Figural Aftereffects Research Articles

相反する効果を持つI. F. による図形残効の相殺について

相反する効果を持つI. F. による図形残効の相殺について

The Effect of Experimentally Induced Changes in Metabolism on Perceptual Measures of Metabolic Efficiency

Most psychologists will go along with the assumption that every behavioral or perceptual alteration in a person is accompanied by a change in the neural substrate. Assuming that the magnitude of these changes in the psychic and physical realms are quantitatively comparable, it follows that a relatively large psychological alteration is accompanied by a relatively large physiological change, and vice versa. For example, a large perceptual distortion produced by a figural after-effects technique (2) would be accompanied by a relatively extensive change in the neural substrate while a smaller distortion would mean a smaller change in the neural substrate. Such reasoning can also be applied to individual differences. Suppose one man obtains a large figural after-effect from a given satiation technique while another obtains a small one; the satiation must have produced a greater change in the nervous system of the former than of the latter. If this daerence occurs under identical stimulating conditions, it must be due to individual diEerence in modifiability. The first man has a more modifiable neural substrate than the second. Elsewhere (5,7) we have argued that any change in the neural substrate can be considered a metabolic change, and that a person who is very modifiable on perceptual measures such as a figural after-eflect test is metabolically egcient, while a less moditiable person is metabolically less efficient. Previous studies have shown a milinear relation between various over-all metabolic measures and perceptual distortability, in that Ss falling in the normal range on such measures as BMR or thyroid activity have a greater perceptual modifiability than Ss either below or above the normal range (4, 5, 7). The present studies were undertaken to see whether it is possible to produce changes in perceptual modhability by artificially changing metabolism in a group of normal Ss, with the expectation that a change in general body metabolism would be reflected in brain metabolism and hence in the perceptual rneasures. Three perceptual measures were employed: kinesthetic figural after-effect, ambiguous figure reversal, and a perceptual association. For the first, the kinesthetic figural after-effect test, blindfolded Ss &st found a width on a variable bar which felt just as wide as a standard bar, then rubbed inspection bars for one

Visual Illusion and Figural After-Effect, with and without Fixation

An experiment, which was carried out with forty observers to investigate the effects of two conditions of observation, fixation and non-fixation, on the relative magnitudes of figural after-effect and immediate illusion is described. The combined inspection figure and test figure used in investigating after-effect displacements formed the figure used in investigating illusory displacements. An account is given of the apparatus used which enabled quantitative measurements of the displacements to be made by a production method. A second experiment on the magnitude of illusion and after-effect occurring with a slightly different figure and with fixation the only condition of observation is also briefly referred to. The results of the experiments indicate (a) that illusory displacements exceed aftereffect displacements, contrary to Köhler and Wallach's (1944) non-quantitative observation, (b) that virtually no after-effect occurs in the absence of fixation as observation condition, (c) that while fixation is necessary to the production of after-effects, observation without fixation favours a significantly larger illusory effect. It is concluded that, in spite of the similarities between after-effect and illusory displacements, differing mechanism must be postulated as underlying them, and, therefore, that neither Köhler and Wallach's theory nor Osgood and Heyer's (1951) theory of figural after-effect is capable of immediate extension to cover illusions.

Figural aftereffect as a measure of metabolic efficiency.

Figural aftereffect as a measure of metabolic efficiency.

Figural After-Effects with Colored Stimuli

Kohler and Wallach1 have explained Gibson's tilted-line effects' and other phenomena, in terms of a physiological model which has far-reaching perceptual implications beyond the figural after-effects themselves. Although the model was developed for the achromatic colors-black, grays, white-it would seem worthwhile to establish its limits of applicability, and, possibly, to aid understanding of the chromatic processes, by determining to what extent the 'contour-repulsion' figural after-effects are related to chromatic color.

