Field Of Emergency Management Research Articles

Disaster Management in the Western Balkans Territory – Condition Analysis and Conceptualisation of the Cross-Border Cooperation Model

Abstract The main objective of the paper is analysis and proposal of a concept for establishing an efficient system for disaster management in the Western Balkan countries. After the breakup of Yugoslavia (1992), there has been no effective system for managing emergency situations, while cross-border cooperation in this respect does not exist at all. The paper provides an overview of the situation in the field of emergency and crisis management in five countries of the region and a concept of promotion and cross-border cooperation in this field. The results of the research show that no country in the region has adequate emergency and disaster management system and that, regardless of the negative experiences, an efficient multilateral cooperation system has not been established so far in this field (there is neither regulatory framework nor proposals for the model of organization and for the procedures or technical mechanisms that would make the above possible). Therefore, the concept of establishing the Regional Center for Disaster Management in the Western Balkans territory (RCDM-WB) is proposed as a first step in handling disaster situations that arise from natural phenomena or technical and technological accidents. This is the first scientifically developed proposal of this kind for the above-mentioned region.

The Astroworld tragedy as an argument for proactive crisis management

PurposeThe Astroworld concert tragedy is used as an example of crisis (mis)management and the potential utility of the 4R model. Although the 4R model has been implemented in high-risk emergency management situations, it is useful in the PR field because of its actionable approach, creating a way for practitioners to prepare for and manage crisis situations.Design/methodology/approachThis is an analysis of the crisis that occurred at Astroworld, spanning preparation, day-of events, casualties and enduring reputational impact. The paper applies the 4R method to the Astroworld tragedy to show how it could have lessened or even prevented the tragedy. Finally, the SCCT model is used to explain why the official post-crisis statements were ineffective.FindingsSocial media has heightened the importance of a quick and effective organizational response to risk and crisis situations because poor responses can go viral quickly. However, social media also provides intelligence and crowd sourced information that can inform PR practitioners of emerging crisis scenarios. It is also an underutilized tool for two-way communication during crises.Practical implicationsThe 4R approach is beneficial to general practitioners as it simplifies crisis best-practices, something essential for quick action. As our world changes and becomes less predictable, practitioners must have a clear plan to protect their organizations and the public surrounding them. This approach includes reduction, readiness, response and recovery, which are all essential in crisis communication.Originality/valueThe 4R method has not been explored or applied in the PR field. This paper highlights how the model has been utilized in the emergency management field and illustrates the way 4R can serve the PR field.

Enhancing urban emergency management: A two-stage network DEA analysis of Chinese cities

In order to scientifically evaluate the emergency management capabilities of major cities in China, this article conducts a comprehensive study on the input and output indicators of emergency response in each city. A two-stage network DEA model was used to construct an evaluation model that reflects the emergency management capacity of cities. A dataset containing emergency management data from 36 well-known cities in China was selected to effectively evaluate its performance, and the city that demonstrated the most effective input-output ratio in the field of emergency management was ultimately determined. The research results show that using a two-stage network DEA model as the foundation to construct an evaluation model that reflects urban emergency management capabilities can promote a wise combination of subjective and objective evaluations, and achieve scientific investment in urban emergency assets.

Representative bureaucracy and COVID‐19 among local emergency response professionals

AbstractThis article considers the opinions of local emergency management professionals with regard to the response of the US federal government to the COVID‐19 pandemic. The responses to a survey from May/June 2020 demonstrate that these feelings, ranging from highly successful to extremely poor, are reflective of the culture at large in the nation. The study will examine whether the feelings expressed by local officials are reflective of prevailing political leanings of their constituency, measured as the presidential voting habits from 2000 to 2020 in the respondent's jurisdiction. This will extend Hildebrand's (2020) testing which linked the emergency management field to the theory of “representative bureaucracy.” This theory surmises that government actors will be reflective of their body politic in their behavior and attitudes toward federal initiatives. The findings suggest that those who represent “Strong Republican” jurisdictions have greater odds in rating the federal response as being effective, and that those from “Strong Democrat” locations will have greater odds in rating the federal response as not effective at all. Statistical testing also suggests that as the population of the jurisdiction increases, the less likely the respondent was to consider the federal response to COVID‐19 effective.

