sampling site, strong recruitment occurred in 1983–1987. Fish that had recruited in the summer of a year survived less than a year at these shallow (<15 m) sites or moved off the reefs. No other fish species among the 30 species censused in a 20 year period at Kane‘ohe Bay has shown the extremes of abundance displayed by this species, nor did any other species recruit so strongly in the 1983–1987 period. The latter event suggests that the pattern of recruitment in this species was not solely due to a particular pattern of ocean circulation, because if that were the case, other species would also show strong recruitment. The rarity of large recruitment events in this species, the high density of the recruits, the length of individuals at recruitment, the observation by others of juveniles and possibly young adults in the water column, and the sequential nature of the recruitment down the length of the island chain may in part be the result of metamorphosis in the pelagic environment and a pelagic juvenile stage in this species.

반응표면분석을 이용한 쌀-대두단백-쥐치어 혼합물의 압출성형 최적화

쥐치어의 이용을 다양화하기 위하여 분리대두단백과 쌀가루를 첨가하여 원료 혼합물의 수분함량을 20~30%로 조절한 후 단축스크류 압출성형기를 이용하여 압출성형으로 조직화 단백질을 제조하기 위한 실험을 하였으며 쌀가루함량, 토출구온도 및 원료 혼합물의 수분함량이 압출성형물의 물리화학적 및 관능적특성에 미치는 영향을 반응표면분석을 이용하여 최적화하였다. 쌀가루함량이 증가하면 팽화율이 증가하므로 재흡수율은 높아지는 반면 밀도는 낮아지는 현상을 보였다. 재흡수율과 밀도는 서로 유의성 있게 반비례하는 상관관계(p<0.01, R=-0.742)를 보였다. 육안적인 관능 검사방법은 조직잔사지수와 유의성 있는 상관관계(p<0.01, R=0.489)를 보였으므로 비교적 조직화의 정도를 평가하는 방법으로 적절한 것으로 간주되었다. 그리고 관능검사와 재 흡수율의 상관관계(p<0.01, R=0.507)와 밀도와의 상관관계 (p<0.001, R=-0.596)가 각각 비교적 높게 나타났으며 압출공정에서 토출구의 온도가 130℃ 이상에서 최적의 조직화가 형성되었다.

한국산 어류 8종 추출물의 생리활성

A search for contraction and relaxation responses on the smooth muscles, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in different body parts of 4 freshwater fish and 4 marine fish were conducted. The four freshwater fish studied were Sarotherodon niloticus (tilapia), Channa arus (snake head), Cyprinus carpio (Israel carp) and Siluru osotus (catfish), and the four marine fish were Scyliorhinus torazame (tiger shark), Ateiepus japonicus (tadpole fish), Mugil cephalus (gray mullet) and Thamnaconus modestus (file fish). Frozen samples were extracted with distilled water containing <TEX>$1{\%}$</TEX> acetic acid. Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Eschrrichia coli was detected in extracts from several tissues in all species tested. Relatively high antimicrobial activity could also be detected in the bile extracts from C. carpio, M. cephalus, and T. modestus. Contraction and relaxation responses on smooth muscles could be detected in all species tested, especially in the intestine extracts. Antioxidant activity was also detected in extracts from several tissues in all species tested, while in the extracts from S. osotus, excluding livers and spleens, no antioxidant activity was detected. Results from this study suggest that fish are a potential source for the discovery of novel bioactive materials.

Antiquity of cancer.

Antiquity of cancer.

참조기 조미 건포류의 이화학적 특성

본 연구는 참조기를 이용하여 조미액을 달리하여 4가지 건포류를 제조한 후 영양성분, 과산화물가, 대장균군수 및 관능평가를 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 건포류의 일반성분에서 수분은 다른 제품에 비해 녹차액을 사용한 B제품이 약간 높게 나타났으며, 조미 건포류의 단백질함량은 39～45%로 대체로 높게 나타났다. 지방함량은 녹차액이 함유된 B제품이 가장 낮았으며, 매운 조미료를 이용한 D제품에서 지방함량이 가장 높게 나타났다. 탄수화물 함량은 23～31%로 나타났으며, 매운맛을 내는 D제품의 탄수화물 함량이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 회분 함량은 특히 매운 조미료를 사용한 D제품에서 다른 제품보다 약간 높게 나타났다. 건포류의 구성 아미노산 중 함량이 가장 높은 것은 glutamic acid이었으며, 다음으로 aspartic acid, glycine, lysine 순으로 나타났다. 지방산의 구성에서 포화지방산의 비율은 50～51%범위로 거의 제품간의 차이가 나타나지 않았고, monoenes의 비율은 로즈마리액을 처리한 제품의 비율이 가장 낮았으며, polyenes의 비율은 상대적으로 로즈마리액을 처리한 제품이 높게 나타났다. 과산화물가가 가장 낮은 제품은 로즈마리액을 첨가한 C제품이었으며, 매운맛을 내는 D제품이 가장 높은 값을 나타냈다. 대장균군수는 모든 제품에서 모두 음성으로 검출되지 않았다. 관능평가결과 맛, 색의 경우 모든 제품이 쥐포와 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 냄새의 경우 매운맛을 내는 D제품은 쥐포와 차이가 없었으나, A, B, C제품은 모두 쥐포에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 전반적인 좋아함에서는 모든 제품이 쥐포와 차이가 없었다.

Effects of mesh covers on the growth and survival of silver-lip pearl oyster ( Pinctada maxima, Jameson) spat

Spat of the silver-lip (or gold-lip) pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, were re-settled onto PVC slats at a mean density of 340 per 100 cm 2. Spat had a mean (±s.e.) dorso-ventral shell height and antero-posterior shell length of 1.2±0.3-mm and 1.8±0.5-mm, respectively. The PVC slats were either left exposed (control) or covered with a mesh sleeve of varying aperture sizes (0.75, 1.5 or 3.0-mm) before being transferred to an ocean-based suspended nursery culture system. After two weeks of nursery culture, there was no significant difference ( P>0.05) among the number of spat retained on the covered slats; however, all covered slats had significantly greater ( P<0.001) spat retention than the control which had fewer than 1 spat per 100 cm 2. Some of the spat in the control treatment may have been eaten by box fish (Ostraciidae) and file fish (Monacanthidae) which were observed pecking at the exposed PVC slats. Shell height and shell length increased significantly ( P<0.05) with each increase in mesh size. The remaining spat on the control slats were smaller than the mean size of the spat at the start of the trial although this difference was not significant ( P>0.05). This probably resulted from fish and other predators preferentially attacking the larger individuals. There was no advantage in using sleeves with a mesh size small enough to retain dislodged spat. The majority of dislodged spat in the 0.75-mm and 1.5-mm mesh sleeves perished when they fell into the corners of the sleeve whereas most dislodged individuals were small enough to fall through the 3.0-mm mesh sleeve. A 3.0-mm mesh is appropriate to house spat of the size used in this study. Smaller mesh sizes, while not affecting survival, fouled more rapidly and resulted in reduced spat growth.