Industrial Fields Research Articles

Solid Surfaces, Defects and Detection

In the modern industrial field, particularly in steel and automobile manufacturing, detecting defects in steel surfaces is crucial to product quality and safety [...]

Chemically Crosslinked Alginate Hydrogel with Polyaziridine: Effects on Physicochemical Properties and Promising Applications.

Alginate biopolymer is widely employed in many industrial fields thanks to its pleasing features of biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and relatively low cost. The gelling process of alginate with divalent cations is fairly simple and thus it is used as a versatile biomaterial to tailor the desired mechanical and moisture properties. This study focused on developing new gel formulations to enhance the properties of calcium-alginate hydrogel (CA). The newly synthesized hydrogels, referred to as CA-CHEM gels, were chemically cross-linked with different ratios of pentaerythritol tris[3-(1-aziridinyl)propionate] (PTAP) through the reaction between the carboxylic groups of alginate and aziridines of PTAP. The reaction was successfully monitored by NMR. The new CA-CHEM gels were chemically characterized using FTIR-ATR, while SEM analysis confirmed the changes in the porosity and homogeneity of the network. Additionally, thermogravimetric analyses and mechanical properties showed improvement in degradation stability and in structural strength, compared to plain CA, with an increasing PTAP content up to 1% w/w. Finally, the new CA-CHEM gels effectively controlled water absorption and release. In particular, CA-CHEM-1 performed as the most controlled system, making it promising for delivering aqueous cleaning solutions on water-sensitive surfaces such as a wooden historical musical instrument.

Comparative Views on the Global Energy Problem in the Oil and Gas Pattern

The article puts forward views on the global energy problem. It focuses on population growth, industry, energy, consumption, exhaustible and inexhaustible resources. Energy has become an indispensable element of social and economic life due to its early use in lighting and heating, and since the early twentieth century in industry and other fields. It is considered that the causes of the global energy problem are related to the rapid growth of the world's population, the growth and development of industrial production. The implementation of these is considered to lead to the efficient use of energy resources, both globally and domestically. There is a need to make certain changes in people's lifestyles, conserve natural resources and increase the use of alternative energy sources. Against the background of a 7-fold increase in the world's population, the growing demand for energy resources of people and society as a whole is a topical issue. The main purpose of the study is to increase attention to the problem of energy in the world, to make certain changes in people's lifestyles and to make sound proposals on alternative energy resources. From a global point of view, the trends in the modern development of energy and the suggestion of more efficient ways of using energy are the scientific novelty of the research. Specifically, in many countries, oil comes out at a depth of 5,000 m and more, instead of the previous 500-1000 m, which has a negative impact not only on society, but also on the environment.

Proton and alpha-particle activation studies of natFe, natCu, natTi and natW targets at low energies

Abstract A study was conducted to examine the production cross sections of nuclear reactions natFe(p,x)56,57,58Co, natCu(p,x)63,65Zn, natTi(p,x)48V, natW(p,x)182m,182g,184g,186Re, natTi(α,x)49,51Cr, natCu(α,x)66,67,68Ga, and natFe(α,x)57Ni,57Co, within the low energy range. Experiments were performed using a 5 MV tandem (Pelletron) accelerator situated at the National Centre for Physics (NCP) in Islamabad, Pakistan we employed the foil activation technique and used an off-line gamma ray spectroscopy system having Genie 2,000 software to detect the reaction products. The data analysis indicated the production of a number of radioisotopes with important applications in nuclear, industrial and medical fields. We compared our measured results with previously evaluated data as well as with theoretical predictions from the TENDL-library, based on TALYS-1.9 code calculations, to validate our findings.

Comprehensive Analysis and Application Research of Advanced Computational Algorithms in Protein Folding Simulations

Protein engineering stands at the forefront of biotechnology, aiming to modify natural proteins or create new ones tailored to specific functional requirements. The three-dimensional structures of proteins, particularly their folding patterns, are critical in defining their biological roles. Accurate prediction and detailed examination of these protein folding structures are crucial in protein engineering. The close relationship between protein structure and function highlights the importance of understanding protein folding dynamics to successfully manipulate protein designs for intended uses. Genetic algorithms (GA), taking inspiration from natural evolutionary principles, employ a heuristic search approach that integrates elements of randomness. In contrast, simulated annealing (SA) leverages stochastic optimization techniques based on the Monte Carlo method, theoretically capable of approximating the global optimum with a high degree of accuracy. Additionally, generalized ensemble methods are increasingly used to explore protein folding processes. This paper explores the fundamental principles and practical applications of these algorithms in simulating protein folding dynamics, aiming to enhance the methodologies used in protein engineering. This exploration not only aids in the refinement of protein design but also extends the potential applications of engineered proteins in various scientific and industrial fields.