図形残効・遡及効果・同時錯視

As known quite well, the figural aftereffect occurs in such a way that the apparent extent of the test figure is affected when an inspection figure precedes the test figure, while a so-called assimilation-contrast illusion of the visual extent takes place when they are presented simultaneously. In the present investigation, the effect of the inspection figure upon the estimation of the test figure, besides both of the above mentioned effects, was confirmed, when the test figure precedes the inspection figure. We call this effect“retroactive figural-effect”. The black contour circles on a white card were presented in succession by a revised Dodge-tachisto-scope and Harvard time-apparatus. The spatial arrangement of figures in shown in Fig. 1 where an inspection figure (I) and a test figure (T) of 30mm. in diameter are found on the left side of a fixation point and a comparison figure (C) which is variable in size with 1mm. steps is on the right side. T and C were always presented simultaneously. The PSE was determined by the method of complete series, and it was checked against the constant error in PSE due to possible inhomogeneity between the right and left visual fields. The final results were as follows :1. The retroactive-effect of I. upon the estimation of the extent of T. was conspicuous when I. followed T. The retroactive-effect varied with the extent of I. in a similar manner to that of the figural after-effect, although the amount of the effect was less than that of the latter. T. was underestimated when I. was equal to or larger than T. while it was overestimated when I. was smaller than T. (See Fig. 2)2. The amount of the retroactive-effect. varied not only with the exposure duration of I. but also with the time interval between T. and I. (See. Fig. 3 and 4).3. When T. and I. were presented simultaneously, the typical assimilation illusion of concentric circles was obtained, viz., T. was overestimated or underestimated according to whether it was smaller or larger than I. (See Fig. 5).4. The transition from the simultaneous effect to the figural after-effect or the retroactive-effect occurred at such a temporal interval where the impression of succession of T. and I. appeared on the part of subjects. (See Fig. 5 and Table 7).5. Even if I. was exposured 900 msec. later after the disappearance of T., the retroactive-effect was observed when the observers only with held their verbal reports with respect to the extent of T. until the disappearance of I.. However, if the verbal reports were made immediately after the exposure of T. and C., this effect became weak (See Table 4). These facts seem to suggest that the retroaction became effective through some complex processes involving not only perceptual process but also the memory trace.The results of the present investigation indicate that the adequate theory of the figural after-effect must take into consideration fhe retroaction and the simultaneous induction.

Cortical inhibition, figural after effect, and theory of personality.

“An attempt has been made in this paper to work out a dynamic theory to account for a number of experimental findings in the field of personality related to the concept of extraversion-introversion. Following Pavlov and Hull, a theory of cortical inhibition was developed to account for observed diff

The Magnitude of Figural After-Effects as a Function of the Duration of the Test-Period

The Magnitude of Figural After-Effects as a Function of the Duration of the Test-Period

The Differential Satiability of Schizophrenic and Normal Subjects: A Test of a Deduction from the Theory of Figural After-Effects

The Differential Satiability of Schizophrenic and Normal Subjects: A Test of a Deduction from the Theory of Figural After-Effects

Constant Errors in the Measurement of Figural After-Effects

Constant Errors in the Measurement of Figural After-Effects

The Satiational Theory of Figural After-Effects

The Satiational Theory of Figural After-Effects

Figural After-Effects in Stroboscopic Movement

Figural After-Effects in Stroboscopic Movement

Figural After-Effects in Auditory Space

Figural After-Effects in Auditory Space

Figural After-Effects, Retinal Size, and Apparent Size

The results of earlier experiments on the question of whether figural after-effects are affected by apparent as opposed to retinal size are shown to be inconclusive. A new hypothesis is proposed namely that both factors may be responsible for producing figural aftereffects, and four experiments have been made to test it. Situations were used in which the apparent sizes of the figures were determined by the size-constancy effect. It was found that where retinal sizes of test and inspection figures are the same and apparent sizes are different, figural after-effects in the direction which would be predicted on the basis of apparent sizes are obtained. It was further shown that where retinal and apparent sizes are in conflict, whether a figural after-effect is seen or not, and the direction of the figural after-effect, depends upon the balance between these two factors.

