Strategy In Fight Research Articles

Green-synthesized Metal Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Critical Review

: The utilization of chemotherapy remains an established therapeutic strategy in the ongoing fight against cancer. Nevertheless, it has been impeded by the occurrence of several fatal adverse reactions caused by non-specific toxicity often associated with chemotherapy. Nanotechnology is an emerging field of research that is experiencing rapid growth and is widely recognized as a highly promising approach for advanced cancer therapy. Biosynthesized green nanomaterials are emerging as promising tools for cancer treatment and diagnosis. Metal nanoparticles have been developed for use in several applications, including magnetically sensitive medication delivery, photothermal treatment, and photoimaging. Nanomaterials containing metals, such as iron, cobalt, and silver, which are generated from various bio-sources, have been described. The boundless capabilities of nanoparticles have already had a profound impact on human existence. Nevertheless, the potential adverse effects of nanoparticles on human health have consistently instilled apprehension. A thorough investigation of the toxicity and intricate nature of nanomaterials has facilitated the emergence of nanotoxicology, a field that examines the fundamental origins of these problems. The introduction of green chemistry principles has aimed to provide safer techniques for the production and management of nanomaterials, resulting in the emergence of green nanotechnology. This review article highlights the potential uses of green nanotechnology for the detection and management of tumors, including the challenges they face in reaching clinical trials.

Flight or fight: different strategies of intertidal periwinkle Littoraria sinensis coping with high temperature across populations.

Intertidal organisms usually live near their upper thermal limits, and are vulnerable to future global warming. As a vital response to thermal stress, thermoregulatory strategy in physiological and behavioral performance is essential for organisms coping with thermal stressand surviving the changing world. To investigate the relationship between the thermoregulatory strategy and habitat temperature, in the present study, we comparatively investigated the thermal responsive strategy among different geographic populations of the supralittoral snail Littoraria sinensis by determining snails' cardiac function and behavioral performance. Our results indicated that populations inhabiting high ambient temperatures had higher sublethal temperatures (i.e. Arrhenius breakpoint temperatures, ABTs, the temperature at which the heart rate shapely decreases with further heating) and lethal temperatures (i.e. Flatline temperatures, FLTs, the temperature at which heart rate ceases), and behaved less actively (e.g. shorter moving distances and shorter moving time) in the face of high and rising temperatures-a physiological fight strategy. On the other hand, populations at relatively low ambient temperatures had relatively lower physiological upper thermal limits with lower ABTs and FLTs and moved more actively in the face of high and rising temperatures-a behavioral flight strategy. These results demonstrate that the thermoregulatory strategies of the snails are closely related to their habitat temperaturesand are different among populations surviving divergent thermal environments.

An Innovative Evaluation of Mass Drug Administration with Primaquine in Iran

Background: A key strategy in the global fight against malaria, endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO), is mass drug administration (MDA). Evaluating the impact of this initiative on malaria transmission reduction is crucial. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of MDA combined with primaquine (PQ) in the southern Iranian region of Jask, specifically in Lirdaf. Methods: Primaquine was chosen as the antimalarial drug for this intervention. A total of 168 Pakistani individuals receiving MDA were evaluated over an eight-week period from September to December 2021. Results: Three cases of vivax malaria were identified. Among the 168 patients receiving PQ, 26 were found to have a deficiency in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), leading to the exclusion of thirty participants from the trial. Additionally, three individuals were withdrawn from the project due to restricted access (two cases) and family-related issues (one case). One participant, initially asymptomatic and positive, later tested positive again, and this case was excluded from the analysis. Regular follow-up assessments were conducted on all participants, revealing no cases of relapse throughout the project duration. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that employing MDA in combination with supplementary interventions during the elimination phase holds promise for malaria control efforts.