MICROHARDNESS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OF Ag7+x(P1-xGex)S6 SOLID SOLUTIONS

Superionic conductors have a number of important characteristics and applications that make them important in the field of materials science, technology and industry. At the same time, when developing and analyzing the properties of new materials to optimize their composition and material processing, information about microhardness is mandatory. This is important to ensure the stability and efficiency of devices over a long period of time. This paper presents a study of the microhardness of single-crystal samples of Ag7+x(P1-xGex)S6 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1) solid solutions. For all the studied samples, a decrease in the microhardness H is observed with an increase in the load P, indicating the presence of a direct size effect. The microhardness of single-crystal samples is also described within the PSR (proportional specimen resistance) model, the results of which also indicate the presence of a direct size effect. The values of the intrinsic hardness H0 calculated within the PSR model for solid solutions of Ag7+x(P1-xGex)S6 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1) are as follows: 903.1 N/mm2 (x=0), 997.7 N/mm2 (x=0.1), 990.2 N/mm2 (x=0.25), 1019.9 N/mm2 (x=0.33), 1053.3 N/mm2 (x=0.5), 1097.8 N/mm2 (x=0.75), 1081.1 N/mm2 (x=0.1). To assess the influence of the direct size effect, Meyer's law was used. For the studied solid solutions of Ag7+x(P1-xGex)S6, the values of the Meyer's index are in the range n = 1.72 ÷ 1.86, which indicates that these solid solutions belong to soft materials.

The Role of Environmental Governance and Leadership in Improving Environmental Performance to Reduce Industrial Pollution Within Industrial Institutions Field study

The Role of Environmental Governance and Leadership in Improving Environmental Performance to Reduce Industrial Pollution Within Industrial Institutions Field study

An optimisation method for coplanar array capacitor image reconstruction based on Chambolle-Pock framework with automatic parameter selection

ABSTRACT Coplanar array capacitance imaging is an attractive imaging technique in industrial and detection fields, but low-quality images reduce its practicality and reliability. The inverse problem is difficult to solve and the image reconstruction quality is low, in this paper, an auxiliary optimisation strategy is proposed to transform the inverse problem of image reconstruction into a general minimisation problem, combined with the threshold of automatic parameter selection for feature extraction of capacitive data. The Kullback-Leibler(KL) data error term is combined with the Total Variation (TV) semi-norm to form a new imaging model. Utilising the Chambolle-Pock framework, the image reconstruction problem is transformed into a general minimisation problem to obtain high-quality images. Capacitance data from a 3 × 4 coplanar array capacitance sensor is used for feature extraction, serving as the basis for automatic parameter selection in the auxiliary optimisation strategy. The proposed Chambolle-Pock framework with the support of the auxiliary optimisation strategy, validated through simulation and experiments, outperforms popular imaging algorithms in terms of performance. The novel automatic parameter selection optimization algorithm introduced in this paper enhances the accuracy of capacitor image reconstruction in coplanar arrays.

Pengembangan Keterampilan Las Listrik SMAW Pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) Di Workshop Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya

This study aims to achieve several results that contribute to improving the community's ability regarding welding techniques that are currently in great demand by various industries. The method used is a qualitative method with observation used to understand in depth how SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) electric welding skills are developed in vocational high school students. The sample in this study was the Community Service Activity Implementation Team for the Development of SMAW Electric Welding Skills for Vocational High School (SMK) Students at the Surabaya Aviation Polytechnic Workshop in the 2024 Fiscal Year consisting of 16 people, the results of the study showed that the Development of SMAW Electric Welding Skills has improved the abilities of students of SMK Penerbangan AAG Yogyakarta, SMK Penerbangan Angkasa Lanud Iswahjudi Magetan, SMK Penerbangan Angkasa Malang, even providing new experiences for students from the Computer and Network Engineering department. Based on the results of the activity, the participants showed significant progress in knowledge and skills. Increasing knowledge and skills through the approach of educational materials and technical training provided, participants in this activity have learned the benefits, placement, procedures and how to use SMAW Electric welding correctly and safely. Almost all participants of this activity agreed that SMAW Electric Welding can help improve skills both in education and industry. Empowerment of Aviation Vocational School students in developing SMAW Electric Welding skills is expected to be applied in various industrial fields by providing several examples of how to use SMAW Electric Welding.

