Fighting Technique Research Articles

Optimizing the individual technique of veteran Sambo wrestlers using modern technical training tools

Analytical reports of leading martial arts analysts indicate that today there is a positive trend in increasing the popularization of single combat among veteran athletes, especially Sambo wrestling. It is necessary to highlight that according to its essential and substantive characteristics (internal philosophy), Sambo wrestling is a living matter that has absorbed the best techniques of modern martial arts, and which is in a constant process of transformation in accordance with the requirements and realities of today. Taking into account the above, it is appropriate to summarize that the scientific and methodical (technical) support of the key components of the professional activity of veteran athletes who specialize in Sambo wrestling (other martial arts) acquires a dominant role. According to the results of the analysis of scientific and methodological and special literature, it was established that complex studies that reveal the peculiarities of the organization of the system of long-term training of sportsmen-veterans who specialize in Sambo wrestling are rare. In the process of research and analytical work, we used the following methods: axiomatic, idealization, historical and logical, descent from the concrete, formalization. As a result of a theoretical study, the members of the research group developed a program for improving the Sambo fighting technique of veteran athletes with an emphasis on the use of the video computer system "Katsumoto" (at the stage of direct preparation for the main competitions). Prospects for further research in the chosen direction of scientific research include conducting a pedagogical experiment to test the effectiveness of our proposed experimental program for improving the technical skills of veteran Sambo wrestlers with an emphasis on the use of modern technical training tools.

Копейный бой в военном искусстве калмыков и джунгар XVII – начала XIX вв.

Introduction. The article examines the features of the formation and evolution of the Oirat light cavalry armed with spears of the Late Middle Ages and early Modern times. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of spear fighting in the military practice of the Dzungars and Kalmyks of the XVII – early XIX centuries on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of written, pictorial and material sources. Results. It has been established that in the Central Asian region for centuries shock spears and pikes remained mainly the weapons of armored cavalry, while light nomads without armor used them only sporadically. During the military transformations carried out by the Oirat and Mongol military leaders of the second half of the XVI–XVII centuries, mounted archers were equipped with shock spears and pikes, which led to the emergence of a new type of cavalry composed of lightly armed spearmen capable of conducting both remote and close combat. During the military campaigns of the Oirats, which covered most of steppe Eurasia, the idea of mass light cavalry with spears was adopted by many peoples of the Great Steppe, including Russian Cossacks and Turks of Eastern Europe (Nogais, Crimean and Polish-Lithuanian Tatars). In turn, the battle on the spears of the Polish-Lithuanian Tatars (Lipkov) formed the basis of the military practice of the Polish lancers, which became a model of such cavalry for the countries of Central and Western Europe of the XVIII – early XIX centuries. Based on the analysis of Mongolian, Oirat, Ottoman, European and Qing written sources, the original name of the Oirat long–barrel weapon of the XVII–XVIII centuries was revealed, which sounded like “jida” (“dzida”). The design features of the Oirat spears were established, the spear fighting technique and tactics of mounted Kalmyk and Dzungarian warriors armed with spears were reconstructed. Conclusions. The collected materials indicate that spears and pikes were the main type of melee weapons of the Oirat warriors of the XVII – early XIX centuries. Spear fighting was one of the key elements of the military art of the Dzungars and Kalmyks of this period. The Oirats had a significant impact on the development of the practice of equestrian spear fighting among the peoples of Eurasia of the XVII–XVIII centuries.