An Emergency Management Building Resilience Using IBM SPSS Statistics

Emergency Management, Introduction: You will learn about emergency management throughout this four-week course, which will help you better plan for, handle, and recover from crises.You will be given examples of risk and disaster response throughout the course to assist you acquire familiar with the underlying ideas. Moreover, Massey University-affiliated emergency management professionals with an international reputation will teach you. Several of the specialists you may encounter have experience with crises like the 2011 Canterbury earthquake. Research significance: Despite its name, emergency management does not actually concentrate on managing crises, which are generally thought of as minor incidents with minimal effects that are handled through routine community activities. The management of catastrophes, that are events that have more effects than what a society can manage on its own, is the primary focus of emergency management. It is common for disaster management to involve efforts from a variety of groups, including households, organizations, local governments, and/or higher governments. Although there are numerous terminology used in the emergency management field, the operations can generally be divided into preparation, response, mitigation, and recovery. Other phrases like risk reduction for disasters and prevention are also. Methodology: The brand name for the most recent versions is IBM SPSS statistics. The "statistical package for the social sciences" (SPSS), a set of software tools for changing, analyzing, and displaying data, is commonly used. Multiple formats are available for SPSS. Evaluation parameters: Hazard Analysis, Capability Assessment, Emergency Planning, Emergency Response, Capability Management, Recovery Efforts Results: The Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach’s Alpha value for the model is .529 which indicates 52% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach’s Alpha value model can be considered for analysis. Conclusion: the outcome of Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability. The model’s total Cronbach’s Alpha score is.529, which denotes a 52% dependability level. The 50% Cronbach’s Alpha value model mentioned above from the literature review may be used for analysis.

Volunteer dispatch considering fatigue effect and satisfaction in emergency situation

Rescue organization scheduling is a hot issue in the field of emergency management, in which the participation of volunteer rescue organizations, a social force, is of great significance to improve the efficiency of emergency rescue. In the case of known rescue services required by the affected place and the information of rescue services provided by volunteer rescue organizations, the goal is to maximize the satisfaction of the victims and minimize the fatigue of the volunteer rescue organizations. The volunteer rescue organization scheduling problem is an NP-hard problem. To solve the studied problem model, two multi-objective optimization algorithms are applied in this article. With the goal of improving the overall rescue efficiency of volunteer rescue organizations implementing rescue at the disaster site during a single emergency, this study analyzes the practical problems related to emergency rescue, taking into account the effects of the time sensitivity of the disaster victims, the preference of the rescue services, the fatigue accumulation rate of the volunteer rescue organizations, and the matching of the rescue skills. Finally, this article distills some scheduling strategies applicable to emergency volunteer rescue organizations, hoping to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the Emergency Management Center and related emergency management departments to better configure and optimize emergency human resource scheduling problems.

Conclusions from a needs analysis: The PIO training gap in the National Preparedness Goal.

At the national level, the field of emergency management has distinctive capabilities and responsibilities organized by the United States Department of Homeland Security and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) doctrine. Key to this doctrine is the goal: a secure and resilient nation. This goal is known as the National Preparedness Goal (NPG). The NPG is supported by five missions, and these five missions are supported by 32 core capabilities. One of the core capabilities is Public Information and Warning. This core capability is so important and spans all five missions. ". . . Public information is a vital function in disaster operations that contributes greatly to saving lives and protecting property." Public information officers (PIOs) are responsible for collecting, analyzing, verifying, and communicating risk, crisis, and recovery information to a wide variety of people across the "whole community." This needs analysis conducted as a component of this paper demonstrated a need for a strategic, coordinated, and unified approach to training PIOs in the NPG. A review of employee training literature, along with the conclusions from the needs analysis and the central role the NPG plays in FEMA doctrine, revealed the value of integrating the NPG into PIO training. The purpose of this paper was to determine to what extent the NPG identifies training procedures to empower PIOs to fulfill their communication responsibilities within the NPG and to determine if current PIO training is preparing PIOs to support their NPG responsibilities. Content analysis methodology was used to determine to what extent training was described within the NPG. Cross-tabulation (Crosstab) methodology was utilized to determine coincidence between existing PIO training course learning objectives (CLOs) and the NPG. This paper may serve as a framework for aligning PIO training with the NPG. Furthermore, once completed, this paper may serve as tool to evaluate PIO training, communication planning, and post-incident after-action reports. Content analysis of the NPG revealed no description of training recommendations or training regimen for PIOs and/or emergency managers to fulfill their NPG responsibilities. Crosstab methodological data analysis revealed a 53 percent coincidence between the NPG and the PIO CLOs. The NPG is FEMA's standard for national emergency preparedness. Communication, and thus PIOs, plays a significant part in fulfilling this standard. The more PIOs can be trained in achieving the NPG communication mission, the more resilient the whole community will be when there are crises.