Miniaturized dual-photodiode sensor for simultaneous wavelength and irradiance measurement across the 500–1000 nm range

We introduce what we believe to be a novel chip-scale dual-photodiode sensor capable of simultaneously measuring centroid wavelength and irradiance within the 500–1000 nm range. The sensor employs a dual-photodiode design, where one photodiode is equipped with a coated filter layer to create differential responsivity, allowing for accurate spectral and intensity detection. Our sensor demonstrates high accuracy, with centroid wavelength and intensity measurements within a 5% margin of error for light sources with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 50 nm. This design supports the use of optional optical filters tailored to specific wavelength ranges, enhancing adaptability across diverse applications. Experimental validation confirms its practical potential in a variety of fields, including precision agriculture, horticulture, and environmental monitoring, especially for studies involving far-red and near-infrared light sources. The chip-scale fabrication of the sensor ensures cost-effective, portable, and scalable deployment, positioning it as a versatile solution for advancing optical sensing technologies in various scientific and industrial fields.

Far‐Field Ultrasound Imaging with Subwavelength Resolution through Heterogeneous Medium Using Metagrating Illumination

AbstractUltrasound imaging technology is crucial for diagnostics in both biomedical and industrial fields. However, pushing the boundaries of resolution and overcoming difficulties presented by complex environments remain challenging. Traditionally, diffraction limits resolution due to the loss of valuable subwavelength information carried by evanescent waves. Scattering further complicates imaging through intricate materials or obstructions. Here, we presented an approach for achieving far‐field subwavelength resolution ultrasound imaging through heterogeneous mediums is presented. This method converts inaccessible evanescent wave into detectable propagating waves. These waves are then captured by a far‐field hydrophone and use in conjunction with the joint‐sparsity algorithm to reconstruct the object. These results demonstrate a remarkable resolution of 1/5λ, significantly surpassing the diffraction limit. This subwavelength imaging performance exhibits remarkable stability even in the presence of unwanted scatterers. The two‐dimensional imaging results and the influence of measurement parameters are further explored. These findings suggest that the combination of metagrating illumination and the joint‐sparsity algorithm offers a promising avenue for recovering subwavelength object information in the far‐field, eliminating the need for near‐field markers. This work paves the way for high‐fidelity subwavelength ultrasound imaging in heterogeneous environments, holding promising potential for advancements in biomedical imaging, nondestructive testing, and other related fields.

Pengaruh Tipe Mobil Terhadap Harga dan Kapasitas Mesin di Belarus Dengan Pendekatan Metode Manova

Belarus is a country on the European Continent that continues to develop modern technology, especially in the field of the transportation industry. Supported by people's consumption patterns that tend to be consumptive where the demand for goods can affect the country's economy if not controlled properly, one of which is the use of cars. The high interest of the public in the use of cars is influenced by the design of the body type. Body type plays an important role in determining consumer preferences. The design of the car body type also affects the selling price. Engine capacity is also closely related, where larger vehicles typically have larger tanks. Therefore, it is important to analyze the influence between car body type and price and car engine capacity in Belarus using the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) method. Data analysis starts from describing the characteristics of variables, then conducting MANOVA assumption testing starting from multivariate normality testing with Q-Q plot and T-proportion test, independence correlation test test with barlet test, and homogeneity test with box's m test. Followed by the MANOVA test on the body variable on the price and capacity of the car engine and after that the LSD test. The results of the price characteristics and the capacity of the car engine were obtained by one and two outliers, respectively, and the shape of the boxplot was asymmetrical The most observed type of car was the universal type. The results of the MANOVA assumption test show that the data is normally distributed multivariate, dependent, and has a homogeneous covariance variance matrix. The results of the MANOVA test show that there is at least one type of car that has a significant influence on the price and capacity of the car engine. The LSD test results show the type of car based on the price of the car that there is no difference between the average car type 1, 2, 3, 4.

Determination of solid-liquid adhesion work on flat surfaces in a direct and absolute manner

There is a long-standing need for a direct determination of solid-liquid work of adhesion due to its central role in several scientific and industrial fields. Here, a method is introduced to determine the value of adhesion work on flat surfaces directly, without the need of any model assumptions, and independently from uncertainties of contact angles. The presented method enables to determine the adhesion work separately both for advancing and receding situations. The directly measured adhesion work values were benchmarked successfully against the prediction of the Young–Dupré equation in the 0°–120° contact angle range. That is, the Young–Dupré equation was experimentally proven to be valid separately for both advancing and receding cases. The method provides an absolute, thermodynamic quantity, hence it is insensitive to the measurement parameters, moreover the resulting values can be used directly in further calculations.