ANALISIS KESESUAIAN GERAK TENDANGAN SABIT PADA ATLIT PENCAK SILAT PERGURUAN PERISAI DIRI KECAMATAN WEDUNG

This study aims to determine the development of the athlete's sickle kick in accordance with the mechanical studies needed so that improvements can be made and competitors can perform the sickle kick more realistically and limit injuries. The reason for this research is to examine the biomechanics, and the suitability of the sickle kick movement in martial arts athletes at the Perisai Diri College, Wedung District. The total population in this study were 10 participants in a fighting technique competition from Perisai Diri, Wedung District. This study uses a purposive sample method. The development of the martial arts sickle kick from the tide position stage, take-off stage to the effect stage is the focal point of the article in this review. The retrieval technique used in this research is quantitative explanation. The procedure for collecting information uses documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that based on a biomechanical analysis of the suitability of the motion of the sickle kick, it is included in the "appropriate" criteria. Based on the results of the biomechanical analysis of the sickle kick and the timing of the sickle kick, this movement is effectively used to carry out attack movements in a martial arts match. The conclusion of this study is that there is a need for improvements in the motion of the sickle kick in the martial arts athlete Perisai Diri, Wedung District based on biomechanics, so that the kick movement can be included in the "very appropriate" category. An increase in the movement speed of the sickle kick is needed to be included in the "very good" category. In addition, increasing the correctness of motion and kick speed is expected to increase the level of suitability of the sickle kick in carrying out attacks during the match.

Adesão e aderência à prática do boxe em uma academia do Sul de Minas Gerais

Atualmente, o boxe apresenta-se como uma forma moderna de prática corporal no interior das academias, com o acréscimo de elementos da ginástica e do treinamento funcional. Nesse contexto, nossa pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender quais são os fatores relacionados à adesão e aderência dessa prática corporal em uma academia do Sul de Minas Gerais. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa assentada nos pressupostos qualitativos sob um desenho descritivo, valendo-se de entrevista semiestruturada junto a dez praticantes. Concluímos que vários aspectos estão relacionados à adesão e a aderência à prática de boxe, porém, alguns se destacaram nas narrativas. No que se refere à adesão, os motivos de maior destaque foram: a busca pela prática para promoção da saúde; a disponibilidade de horários das aulas; à paixão pelo boxe; e o aprimoramento da técnica de luta para variados fins, bem como, o incentivo da família e dos amigos. Já, em relação à aderência, os motivos mais mencionados foram: a motivação e a variabilidade de treinamento; a disponibilidade de horários de aulas e as interações sociais no interior da academia que, no caso específico, contribuem para a construção de uma identidade coletiva no sentido do pertencimento ao grupo.

Asymmetry of Musculature and Hand Grip Strength in Bodybuilders and Martial Artists.

The functional preference for the upper limb influences the occurrence of bilateral differences in other segments of the human body. The aim of the study is to assess the influence of the applied fighting technique and targeted physical effort on the occurrence of asymmetry in body musculature and isometric strength in bodybuilders and competitors of selected martial arts. Academic athletes practicing judo (J), jiu-jitsu (JJ), and bodybuilding (BB) were examined. The control group (C) consisted of students who do not practice any sports. The assessment of the body structure was conducted through segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis. Moreover, the study took into account the measurements of left- and right-hand grip strength. In judo, the uneven physical exertion of the right and left sides of the body further increases both directional and absolute asymmetry. Bilateral asymmetry of musculature in jiu-jitsu competitors and bodybuilders occurs to a lesser extent. The control group was characterized by cross-asymmetry. So as to avoid the risk of injury of sportsmen, it is important to consistently supervise and correct their body structure, which also includes the symmetrical participation of the active muscle mass in particular segments. The symmetrisation process should be individualized since each particular sportsman has their own side-to-side body morphology.

Medieval Combat in Colour: Hans Talhoffer’s Illustrated Manual of Swordfighting and Close-Quarter Combat from 1467, ed. and introduced by Dierk Hagedorn. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Greenhill Books, 2018, 319 pp., ill.

The late Middle Ages witnessed the creation of numerous fencing books, mostly in Germany, illustrating the many different techniques, weapons, styles, strategies, and the movements, as Patrick Leiske discussed only recently in his Höfisches Spiel und tödlicher Ernst (2018; see my review here in vol. 32). Some of the true masters and teachers of this sport and fighting technique were Johannes Liechtenauer, Peter von Danzig, Sigmund Ringeck, and Hans Talhoffer, whom Leiske also discusses in a separate chapter.