To fight or not? product introduction and channel selection in the presence of a platform’s private label

Platform retailers’ private labels have recently flourished, threatening the business of traditional national brand (NB) sellers. To fight against these platforms, some NB sellers introduce new products as low-quality substitutes through marketplace channels or exclusive channels. This raises a question: Considering the existence of a platform’s private label, how does an NB seller’s fight/no-fight strategy affect the co-opetition relationship between the two players? In this paper, we construct a game-theoretic model to explore the optimal response strategy of the NB seller. Our study shows that the interaction between the expansion effect and the cannibalization effect can lead to outcomes in which the no-fight strategy benefits the NB seller and the fight strategy benefits the platform. We find that for the NB seller, introducing a new low-quality product through a marketplace channel may be more profitable than doing so through an exclusive channel, particularly when the expansion effect is large and the quality difference is small. We also find that new product introduction as a fight strategy may cause a win–win situation for the NB seller and the platform when done through a marketplace channel with a large expansion effect. An intriguing result of the extension is that the NB seller may switch from the marketplace channel to the exclusive channel as the operating cost in the exclusive channel increases. This work provides valuable managerial insights for NB sellers in response to strategic competition with platforms’ private labels.

Analysis of redox status and HDL subclasses in patients with lymphoma and the associations with FDG-PET/CT findings.

Newer research points to alterations in the plasma redox status and the HDL subclass distributions in cancer. We aimed to assess the redox status and the HDL subclass distributions, lipids, and inflammatory markers in lymphoma patients in order to determine whether they were correlated with changes in FDG-PET/CT scans. At the beginning of this study, redox status, HDL subclasses, lipids, and inflammation biomarkers were determined in 58 patients with lymphoma (Hodgkin lymphoma, n=11 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, n=47), and these same measurements were reassessed during their ensuing treatment (in 25 patients). Initially, the total oxidation status (TOS), the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), the OS index (OSI), the total protein sulfhydryl groups (SH-groups), and the advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were significantly higher in lymphoma patients as compared to healthy subjects, but the total antioxidant status (TAS) was significantly reduced. The PAB had a strong correlation with the CRP and interleukin-6 (rho=0.726, p<0.001; rho=0.386, p=0.003). The correlations between these parameters and the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were: PAB, rho=0.335 and p=0.010; SH-groups, rho=0.265 and p=0.044; CRP, rho=0.391 and p=0.002; HDL3b, rho=0.283 and p=0.031; HDL2b, rho= -0.294 and p=0.025; and HDL size, rho= -0.295 and p=0.024. The reductions in SUVmax between two follow-up points were associated with increases in the OSI, TOS, and SH-groups, as well as a reduction in the PAB and TAS. In conclusion, the redox parameters in patients with lymphoma were consistent with FDG-PET/CT findings. Targeting the redox status parameters and the HDL subclasses could be potential strategies in the molecular fight against lymphoma.

Phase-wise evaluation and optimization of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.

Given that the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and other therapies is greatly limited by the continuously emerging variants, non-pharmaceutical interventions have been adopted as primary control strategies in the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, implementing strict interventions over extended periods of time is inevitably hurting the economy. Many countries are faced with the dilemma of how to take appropriate policy actions for socio-economic recovery while curbing the further spread of COVID-19. With an aim to solve this multi-objective decision-making problem, we investigate the underlying temporal dynamics and associations between policies, mobility patterns, and virus transmission through vector autoregressive models and the Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test. Our findings reveal the presence of temporal lagged effects and Granger causality relationships among various transmission and human mobility variables. We further assess the effectiveness of existing COVID-19 control measures and explore potential optimal strategies that strike a balance between public health and socio-economic recovery for individual states in the U.S. by employing the Pareto optimality and genetic algorithms. The results highlight the joint power of the state of emergency declaration, wearing face masks, and the closure of bars, and emphasize the necessity of pursuing tailor-made strategies for different states and phases of epidemiological transmission. Our framework enables policymakers to create more refined designs of COVID-19 strategies and can be extended to other countries regarding best practices in pandemic response.

I belong, therefore I am: The role of economic culture in compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures

Cultural orientations in relation to individualism and collectivism produced by subsistence strategies can lead to a wide array of consequences for perception, cognition, and emotion. We predict that, as a result of different economic patterns, farmers with greater collectivism would show more compliance with COVID-19 precautionary behavior than herders with greater individualism. By adopting a “just minimal difference” approach, we compared Chinese farming and herding communities that share a national identity, ethnicity, and residential area but vary in their degree of individualism-collectivism. Consistent with our hypothesis, Study 1 found that farmers reported higher compliance with prevention initiatives than herders in self-report survey. Study 2 provided a behavioral choice confirmation of the observed relationship. The present research provides the empirical evidence that economic activities can have divergent effects on mitigation strategies in the COVID-19 fight, and these results have meaningful implications for socioecological psychology theory and for pandemic prevention and control.