'Attraction' in Figural After-Effects

'Attraction' in Figural After-Effects

A metabolic interpretation of individual differences in figural aftereffects.

A metabolic interpretation of individual differences in figural aftereffects.

図形殘効の實験的研究 (II)

In a previous report (this Journal, 1953, 23, 239-245), the author investigated the temporal factors of figural after-effects. The present study is concerned with the spatial factors of figural after-effects. The experimental variables were the diameter of the I-circle, the diameter of the T-circle, the distance between the centers of the I- and T-circles, and the width of the outline of the I-circle. The effects of the“differential experiment” method were also examined.Experimental conditions and procedure-The black outline circles on the sheets of white paper were used for the I- and T-figures (See Fig. 1). Immediately after each 15 second inspection of the I-figure, one of the T-sheets each of which consisted of a T-circle of the constant size and a comparison-circle of varied size was shown. These figures were presented at the distance of 3 meters from the subject. The brightness value of the the object surface was 2 millilamberts. The amount of apparent growth or shrinkage (over-estimation or under-estimation) of the size of the T-circle (as measured by its diameter) was determined by the method of complete series.The effect of diameter of the I-circle - In the first place, the author investigated the effect of diameter of the I-circle. The diameter of the I-circle was varied from 0.5cm to 12cm, while the diameter of the T-circle was fixed to 2cm or 4cm. The results show that the T-circle grows when it is larger than the I-circle and it shrinks when it is same as or smaller than the I-circle. The amount of shrinkage, in general, is greater than the amount of growth. The maximal growth occurs when the diameter ratio of the I-circle to the T-circle is 1:2, and the maximal shrinkage is obtained when this ratio is 2:1. These rules hold irrespectively of the size of the T-circle (Table 1, 2 ; Fig. 2, 3, 4). These facts suggest that the relative size of the I-circle with respect to the T-circle is a fundamental parameter of figural after-effects.The effect of diameter of the T-circle - The effect of diameter of the T-circles was studied next. The diameter of the T-circle was varied from 2cm to 8cm, and correspondingly the diameter of the I-circle was varied from 3 cm to 12cm in such a way that its relative size was kept always 1.5 times the size of the T-circle. The results indicate that, as the diameter of the T-circle increases, the amount of after -effect increases proportionally, While its relative amount was from 9 to 10 percent of the size of T-circle. (Table 3, Fig. 5). We may conclude from these results that the relative amount of after-effect is the essential measure of figural after-effects, and that it is determined directly as a function of the relative size of the I-circle. This conclusion is in line with that of the Ogasawara's study of the illusion of the concentric circles (this Journal, 1952, 22, 224-234)Retinal size vs. apparent size - Which is the determining parameter of the after-effect, the retinal size or the apparent size of the I-cirele? To answer this question, the author performed some experiments in which the I-figures were presented at the distance of 1.5 meters from the subject, and the T-figures at 3 meters. The results show that the growth-effect is caused only by the I-circle smaller than the T-circle in visual angle (Table 4 ; Fig. 6, 7). This fact suggests that the retinal size determined figural after-effects. However, the results as to the points of the maximal after-effects are not consistent. Some support the retinal size (Fig. 6), and the others the apparent size (Table 4, Fig. 7).The effect of distance between the centers of I- and T-circles - The after-effects were measured when the I-circles were placed eccentrically with the T-circles (Fig. 8). The diameter of the I-circle was fixed to 6cm and that of T-circle to 4cm, and the distance between their centers was varied from 0cm to 5cm.

Tilt adaptation and figural after-effects.

Tilt adaptation and figural after-effects.

On the theory of the figural after-effect.

On the theory of the figural after-effect.

Figural After-Effects in Kinesthetic Space

Figural After-Effects in Kinesthetic Space