The World Bank in the Battles of the 'Decolonization Era'

This paper studies the story of the World Bank, the development system and the battle over financial support for the ‘newly independent states’ in the 1950s and 60s, a story full of tragic turns. Much of what might have been perceived as victories of the Third World (TW) governments at the time, turned into ambivalence and problems: With IDA a new branch of the Bank was created and the Bank turned into a development agency initially against strong Western resistance – but power in the Bank was not shared and the financial engagement became increasingly linked to substantive influence, foreshadowing conditionality. Ultimately, I argue, a certain dynamic and strategy of the Bank and Northern governments comes to the fore when looking at those years that is reminiscent of classic hegemonic moves. Southern demands here were not simply rejected or blocked but rather redirected, diverted and ultimately subverted. Almost like in the far-Eastern fighting technique of Aikido, where the energy and dynamic of an attack is not absorbed but returned and redirected against the attacker, the demands of the Third World here were responded to by creating IDA, thereby transforming the World Bank and turning it into the agency that later became ‘the symbolic antagonist for a vast array of social movements’. This article will look at this Aikido-move of Northern governments and the larger battle from three perspectives. First, it will describe the political battle to institutionalize more development financing, placing the evolution of the Bank and in particular the creation of IDA in the broader context of the battle between North and South over institutional structures of redistribution and financial support (I.). Second, it will look at the discursive turn and rhetorical recognition but also placation and pacification of the South undertaken by the Bank mainly in the 1960s (II.). Finally, it will look at the role of institutional law in this battle and argue that law played an important role in deflecting Southern demands and actually shielding the Bank even more (III.).

Romanian Military Attachés in London and their Diplomatic Value (1919-1939)

The article emphasises the fact that the military represented an important component of the connections between Romania and England in the interwar period. An important role in maintain military connections between the two countries was played by military attaches: Nicolae Arion, Matila Costiescu Ghika, Radu R. Rosetti, Ion Antonescu, Nicolae Radescu, Constantin Sanatescu, Gheorghe Niculescu, Gheorghe Dumitrescu, Ermil Gheorghiu. In their diplomatic activity they supported the following: Romania being recognised in England in actual fact; providing good reports for English businessmen; developing Great Britain’s economic interests in Romania; acquainting Romania with the organisation and fighting technique of the British army; achieving a closer cooperation between the two armies (British and Romanian); building common military objectives (such as the Tașaul military port), and others.

Desarrollando la técnica combate mediante la visualización

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Visualization is a training technique that involves creating a detailed mental “movie” of successful performance. This article describes a type of visualization called “mental rehearsal” and explains how it can be used to reinforce the neuromuscular pattern of proper fighting technique. Drawing on his experience as a professional fighter and college coach, his studies in sport psychology as a college student, and his exposure to mental training techniques at the U.S. Olympic Training Center, the author reveals how to use mental imagery to facilitate the mastery of martial art technique.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></p>

Analysis of sport fight structure in taekwondo during the Olympics in Beijing in 2008 and Senior World Championships in 2009 in terms of technical skills after regulation ame ndme nts and implementation of the electronic system of score recording