Mapping and Filiation of Bovine Tuberculosis Outbreaks in Türkiye (2017-2021)

Since the beginning of the XXI. century, it has been seen that bovine tuberculosis (bTB) disease in Türkiye has both increased in the number of outbreaks and gradually spread throughout the country. This study aims to map the spatial distribution of bTB between 2017 and 2021 at the scale of outbreak premises. Besides, the basic data of the research, which includes the results of the filiation studies carried out in the outbreak premises, were taken from the veterinary information system. The inclusion of the geographical coordinates of each premises with a bTB outbreak in the system has enabled point mapping of the data throughout Türkiye by using geographical information systems. As a result, the spatial distribution of the number of bTB outbreaks both in Türkiye and in the province of Erzurum, annual and five-years temporal distribution patterns, filiation graphs of the disease, and animal movements in the outbreak premises were revealed. Although the number of bTB outbreaks varies according to years, thanks to the fact that the spatial scale in the data is at the premises level, the clustering areas in the country are determined in much more detail than the distribution maps according to the provinces. Two points provide as a concise summary of the findings. The first is to explain the spatial spread of bTB across the country; secondly, it is expected to guide decision-makers to identify target intervention areas in the fight against the disease and to determine the national fight strategy.

Public diplomacy during military international conflicts. The Ukraine war case

Nowadays, warfare is characterized by a huge intensity of fight, large investment in military technology that led to new ways of combat and increased its visibility. While the changing strategic, social and cultural features of this environment have forced governments and armies to add new fight strategies including public diplomacy, the public diplomacy itself transformed. Therefore, this article reviews current research in this field and presents a theoretical approach of the actual war. In this regard, the topic discussed is the battle between the Ukrainian and Russian military for image and legitimacy in the international public opinion. In the information age in which we live, the activities and capabilities of public diplomacy can have a significant impact on how people, organizations, and governments perceive this war. The purpose of the article is to examine the management of public diplomacy in the case of both actors involved in this war.

Soft rumor control in mobile instant messengers

Mobile Instant Messengers (MIMs) are vastly used for communication and information sharing in recent years. However, interesting features of these applications such as group-based communication and broadcasting in channels cause rumors also to be spread in MIM networks more quickly than ordinary social networks. Although there are lots of works on modeling, analysis, and controlling rumor dissemination in social networks, the mentioned features of MIMs are not almost considered. In this paper we propose a new model for soft rumor control in MIMs that considers rumor propagation in groups and channels. By soft rumor control we mean measures for enhancing the people’s knowledge and awareness against the rumor to persuade them avoiding rumor dissemination. We suggest two soft rumor control mechanisms including a provenance based decision making process and making anti-rumor campaigns. In the first mechanism, in order to improve the ability of users to take proper actions against rumors, they are equipped with rumor provenance information including the level of trust to rumor spreader, reputation of the source of rumor and the degree of credibility of the rumor. In the second mechanism, some MIM users who have more serious concerns about the rumor effects try making an anti-rumor campaign to fight spreading the rumor. The proposed model is formalized as an extended Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) to capture the dynamics of rumor propagation and the control mechanisms. To evaluate the proposed model, we conduct a number of extensive agent-based simulation experiments on a synthesized MIM network that show the effectiveness of the proposed mechanisms to control rumor propagation. We also conduct interesting sensitivity analysis to see the effects of different model parameters on the dynamics of the rumor propagation with control mechanisms. The proposed model helps MIM developers to provide facilities to control rumor by collective wisdom. Furthermore, it helps people, NGOs, political parties, and so on to improve their rumor fighting strategies by making properly designed anti-rumor campaigns.

