Figurative Metaphors Research Articles

Образные единицы в коммуникативных практиках медиатизированного политического дискурса

The article is dedicated to the communicative features of mediatized political discourse, which remain insufficiently explored. Using the example of the use of figurative means of language in the genres of media-political communications, it is demonstrated that the mediatized form of communication possesses not only the basic functions of professional discourse but also additional functions: amplifying or softening content, saving linguistic means, emotional and attractive functions. Each of these functions plays a significant role in shaping audience perception and influencing public opinion on political issues. With the help of contextual and semantic analysis, as well as the corpus method, the following results were obtained: in the studied context, figurative units are important linguistic means used for the effective conveyance of specific political views and emotions. These units include figurative metaphors and comparisons, phraseology, proverb, precedent phenomena and colloquial expressions. The novelty of the research lies in the analysis of communicative features and functions of figurative units in various genres of mediatized political discourse: political talk shows, political interviews, and internet texts of politicians. The research results can be applied in the practice of media communication, communicative linguistics, and discourse theory.

Examining pragmatic language development in preschoolers with and without neurodevelopmental disorders: A cross-sectional study

This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between gender, age, and pragmatic language development in n = 77 Italian preschool children (49–84 months) with and without neurodevelopmental disorders. The sample included 62 children without psychiatric history (n = 34 females, n = 27 males) and n = 15 children with psychiatric history (2 females, n = 13 males). Eight cases (n = 6 males, n = 2 females, 59–75 months) were matched for age and gender. The neurodevelopmental disorder group used the Targeted Observation of Pragmatics in Children’s Conversations (TOPICC) tool. Pragmatic language skills were assessed with the Pragmatic Language Abilities (APL), Children’s Communication Checklist-Version 2 (CCC-2), and TOPICC scales. Results showed no significant relationship between gender and pragmatic language development subscales, except for a marginally significant relationship with figurative metaphor scores. Age was positively correlated with verbal metaphor, metaphor, implied meaning, and overall pragmatic language skills, but not with figurative metaphor or situations scores. Paired samples t-tests and Wilcoxon tests compared matched groups, revealing significant differences between children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders on the TOPICC, APL, and CCC-2 tools. The findings highlight the importance of early identification and intervention for children with pragmatic language impairment (PLI) and the need for further research with larger samples.

Learning How to Drive: Rites of Passage in Being and Becoming (A Collaborative Autoethnography Not Just About Driving)

This collaborative autoethnography uses the prompt of “learning to drive” as a pivot point of critically remembering aspects of the authors being and becoming; from the earned autonomy of operating a vehicle to a broader sense of self-determination, social responsibility, and determined directionality as literal and figurative metaphor for life choices. The authors from diverse backgrounds working in the same academic institution engage the processes of reflectivity, reflexivity, and refractivity in autoethnography to theorize through lived experience. In the process, they bridge the gap between past, present, and beyond. The piece ends with prompts for others to tell critical stories of lived experience.

Difficulties Faced by Non-Native Translators in Translating Figurative Local Libyan Language to English

This study aims to explore the obstacles when translating the figurative metaphor in vernacular Libyan Arabic language to the English language that was employed in the speech of the former Libyan President Al Ghaddafi in his last speech, and difficulties of understanding the meanings hidden in his figurative language that could be faced by Arabic language translators but Libyan translators who know more about their vernaculars spoken by Libyans. The objective of the study was to identify and analyze the obstacles in meaning for a literal translation of Al Ghaddafi's speech by focusing on words, not in meaning required by the speaker by ignoring the cultural contexts, with no focus on the lexicon used. The last speech was broadcast on Libyan TV on 22\2\2011 before he was overthrown from power as a president of Libya. Nord’s (1991) model of text analysis was used as a theoretical framework to analyze the obtained data. Nord’s text analysis model consists of two main aspects: extratextual and intertextual factors. It gives a framework that allows both the source and potential target text to be analyzed. Both macro analysis (semantic macrostructures) and microanalysis (local semantics) were conducted. The results of the study revealed that this speech has its distinctive features, and that language was used delicately to arrive at the intended goals of the speaker. Furthermore, the result of the study revealed that the semantic phenomena employed has the correct effect of meaning not the literal meaning of the word, therefore, in the vernacular language of any language a strong cultural background shall be needed for any translator, and our example here in the Arabic language which has more than twenty vernaculars that are spoken by millions but in our example translating the meaning by a Moroccan or Iraqi translator will be a huge obstacle for him when translating a word by word meaning and leaving the semantic meaning of the word in the Libyan vernacular meaning that will mention as (LLL) Libyan Local Language.