introduced only 12 years ago during the Olympics in Sydney in the year 2000. The rules of competitions are continuously modified so as to make the sport fight more transparent and spectacular, both for the spectators and the media. The changes in regulations directly affect the course of sport fights. The cognitive goal of this study is the analysis of the technical structure of sport fight during the Olympics in Beijing in 2008 and the Senior World Championships in Copenhagen in 2009 as well as assessment of the technical changes in sport competitions after the implementation of the new scoring regulations and the electronic scoring system using sensors located inside the protectors during Championships. Material and methods. The paper reports the analysis of 56 Olympic tournament fights in Beijing and 56 fights which took place a year later during the Senior World Championships in Copenhagen. 7 fights were investigated (quarter finals, semifinals and the final) in each weight category of the male and female athletes. The study used the method of direct secondary analysis using the observation sheet and the obtained data were subjected to statistic analysis. For the purpose of this study, only the techniques that had turned out advantageous for the competitors in terms of points gained during the fight were recorded; such factors as the fighting technique (attack and counterattack) and the scoring zones of the body and head were considered. Results and Conclusions. The paper describes the structure of contemporary taekwondo fights at the highest, world class level. It also presents the changes in taekwondo fights after the modification of competition rules and the introduction of the electronic scoring system. The reported results enable to determine the direction of changes. The high techniques have recently become far more significant, the diversity of techniques increased as well as the competitors’ activity during fights.

100-years of Australian bushfire property losses: Is the risk significant and is it increasing?

This study examines the bushfire (wildland fire) risk to the built environment in Australia. The most salient result is that the annual probability of building destruction has remained almost constant over the last century despite large demographic and social changes as well as improvements in fire fighting technique and resources. Most historical losses have taken place in a few extreme fires which if repeated are likely to overwhelm even the most professional of fire services. We also calculate the average annual probability of a random home on the urban–bushland interface being destroyed by a bushfire to be of the order of 1 in 6500, a factor 6.5 times lower than the ignition probability of a structural house fire. Thus on average and if this risk was perceived rationally, the incentive for individual homeowners to mitigate and reduce the bushfire danger even further is low. This being the case and despite predictions of an increasing likelihood of conditions favouring bushfires under global climate change, we suspect that building losses due to bushfires are unlikely to alter materially in the near future.

Strategie, Taktik und Gefechtstechnik in der Illias

Inhalt: Martina HIRSCHBERGER: Die Parteiungen der Götter in der Ilias. Antike Auslegung und Hintergründe in Kult und epischer Tradition Rupert WENGER: Strategie, Taktik und Gefechtstechnik in der Ilias Thomas GÄRTNER: Kritische Bemerkungen zu den Fragmenten des Hipponax Alexandra ROZOKOKI: Stesichorus, Geryoneis S 11 SLG: the Dilemma of Geryon Georg DANEK: Heroic and Athletic Contest in Bacchylides 17 Udo REINHARDT: Hellenistische Reliefbecher mit Szenen aus Dramen des Euripides und die antiken Anfänge textbegleitender Illustrierung Wilhelm SCHWABE: Eine nahe liegende Konjektur zu Phaidros 274b9 – 11 Matthias Johannes PERNERSTORFER: Zu Meanders Kolax II: Die Szenen A und B Vittorio HÖSLE: Cicero's Plato Kurt SMOLAK: Unter der Oberfläche ... Beobachtungen zu Horaz, carm. 1,22 und Catull 45 Maurizio COLOMBO: Annotazioni esegetiche ad Amm. 27,3 Isabella SCHILLER – Dorothea WEBER – Clemens WEIDMANN: Sechs neue Augustinuspredigten: Teil 1 mit Edition dreier Sermones Bengt ALEXANDERSON: Quelques idées sur le texte et l'interprétation du Contra Iulianum opus imperfectum d'Augustin Rezensionen und Kurzanzeigen

Threat Displays are not Handicaps

Within a general framework of handicap signalling it was proposed that threat displays are handicaps, they can work only if they put the signaller at a disadvantage, which is only acceptable to honest signallers. The aim of the present article is to investigate this proposal with the help of a simple game-theoretical model. It was found: (1) that the use of cost-free signals is an ESS against the invasion of handicapped signals even if cheating is played as part of a mixed strategy in the population; (2) that the use of handicaps may be an ESS against cost-free signals but only if we assume that the invading cost-free signal is not accepted by weak individuals as a signal of strength; (3) that the establishment of a handicapped signal in the first place is an unresolved problem, because both cost free signals and negative-handicaps are evolutionarily stable against the invasion of handicaps; (4) that in contrast to handicaps the use of negative-handicaps can invade a population using cost-free signals (a negative-handicap is a signal which may serve other functions as well); (5) that negative-handicaps are ESS against cost-free signals as well as against handicaps; and (6) thus, the most likely evolutionary end point is that the biggest negative-handicap would be used as a threat display. This is a posture, which prepares the animal most efficiently to fight; hence, most probably it is the initial position of the fighting technique of the given species. (7) Finally, the investigation of the threat displays of well-studied taxa (great tit, cats, dogs, and hoofed mammals) confirms that threat displays are indeed negative-handicaps. They do not put the user into a disadvantaged position, instead the initial position of the species specific fighting technique is used as a threat display as predicted by the present model.