Modeling Forest Fire Spread Using Machine Learning-Based Cellular Automata in a GIS Environment

The quantitative simulation of forest fire spread is of great significance for designing rapid risk management approaches and implementing effective fire fighting strategies. A cellular automaton (CA) is well suited to the dynamic simulation of the spatiotemporal evolution of complex systems, and it is therefore used to model the complex process of forest fire spread. However, the process of forest fire spread is linked with a variety of mutually influencing factors, which are too complex to analyze using conventional approaches. Here, we propose a new method for modeling fire spread, namely LSSVM-CA, in which least squares support vector machines (LSSVM) is combined with a three-dimensional forest fire CA framework. In this approach, the effects of adjacent wind on the law of fire spread are considered and analyzed. The LSSVM is utilized to derive the complex state transformation rules for fire spread by training with a dataset based on actual local data. To validate the proposed model, the forest fire spread area simulated by LSSVM-CA and the actual extracted forest fire spread area were subjected to cross-comparison. The results show that LSSVM-CA performs well in simulating the spread of forest fire and determining the probability of forest fire.

On the fractal geometry of different heart rhythms

In this study, we explore the possibility that ECG recordings belong to class of multifractal process for which a large number of scaling exponents are required to characterize their scaling structures. We use the BIDMC Congestive Heart Failure database including long term ECG recordings from 11 men, aged 22 to 71, and 4 women, aged 54 to 63 with severe congestive heart failure and the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database that contains 48 half-hour excerpts of two-channel ambulatory ECG recordings, obtained from 47 subjects studied by the BIH Arrhythmia Laboratory between 1975 and 1979. We compare these two chronic heart diseases with the control people in the MIT-BIH Normal Sinus Rhythm database which includes 18 long-term ECG recordings of 5 men, aged 26 to 45, and 13 women, aged 20 to 50 without significant arrhythmia. The vibration analysis such as power spectral densities (PSD) analysis has been performed for differentiating the time series. Multifractal dynamics of heartbeat interval signals have been assessed by multifractal spectrum analysis to differentiate normal signals with arrhythmia and severe congestive heart failure patients. We apply Higuchi algorithm to find the fractal complexity of each cardiac rhythm and then compare the signals for different time intervals. According to our analysis, we investigate that neither the power spectral densities nor the Higuchi algorithm to find the fractal dimension alone were sufficient to separate different classes of patients and healthy people. However, when multifractal analysis and scaling exponent were used as a classifier, the three classes were well separated. In addition, multifractal analysis revealed that we have a narrow range of exponents for arrhythmia and congestive heart failure subjects and as a result, a clear loss of multifractality for them. It was of great significance to show that we have a narrower range of exponents for arrhythmia subject compared to congestive heart failure subject which is useful to recognize these two classes of patients with heart disease. Our findings provide a comprehensive framework for diagnostic and classifying different patients with cardiac disease such as arrhythmia and congestive heart failure and differentiate them with normal people without heart disease which is crucial in finding the best diagnostic and controlling strategy in fight against chronic heart disease.

Tinjauan Aspek Kepemimpinan dan Manfaat Pertempuran Laut Karang Tahun 1942 Bagi TNI Angkatan Laut

This article aims to analyze the leadership aspect in a case study of the 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea between the Allied Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy. The focus of this article is on the leaders of the two sides in leading the Coral Sea battle. To approach this problem, the theoretical reference of situational, transformational, and military leadership styles is used which is the basis for analyzing aspects of leadership. The data were collected based on literature studies of books, and journals related to the Coral Sea battle in terms of leadership and analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that the Japanese side has a leader who has experience and leadership who has a transformational concept, namely Admiral Yamamoto. In addition, Rear Admiral Fletcher's breakthrough concept of the Allied fighting strategy was part of a transformational leadership style, one aspect of which was to go beyond self-interest by prioritizing organization. The leadership style, whether situational, transformational, or military, can be applied to all ranks of Indonesian Navy soldiers in carrying out daily tasks and carrying out operational tasks in the area of operation.

Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Characterization, Air Quality Level and Origin of Air Masses in an Urban Background in Pretoria.