ПОЕТИЧНІ Й ПРОЗОВІ ТВОРИ МИКОЛИ ВІНГРАНОВСЬКОГО В АНГЛОМОВНИХ ПЕРЕКЛАДАХ

The article examines the poetry and fiction by Mykola Vingranovskyj in English translations. Attention is paid to the chronological sequence of translations, the figures of translators and the works selected for translation, their equivalence to the original. The first translation of M. Vingranovskyj's fiction (the short story "White Flowers") appeared with the assistance of Yu. Lutsky in Canada and aimed at popularizing Ukrainian literature among students. The short story opens the extremely lyrical world of Mykola Vingranovskyj, where the story revolves not around the event, but around the feelings, which brings the short story closer to poetry. The novella was included to the anthology (Modern Ukrainian Short Stories, 1973) as the example of the prose of the sixties (shistdesyatnyky), which departed from socialist-realist ideological canons and turned to the emotional and expressive potential of artistic language. The translation of Yuri and Moira Lutsky is marked by the desire to convey as fully as possible the author's individual style, including figurative metaphor, to create a text equivalent to the original in communicative orientation. The collection Summer Evening (1987), translated by Anatoliy Bilenko, was published after M. Vingranovskyj was awarded the Taras Shevchenko National Prize of Ukraine (1984). The collection includes stories for children's audiences, conveying children's perception of the world: Chest, Shaggi, The Gosling, Good Night, What Makes the World Spin, Summer Evening. A. Bilenko's translations are notable for the adequacy of the reproduction of artistic and stylistic features of the original, semantic equivalence. Some translated poems, which emphasize the civic component (Sistine Madonna, To My Sea, On the Golden Table, The First Lullaby, Star Prelude) were included to the anthology of Ukrainian poetry (Anthology of Soviet Ukrainian Poetry, 1982), and Russian translators were involved in translating the poems (Dorian Rottenberg, Michael McGreg), which significantly reduced the artistic value of poetry. During the times of independent Ukraine, competitions for translations to the writer's anniversaries were initiated. However, translated works have not been published in collections and anthologies. Active work on translations of M. Vingranovskyj's works is still ahead.

Representative Metaphor in the holy Quran (A Rhetorical, Descriptive and Analytical Study)

The holy Quran has employed the vatious rhetoric methods in a way that Arabs have never known before so much, so it was unique and miraculous in its style that the holy quran has employed to explain the meaning that would help in the conveyance of the ideas to the mind of the reader. So Many scholars have paid close attention to the literal figuration and emphasized on it in every era to discover and find out the literal and eloquent beauties of the semantic embellishment of the holy Quran. In this research Article the researchers has tried his best to find out the Figurative metaphor and its various types in the holy Quran especially in Sura Hood. The aim of this research is to sort out the Rhetorical embellishments inside the Holy Quran and its impacts on readers of the holy Quran keeping in view the provision of the related examples of with elaborative statements on the occasions.

Models of Artistic-Figurative Metaphors of Wisdom in English Fairy Tales

The article uses a cognitive-semantic approach to the study of metaphor, through which prisms all abstract phenomenon is considered as an image sensory knowledge and perception of the world, existing in the experience of the speaker. An attempt has been made, on the one hand, to differentiate language, artistic and folk-poetic metaphors, on the other hand, to consider them as components of a conceptual metaphor, which includes artistic figurative metaphors of Wisdom. The correlation between the metaphorical concept and the conceptual metaphor, which forms the two main layers: figurative and value, is specified. The spheres-sources of conceptual art-figurative metaphors of Wisdom in the discourse of English-language fairy tales, revealing schemes of rethinking of the phenomena of the world and the mechanisms of metaphorisation are revealed.It has been established that metaphorically, wisdom has the size, it can vary, grow and develop, is a certain thing that a person has, has quantitative parameters inherent in animals, inherent in non-existence in general, is love, a receptacle for storing information, is differentiated on the basis of youth and old age, is a description of the environment, some surface, has a voice, is the key to understanding and identifying meaning, and so on. It is proved that in the discourse of the English-speaking fairy tale, Wisdom appears as the actual concept, formed on the basis of conceptual metaphors. Conceptual metaphors that form the concept of wisdom are represented by five major productive metaphorical models with their submodels: WISDOM is a LIGHT; WISDOM is a MIRROR; WISDOM is the FIRE; WISDOM is an OBJECT; WISDOM is HUMAN.