Threat Displays are not Handicaps

Within a general framework of handicap signalling it was proposed that threat displays are handicaps, they can work only if they put the signaller at a disadvantage, which is only acceptable to honest signallers. The aim of the present article is to investigate this proposal with the help of a simple game-theoretical model. It was found: (1) that the use of cost-free signals is an ESS against the invasion of handicapped signals even if cheating is played as part of a mixed strategy in the population; (2) that the use of handicaps may be an ESS against cost-free signals but only if we assume that the invading cost-free signal is not accepted by weak individuals as a signal of strength; (3) that the establishment of a handicapped signal in the first place is an unresolved problem, because both cost free signals and negative-handicaps are evolutionarily stable against the invasion of handicaps; (4) that in contrast to handicaps the use of negative-handicaps can invade a population using cost-free signals (a negative-handicap is a signal which may serve other functions as well); (5) that negative-handicaps are ESS against cost-free signals as well as against handicaps; and (6) thus, the most likely evolutionary end point is that the biggest negative-handicap would be used as a threat display. This is a posture, which prepares the animal most efficiently to fight; hence, most probably it is the initial position of the fighting technique of the given species. (7) Finally, the investigation of the threat displays of well-studied taxa (great tit, cats, dogs, and hoofed mammals) confirms that threat displays are indeed negative-handicaps. They do not put the user into a disadvantaged position, instead the initial position of the species specific fighting technique is used as a threat display as predicted by the present model.

동양무술의 기원과 발달에 관한 일고

The purpose of this paper is to describe how the ethical and medical tradition of the asian martial arts have developed. The asians martial arts are for the first a fighting technique. The aim of the fighting technique is the opposite to bring under one`s control or to kill. But druing the developing process of the fighting technique has changed the natural aim from violence to the vehicles for spiritual education and healthy movement. This change is not natural. If one wants to know the asian martial arts itself, he must to understand the genesis and developing process of the ethical and medical tradition of the asian martial arts. The ethical tradition of the asian martial arts has origined in the it`s social influence. A martial arts, in general, appears, develops and disappears in the society. Therefor, the asian martials is characterized by the asian moral system. The origin of the medical tradition of the asian martial arts is not long. The Hua to animal movement(화타의 오금희) and tao-in-tao in Changsu(장사지방의 도인도) are not a martial arts. These were a gymnastic for the health. The contact between the martial arts and the gymnastic for the health is achived at the modern time.

The fighting technique of male fallow deer (Dama dama): an analysis of agonistic interactions during the rut

A population of 560 individually recognizable European fallow deer (Dama dama) was studied in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland, during the rut in order to examine buck fighting technique in relation to age and rank. The percent usage and association among behavioural elements used were analysed in 162 fights and 82 sparrings. During fight sequences, high-ranking bucks tend to use a higher percentage of low-risk behaviours (all behaviours which do not involve antler contact), especially when they interact with lower-ranking deer. Fights between combatants of the same rank class show a higher use of high-risk behaviours (characterized by antler contact), and cluster analysis of a preceding–following matrix revealed that high-risk behaviours are closely associated with each other in these interactions. During sparrings, the low intensity of the interaction allows the deer to test their ability and strength using a higher percentage of behaviours which are generally considered high-risk, without risking injury. The data suggest that the percent usage and the sequences of behavioural elements performed in agonistic interactions are affected by deer rank, probably in relation to the different risks and benefits that different hierarchical positions can offer.