Requirement-service mapping technology in the industrial application field based on large language models

Requirement-service mapping technology in the industrial application field based on large language models

Adsorption equilibria and kinetics of CO2 and N2 on silica-alumina gels for reducing gas production by CO2 removal from iron flue gases

In industrial fields, hydrogen-containing flue gases generally contain a certain amount of CO2 and N2. After removing CO2, the raffinate gases can be used in various applications to mitigate carbon emissions. Furthermore, the concentrated CO2-rich extract contributes to efficient CO2 capture. Silica-alumina gel can be a high potential adsorbent because of its high CO2 adsorption capacity and energy-saving desorption. Three different silica-alumina gels with different amounts of alumina (FJ, KD, and WS) were compared to study the impact of the alumina content on the adsorption characteristics. The adsorption behaviors of CO2 and N2 were measured at 293K, 308K, and 323K at pressures up to 1000 kPa. The isotherms correlated with the dual-site Langmuir model, showing that the adsorption capacity for CO2 was much higher than that for N2 across all the adsorbents. The surface areas and adsorption capacities followed the opposite order of alumina content: FJ > KD > WS. However, the difference intervals in the isotherms did not align consistently with the alumina content, but the micropore volume changed by alumina contributed highly to the adsorption capacity. In the adsorption kinetic analysis, the diffusional time constants and kinetic parameters in a non-isothermal adsorption kinetic model showed minor dependence on pressure and temperature. The adsorption rate was higher for N2 than for CO2. It increased with alumina content, following the order WS > KD >> FJ. The results contribute to the establishment of guidelines for the selection of silica-alumina gel and the design of the adsorption process.

Flow characteristics analysis and combustion oscillation mitigation of a hydrogen industrial burner

With the promotion of carbon neutrality policies, hydrogen burners are widely used in the industrial field, and exploring the combustion characteristics and stable combustion technology of hydrogen industrial burners has important engineering application significance. This study investigates the flow characteristics and combustion oscillation mitigation of a specific hydrogen industrial burner for heating thermal oil through experiments and numerical simulations. The oscillating combustion with a frequency of 100 Hz is discovered during the field test. The dynamic characteristics are reproduced via large eddy simulation (LES), and the pressure amplitude is reduced by 22% via the active control strategy. LES results show that corner recirculation zone and main recirculation zone occur in the flame holding chamber, with maximum recirculation velocity and maximum temperature of −20 m/s and 2110 K, respectively. The unstable modes and key elementary reactions are revealed by modal analysis and eigen-analysis. The clustered neural network with horizons (CNNH) controller is constructed to suppress the combustion instability. The CNNH controller can effectively suppress the pressure oscillation by perturbing the inlet mass flow rate of main H2, reducing the peak amplitude in the frequency domain by 67%. By optimizing the controller parameters, the CNNH controller can be further applied to different scenarios of hydrogen industrial burners.

Multiplexed microfluidic chip based flow injection analysis system for simultaneous determination of Fe(III), Mn(II) and Cu(II)

The development of microfluidic flow injection analysis (FIA) system for simultaneous and real-time detection of multiple metal ions is of great importance for environmental monitoring, food safety and industrial field. In this work, a multiplexed microfluidic chip based FIA system was fabricated for simultaneous determination of three metal ions, by using Fe(III), Mn(II) and Cu(II) as models. The multiplexed microfluidic chip based FIA system is composed of three parts, including a multi-channel FIA system for solution manipulation, a group of microfluidic chips for reagents mixing and reaction, and one fiber optic spectrometer for fast and real-time absorbance signal detection. The sample solution and chromogenic reagents were injected into the microfluidic chips to carry out specific colorimetric reactions. Fe(III), Mn(II) and Cu(II) reacts with 5-sulfosalicylic acid, formaldoxime, and bis(cyclohexanone) oxalyldihydrazone, respectively, to generate orange, ember and blue colored solution with peak absorbance at 420 nm, 450 nm, and 600 nm, respectively. The absorbance signal of the generated three channels of solution can be sequentially detected by using only one mini spectrometer. The linear detection range for Fe(III), Mn(II) and Cu(II) is 0.1–20 mg/L, 0.1–12 mg/L and 0.2–12 mg/L, respectively. The limit of detection for Fe(III), Mn(II) and Cu(II) is 0.07, 0.02 and 0.1 mg/L respectively. And the limit of quantification for Fe(III), Mn(II) and Cu(II) is 0.2, 0.07 and 0.3 mg/L, respectively. The recoveries of spiked Fe (III), Mn (II), and Cu (II) in real water samples are between 95.3 % to 106 %. Finally, the developed microfluidic chip based FIA system was successfully applied to simultaneous determination of three metal ions in environmental water samples and zinc smelting solution from zinc hydrometallurgy industry with satisfied results.