WUJUD KIAS DALAM TAMBO MINANGKABAU

Research on kias in Tambo Minangkabau's focused on the study of figurative forms and and forming figurative inspiration. This research aims to explain any forms of figurative and the inspiration forming figurative in Tambo Minangkabau. Based on the analysis conducted, figurative forms are identified into simile, metaphor, personification, alegori, parabel, sinekdoke, epitet, eponim, paranomasia, and antonomasia. Forms of figurative metaphors are identified form the most dominant form of variations convey stories in Tambo Minangkabau. Pattern conception of Minangkabau community built through forms and characteristic of nature that prefigured to all aspects to serve the teaching and philosophy of life and then poured into Tambo Minangkabau. Minangkabau people whose way of thinking is metaphorical. This is a manifestation of the philosophy of “Alam Takambang Jadi Guru”. Conceptual relationship of linguistic form with dimensions of the socio-cultural seen in relation of meaning. That is mean linguistic patterns are always associated with patterns of socio-cultural speech community including culture that inspired the metaphors in the text of Tambo Minangkabau. the inspiration forming figurative are activity or process of acquiring knowledge and poured into Tambo Minangkabau and became a source of teaching, rule, custom, and culture. forming figurative inspiration in TM are figurative inspiration from nature, figurative inspiration from objects (tool), figurative inspiration from animals, inspiration from pattern of human bodies, and inspiration from the concept of religion.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE OF THE EXISTENTIAL CRISIS AND THE «ABOUT THREE CROSSES» CONCEPT IN ST. THEOPHAN THE RECLUSE

The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of two different approaches to the critical life situations that occur in humans in extreme conditions of existence. One approach belongs to St. Theophan the Recluse Vyshinsky (b. January 10, 1815) the fundamental works of the saint were the basis of the Christian, orthodox psychology. This paper presents the systematization of the spiritual ascent of the person through the crisis tests on St. Theophan the Recluse and the structure of the existential crisis of the author. These two approaches are differences in terminology with respect, but they have some similarities in structure and in content aspect of semantic orientation that allows to draw an analogy between them. St. Theophane the Recluse described a method of improving the individual in God through “cross carrying”. In his book «On the penance and communion Holy Communion and correction of life» in a conversation a week of cross worshiping, in a sermon called the saint «About three kinds of crosses», we find figurative metaphor named prelate - «crosses». «Crosses» all three are interrelated and are derived from one another. The article also shows the systematization of existential crisis, which consists of three parts, and shows the general psychological and philosophical aspects of the transmission and experience of the person life crisis. Each stage contains an intentional and meaningful questions that naturally arise in the mind of the person who is at a certain stage of the crisis.

Pulsing Blood Vessels: A Figurative Approach to Traffic Visualization.

By using semantic figurative metaphors, a visualization designer invests in a more figurative graphic representation, seeking provocative perspectives on common topics and trying to invoke emotional responses while clearly communicating meaningful data stories. The use of figurative metaphors in visualization, however, involves adding nondata aspects to a visualization. The authors survey this exploratory side of visualization, using a visualization of Lisbon traffic data as a system of pulsing blood vessels as an example, and discuss the strengths and limitations of such as approach.

‘Con la propria mia voce parli’. Literary Genres, Portraits, and Voices in Giuseppe Betussi’s Imagini del tempio (1556)

Giuseppe Betussi’s Imagini del tempio della signora donna Giovanna Aragona (1556) offers a privileged insight into the inner workings of encomium as a crucial self-authorizing experience in Renaissance culture. In this perspective, the paper focuses on: a) the strategic blending of literary genres as a response to the tensions of a challenging editorial market; b) the pivotal role of figurative metaphors in the self-depiction of celebrative texts and their connection with the memorial and allegorical dimensions; and c) the multiplication of textual voices and layers as a means of staging celebration itself as an ongoing performance, combining monumental accomplishment and verbal dynamism. It considers the question of why Betussi seemingly connects a small corpus of lyric texts (the sonnets quoted in the Imagini) to a major collection (Ruscelli’s 1554 Tempio alla divina signora Giovanna d’Aragona) by means of a dialogue between Truth and Fame and proposes that the figure of Truth enables Betussi to modulate one single voice from the apparent interaction of many, ultimately building on well-established collective models to create a solo encomiastic anthology.