Several sources have been identified as contributing to the concentration of ambient fine particulate matter, which has been associated to a variety of health issues. The chemical characteristics and sources of trace elements in PM2.5, as well as the air quality index, were investigated in this study. Twenty four-hour fine aerosol particles were collected in an urban area in Pretoria, South Africa, from April 2017 to April 2018. Eighteen trace elements were determined using an XEPOS 5 energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer, while black and organic carbon were estimated using an optical transmissometer from the samples collected. The HYPLIT model (version 4.9) was used to estimate air mass trajectories. Health risk was calculated by comparing it to the World Health Organization's air quality index (AQI). The overall mean PM2.5 concentration of the collected sample equals 21µg/m3. Majority of PM2.5 exceedances were reported during mid-autumn and winter seasons, as compared to daily WHO guidelines and South African standards. S had the highest concentrations, greater than 1µg/m3. Ni, Se, Br and Sb showed they were extremely enriched, (EF > 10) and suggestive of anthropogenic or non crustal origin The 24-h PM, soot, BC and OC were significantly different by the geographical origin of air masses (p < 0.05). The AQI showed that 70% of the samples showed levels above the AQI range of good and healthy air. The findings include details on the concentration, composition, and potential sources of fine PM2.5, which is essential for policy formulation and mitigation strategies in South Africa's fight against air pollution.

Do religious identity and media messages join forces? Young Dutch Muslims’ identification management strategies in the Netherlands

This study investigates, using an experimental study, the consequences of negative and positive media messages on young Muslims by gaining insight into who, and under which circumstances, engages in certain collective or individual identity-management strategies. Based on Social Identity Theory (SIT) and previous literature, we expect that negative and more positive media messages moderate the relationship between the degree of identification with the religious group and the application of identity-management strategies. Factor analyses illustrate the presence of at least three types of strategies: collective-fight strategies (meaning one is willing to fight for the group), collective flight-strategies (that entail no change of the status quo) and individual strategies (strategies that solely benefit the individual). Contributions are made empirically and theoretically. Empirically, we measure and group all proposed identity-management strategies based on our findings among the same research population. Theoretically, we hypothesise about how both negative and positive media messages condition the role of religious saliency for Muslims’ identity-management strategies. Results from a survey-embedded experiment among Dutch Moroccan and Turkish Muslims show that high identifiers are more likely to apply fight strategies, and less likely to apply individual strategies (in line with SIT). Regardless of tone, exposure to messages mentioning Muslims make the application of fight strategies more likely among high identifiers. Meanwhile lower identifiers feel a reduced need for change when exposed to more positive messages. These insights in the (mutual) role of religious identification and media messages shed new light on how media messages can bring about group distances, intergroup conflicts and intragroup cohesion and provide a stepping-stone for future research to further insight in the systemic and long-term implications thereof.

Extracellular RNA as a potential activator of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Candida albicans biofilm

Neutrophils represent the first line of innate host defense. The ability to inhibit the development of infections is associated with the involvement of several fighting strategies. The still poorly understood mechanism is netosis, involving the release of Extracellular Neutrophil Traps (NETs). NETs are complexes of chromosomal DNA and granule content. Such a web-like structure inhibits the spread of invaders. Netosis plays a significant role in combating Candida albicans infections. It has been shown that several factors, composing C. albicans cell surface mediate NETs production. However, the development of difficult to eradicate fungal infection is associated with the formation of the biofilm structure, which partially protects the pathogen cells from contact with the host’s immune system. One of the reasons for the creation of a such protective environment is the production of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The major components of the C. albicans ECM layer are lipids, proteins, carbohydrates but also extracellular nucleic acids, among which we observed a significant RNA content. Considering that the ECM consisting of RNA molecules is one of the first lines of contact between biofilms and neutrophils, our current studies aimed to assess the potential role of extracellular RNA in the triggering of the netosis process by human neutrophils in vitro. We showed that RNA purified from C. albicans biofilm structure and the whole cells have the capability to induction of ROS-dependent netosis pathway. Additionally, cell migration analysis indicate that RNA molecules may also be an effective chemotactic agent. This work was supported by NCN (2019/33/B/NZ6/02284).

Estimation and optimal control of the multiscale dynamics of Covid-19: a case study from Cameroon.