Covalent Organic Framework Encapsulating Layered Oxide Perovskite for Efficient Photosynthesis of H2O2

AbstractDriving efficient artificial photosynthesis of H2O2 is highly desirable in both academic and industrial fields. Here, a new core–shell Bi3TiNbO9@C4N heterojunction is constructed for efficient photocatalytic H2O2 production by in situ encapsulating an ultrathin layer of covalent organic framework material (C4N) on Aurivillius‐type Bi3TiNbO9 microsheets. The porous C4N layer is found to enhance visible‐light absorption ability and facilitate the adsorption and activation of the reactants and intermediates. The hybrid heterojunction follows an S‐scheme charge transfer with the assistance of a strong internal electric field (IEF), which promotes the spatial separation of photogenerated carriers effectively and maintains their strong redox abilities. As a result, the optimized Bi3TiNbO9@C4N unveils a high H2O2 yield rate of 1.25(2) mmol g−1 h−1 in the absence of sacrificial agents and cocatalyst, 10.9 and 3.5 folds higher than those of pristine Bi3TiNbO9 and C4N catalysts, respectively. This work provides an in situ encapsulating strategy to decorate covalent organic frameworks (COFs) on oxide perovskites for artificial photosynthesis of H2O2, which may stimulate the intensive investigation interests of functional materials/COFs heterojunction materials for various photocatalysis applications.

Highly selective production of 2-methylnaphthalene by CO2 hydrogenation and naphthalene alkylation

Many researchers have extensively studied the alkylation of naphthalene with methanol for the preparation of high-value-added chemicals, especially methylnaphthalenes (MNs). Studies indicated that methanol generates a large number of methanol-to-olefin by-products on zeolites, resulting in low selectivity of the target product and poor stability of the catalyst, limiting its application in the industrial field. In this study, CO2 hydrogenation was coupled with naphthalene alkylation, and the H3CO* active intermediate generated in situ was alkylated with naphthalene by using metal oxide-zeolite (OX-ZEO) bifunctional catalysts, which exhibited the ‘slow release’ phenomenon of the methylation reagent. It improved naphthalene conversion, suppressed deep alkylation and coke deposition side reactions and kept the catalyst stable for up to 500 h. A high-density and medium-strength Brønsted acid center facilitated the efficient migration of H3CO* active intermediates with the desorption of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN), which was particularly important for improving naphthalene conversion and 2-MN selectivity. The in situ IR showed that more Brønsted acid sites of Ga-S-1 effectively pulled the migration process of H3CO* species to the zeolitic acid center and increased the efficiency of C-C coupling compared to ZSM-5, which promoted the alkylation of H3CO* species with naphthalene. The results of chemisorption experiments showed that the medium-strength Brønsted acid site, which promoted the desorption of 2-MN, inhibited the deep alkylation reaction. The 2,6-dTBPy-IR results showed that the presence of fewer Brønsted centers on the outer surface of Ga-S-1 further optimized the product distribution and enhanced the selectivity of 2-MN in MNs to more than 90 %. Under optimal conditions, 80.1 % selectivity for MNs was obtained via ZnZrOx&Ga-S-1 bifunctional catalysts, with 97.4 % selectivity for 2-MN in MNs.

Development of porous ceramic moulds for hot slumping of astronomical glass mirror substrates

The key goal of this project was to develop a porous ceramic that could be used as a mould material for the heat bending of glass. Heat–bent —- slumped —- glass has a wide range of uses, from miniature lenses for smartphone cameras or elegantly shaped touch displays to precisely shaped mirrors. The project PräBieD (Präzisionsbiegen von Dünnglas, “precise bending of thin glass”) brought together different stakeholders from the fields of science and industry. The outcome of their cooperation was an exemplary mould for shaping glass segments for the experimental Wolter I X-ray telescope. Compared, for example, to nickel (XMM) or Zerodur (Chandra), telescope segments of this kind could have a much lower weight and thickness, and therefore also a higher collecting area. The most important requirements in terms of the material are a coefficient of thermal expansion close to that of the glass so as not to disturb the required shape during the hot slumping process, chemical and heat stability to prevent mirror contamination by outgassing during slumping, no adhesivity between the glass and the mould, porosity so that glass bending can be supported by pumping through the mould’s surface, and the possibility to machine the surface with sufficient accuracy. This paper briefly describes the process of manufacturing ceramics and the features of the material developed as they are revealed during its evolution.