Inferences and metaphoric comprehension in unilaterally implanted children with adequate formal oral language performance

ObjectivesTo assess skills in inferences during conversations and in metaphors comprehension of unilaterally cochlear implanted children with adequate abilities at the formal language tests, comparing them with well-matched hearing peers; to verify the influence of age of implantation on overall skills. MethodsThe study was designed as a matched case–control study. 31 deaf children, unilateral cochlear implant users, with normal linguistic competence at formal language tests were compared with 31 normal hearing matched peers. Inferences and metaphor comprehension skills were assessed through the Implicit Meaning Comprehension, Situations and Metaphors subtests of the Italian Standardized Battery of “Pragmatic Language Skills MEDEA”. Differences between patient and control groups were tested by the Mann–Whitney U test. Correlations between age at implantation and time of implant use with each subtest were investigated by the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. ResultsNo significant differences between the two groups were found in inferencing skills (p=0.24 and p=0.011 respectively for Situations and Implicit Meaning Comprehension). Regarding figurative language, unilaterally cochlear implanted children performed significantly below their normal hearing peers in Verbal Metaphor comprehension (p=0.001). Performances were related to age at implantation, but not with time of implant use. ConclusionsUnilaterally cochlear implanted children with normal language level showed responses similar to NH children in discourse inferences, but not in figurative language comprehension. Metaphors still remains a challenge for unilateral implant users and above all when they have not any reference, as demonstrated by the significant difference in verbal rather than figurative metaphors comprehension. Older age at implantation was related to worse performance for all items. These aspects, until now less investigated, had to receive more attention to deeply understand specific mechanisms involved and possible effects of different levels of figurative language complexity (presence or absence of contextual input, degree of transparency and syntactic frozenness). New insight is needed to orient programs in early intervention settings in considering and adequately responding to all these complex communicative need of children with hearing loss.

Standing stomachs, clamoring chests and cooling livers: Metaphors in the psychological lexicon of Japanese

I discuss the metaphorically-rooted psychological lexicon of Japanese in order to demonstrate the experiential and embodied aspect of mentation. Before examining the Japanese psychological lexicon, I offer a broad theoretical framework by introducing some deeply rooted philosophical assumptions that have governed our theorizings about the relations between the ‘inside’/‘outside’ worlds, mind/body, and mental representation/linguistic expression. Then, I introduce what I believe is a useful response to dualistic conceptualizations by introducing Lakoff's ideas about the fundamental role of metaphor and the ‘embodied’ nature of cognition. His ideas may be interpreted as an attempt to dismantle the misleading dualisms that have caused philosophers, psychologists, and linguists so much theoretical trouble. Next, I distinguish between what I call literal and figurative metaphors and discuss the bodily basis of linguistic metaphors of mind. Then, after discussing the tropic strategies universally employed to discuss mental events, I turn to examples from the psychological lexicon of Japanese to make my case. Finally, I examine additional evidence about the tropic nature of psychological experience by briefly examining the metaphoric shifts of meaning in Japanese onomatopoeia.

Moorings and Metaphors: Figures of Culture and Gender in Black Women's Literature.

Moorings Metaphors is one of the first studies to examine the ways that cultural tradition is reflected in the language figures of black women's writing. In a discussion that includes the works of Gloria Naylor, Alice Walker, Ama Ata Aidoo, Ntozake Shange, Buchi Emecheta, Octavia Butler, Efua Sutherland, Gayl Jones, with a particular focus on Toni Morrison's Beloved and Flora Nwapa's Efuru, Holloway follows the narrative structures, language, figurative metaphors of West African goddesses African-American ancestors as they weave through the pages of these writers' fiction. She explores what she would call the cultural gendered essence of contemporary literature that has grown out of the African diaspora. Proceeding from a consideration of the imaginative textual languages of contemporary African-American West African writers, Holloway asserts the intertextuality of black women's literature across two continents. She argues the subtext of culture as the source of metaphor language, analyzes narrative structures linguistic processes, develops a combined theoretical/critical apparatus vocabulary for interpreting these writers' works. The cultural sources spiritual considerations that inhere in these textual languages are discussed within the framework Holloway employs of patterns of revision, (re)membrance, recursion--all of which are vehicles for expressive modes inscribed at the narrative level. Her critical reading of contemporary black women's writing in the United States West Africa is unique, radical, sure to be controversial.

The Development of Spatial Representations of Large-Scale Environments

Publisher Summary A series of neurological and philosophical discussions has led to suggestions that space is a model of the environment, constructed from the temporal integration of successive perceptions, which model man as neurologically disposed to create and organize. The model is coordinated to social conventions. It develops and is vulnerable to dissolution. Studies of adults' knowledge about their macroenvironment suggest that human “maps” are not literally maps. Rather, they tend to be fragmented, distorted projectively, and are often several multiple “mini-spatial-representations.” Landmarks and routes are the minimal elements of spatial representation. Survey-representations incorporate configurational elements (outlines, graphic skeletons, figurative metaphors) and may be the final derivative of dense, richly interconnected, and hierarchically organized route maps. The notion of “main sequences” was introduced as a potential explanation for the extensive parallelisms identified among ontogenesis, microgenesis, the course of pathology, and the recovery of function following pathological insult. The development of the sequence of spatial representations in children conforms to the “main sequence” identified in the construction of spatial representation in adults.