The fighting technique of male fallow deer (Dama dama): an analysis of agonistic interactions during the rut

AbstractA population of 560 individually recognizable European fallow deer (Dama dama) was studied in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland, during the rut in order to examine buck fighting technique in relation to age and rank. The percent usage and association among behavioural elements used were analysed in 162 fights and 82 sparrings. During fight sequences, high‐ranking bucks tend to use a higher percentage of low‐risk behaviours (all behaviours which do not involve antler contact), especially when they interact with lower‐ranking deer. Fights between combatants of the same rank class show a higher use of high‐risk behaviours (characterized by antler contact), and cluster analysis of a preceding–following matrix revealed that high‐risk behaviours are closely associated with each other in these interactions. During sparrings, the low intensity of the interaction allows the deer to test their ability and strength using a higher percentage of behaviours which are generally considered high‐risk, without risking injury. The data suggest that the percent usage and the sequences of behavioural elements performed in agonistic interactions are affected by deer rank, probably in relation to the different risks and benefits that different hierarchical positions can offer.

Risks of fighting in relation to age and territory holding in fallow deer

Detailed analysis of the fighting and sparring behaviour of male fallow deer (Dama dama) shows that the peculiar palms of their antlers play a role in normal fighting and sparring. Analysis of the risks involved in the different fighting techniques (according to the force and torque, and the bending stress produced in the antlers) shows a tendency for the best endowed age-class (the "masters") to bring their large body mass into play in initiating fights involving the most risky technique. The increasing risk of fighting when densities of grazing does are high in the fighting zone indicates the fallow deer males' ability to assess territory quality. Nonterritorial masters trying to intrude into another master's territory are ready to use the most risky fighting technique, whereas the territory holder tries to resolve the conflict by display alone. The structural similarities between fighting using the push technique and sparring indicate that the latter mimics the former, being a means by which the initiator of sparring might convey information about his own fighting ability and perhaps also obtain information about the fighting ability of his prospective opponents.

“A Healthy Terror”: Police Repression of Capoeiras in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro

O N the night of December 28, 1836, Rio de Janeiro police arrested Graciano, a Mina slave, born in West Africa. He had run afoul of the law before, for disrespect to authority, possession of illegal weapons, and engaging in capoeira. Beyond the gymnastic fighting technique still associated with the term in Brazil today, in the nineteenth century it was used to denote groups or gangs that police authorities in Rio de Janeiro considered a scourge of the city, an activity notorious among young male slaves and the free lower classes. Graciano also had a reputation as a sneak thief, and was in the habit of carrying a blade, with which he had once tried to attack the cashier in his owner's business. Furthermore, he had brazenly declared at various times that he was bent on taking away the willfulness of the whites.' Police brought Graciano before Luis da Costa Franco e Almeida, the justice of the peace in charge of police activity in Sacramento parish, who remanded the slave to the custody of his owner, Jacomo Rombo, resident on Conde Street (now Visconde do Rio Branco) in downtown Rio. Rombo had owned Graciano only six months, but the Mina slave had already tried to escape three times. Rombo decided it was time to teach him a lesson.

Some Problems on the Fire Research and Fire-fighting Technique

Some attractive topics in the field of fire research and fire fighting technique were reviewed by two authors respectively.First part written by one of the authors (K. A.) contains fundamental problems such as combustion of cellulosic materials and liquid fuels, fire plume, smoke formation. and flame inhibition of additives, and second part written by another one of authors (A. N.) contains technical problems on the development of inert gas generator and prolongation of range of discharging water.As a whole, the studies on fire and fire fighting were made rapid strides in recent year, but are not quite satisfactory. In this review, authors made clear the present state of these studies under the light of new literatures and picked out the point of question.