This work aims at a better understanding and the optimal control of the spread of the new severe acute respiratory corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A multi-scale model giving insights on the virus population dynamics, the transmission process and the infection mechanism is proposed first. Indeed, there are human to human virus transmission, human to environment virus transmission, environment to human virus transmission and self-infection by susceptible individuals. The global stability of the disease-free equilibrium is shown when a given threshold {mathcal {T}}_{0} is less or equal to 1 and the basic reproduction number {mathcal {R}}_{0} is calculated. A convergence index {mathcal {T}}_{1} is also defined in order to estimate the speed at which the disease extincts and an upper bound to the time of infectious extinction is given. The existence of the endemic equilibrium is conditional and its description is provided. Using Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient with a three levels fractional experimental design, the sensitivity of {mathcal {R}}_{0} , {mathcal {T}}_{0} and {mathcal {T}}_{1} to control parameters is evaluated. Following this study, the most significant parameter is the probability of wearing mask followed by the probability of mobility and the disinfection rate. According to a functional cost taking into account economic impacts of SARS-CoV-2, optimal fighting strategies are determined and discussed. The study is applied to real and available data from Cameroon with a model fitting. After several simulations, social distancing and the disinfection frequency appear as the main elements of the optimal control strategy against SARS-CoV-2.

Breaking bad: Better call gingerol for improving antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by inhibiting multiple quorum sensing pathways

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is recognized as a bacterium with many bullets in its armoury and the Achilles heel of the bacterium is that it exudes several pathways that lead to pathogenicity thereby making the application of the strain cautious since the bacterium is known as a ‘superbug’ ergo, being resistant to multiple antibiotics. The mechanisms of pathogenicity are mainly driven by quorum sensing (QS), a phenomenon that works on cell-cell communication through classical ligand-receptor interactions. QS-mediated pathways enable control of this organism impossible even with the use of antibiotics. Henceforth, interfering with the QS pathways serves as a new mode of action for futuristic antibiotics to decrease the distress of this microbe. We propose gingerol to interfere with various QS-receptors of P. aeruginosa (LasR, PhzR and RhlR) which were deduced using in silico approach and validated in vitro by assessing its impact on EPS, biofilm, pyocyanin and rhamnolipid of the microbe. Further, gingerol was found to increase the antibacterial potency of the antibiotic when applied in integration with ciprofloxacin. The findings provide an insight about preferring the integrated approach of using QS-inhibitors (QSI) in tandem with antibiotics for holistic strategy in fight against the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance acquired by microbes.

Rebel Strategies and the Prospects for Peace

AbstractProminent formal theories of conflict provide considerable insight into how civil wars begin and end, but offer little understanding of how they proceed during wartime. One prevalent pattern is that rebel strategies vary significantly within conflicts over time, from guerrilla to conventional tactics. Why do rebels switch between different fighting strategies? How does the transition affect civil war negotiations? I develop a model of rebel–government negotiation in which rebels choose fighting strategies throughout a multiperiod war. The analysis shows that rebels switch from guerrilla to conventional tactics after gaining strength, and the expectation of growth delays rebels' transition to conventional fighting. The potential switch between different fighting strategies hurts the prospects for peace and prolongs civil wars. I identify the generic conditions under which peace is infeasible, no matter how belligerents negotiate. These conditions characterize the incipient stages of many rebellions, thereby explaining the lack of serious negotiations early on.

India's Quest to Establish Surgical Strikes as a New-Normal against Nuclear Pakistan: A Self- Deception or New-Reality?

This study aims to understand the rationale behind India's recent offensive approach against Pakistan. With the advent of new technologies, the conflict transformed were major wars converted minor war and sub-conventional warfare. Nevertheless, India introduced a new set of war fighting strategies to establish itself as a major military power in the South Asian region. The study concluded that,in line with its ambitious plans, India conducted a surgical strike deep inside Pakistan's territory in February2019 and tried to establish a new pattern of strategic engagement where sovereignty breach of nuclear-capable Pakistan will be a 'New-Normal' in India-Pakistan conflictual relations. Interestingly, India taking inspiration from the US and Israel, not only tried to introduce 'New-Normal' in order to alter the norms of sovereignty in South Asia but also went dangerously ahead of them and negated the entire logic of 'nuclear-deterrence' without considering the fact that no one including the US has ever tried to create 'New-Normal'in the situation of actual nuclear deterrence. Lastly and importantly, it is either 'Normal' to accept the logic of nuclear deterrence or 'Abnormal' to reject or negate it. Pakistan's befitting response made it clear that there is no space for the establishment of 'New-Normal' under a nuclear overhang.