The terrible twins.

I have seen emergency management and business continuity develop over the past 20 years. Business continuity prominently was created in the information technology (IT) world as disaster recovery has slowly morphed to the emergency management field as a whole. When a business disruptive event occurred, I often heard the term “crisis management team.” Though, having experience in emergency response/management, I was used to the term “incident management team.” I have always seen a crisis management team as the same as an incident management team as they essentially did the same function; that being: deal with the event in a coordinated manner, utilizing variants of the principles command, control, coordination, and communication.

COMPREHENDING THE CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTS OF THE HEALTH MISINFORMATION - A STUDY AMONG SOCIAL MEDIA USERS

Social media has become the most accessible and considered to be trustworthy media for accessing health related information with immediacy. This has led to the creation, development and spread of misinformation too. Prevalence of misinformation can be detrimental to the quality of life and sometimes may lead to even death and hence it becomes more essential to understand the complexities of dealing with such misinformation. Being aware of the menace of the situation, we also recognize the need to fight against misinformation. For this purpose, we need to focus on categorization of the main topics of health misinformation and an all-inclusive depiction of their pervasiveness on various social media, the influence it has on the minds and health behavior of people. Such a detailed analysis will enable us to develop future digital policy action plans towards misinformation. Against this background the objectives of the study are to identify the characteristics of health misinformation on social media; and the factors that influence the people’s belief and behavior towards health misinformation circulated online. A descriptive survey with convenience sampling technique among social media users will be applied for understanding how various people perceive and are susceptible to the problems of misinformation. Proper understanding of the features of health misinformation in the social media will facilitate us to focus on the measured ways to eradicate the fatal impact of misinformation. Our perceptions on the misinformation that prevails in the fields of health and emergency management will improve through the data gathered and presented in this study.

"Socialization for Scarcity" in Emergency Management: Rethinking Assumptions of Resource Scarcity in Humanitarian Crises.

Physician-anthropologist Paul Farmer theorizes a process of "socialization for scarcity" (SfS), which assumes permanent and unchangeable resource scarcity for the world's poor. International health and poverty decisions that are based off of this premise are therefore used to justify inadequate care for vulnerable populations. The theory of SfS has predominantly been applied to the context of global health and development. This paper aims to apply SfS to the field of emergency management, asking, "How does SfS function in the context of humanitarian crises, and what implications does this have for emergency management?" This paper reviewed Farmer's own descriptions of SfS as well as articles by colleagues and other scholars who elaborated on his theory, analyzing their contributions to issues relevant in emergency management. This review finds that SfS is both applicable to and amplified within emergency management because of the uncertain, competitive, and urgent nature of humanitarian crises. The paper then describes potential approaches to combating SfS in emergency contexts. SfS is the result of deficient effort toward discovering approaches to managing emergencies that do not presume scarcity. The assumption of permanent resource scarcity, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), is a matter of inequity and injustice and stands opposed to imperative systemic change. Emergency managers must work to eradicate dangerous presumptions that leave already suffering individuals even further from the dignified, appropriate and adequate care they require and deserve.

Emergency Management Tournament: Ideal Model, Essence and Present Situation of the Incentive

With the continuous improvement of the structure and institution of the emergency management system, the relevant research has become increasingly rich, but the direct subject of emergency management - "people" has not been paid enough attention to; The current normalized political tournament theory is difficult to explain the behavior and choices of " restrictive and safety-ensured tasks" conducted by local officials under emergency management. This article constructs the "people"- based emergency management tournament theory, and makes up the lack of "people" theory in emergency management and the deficiency of political tournament in emergency management field. Firstly, this article constructs an ideal model of emergency management tournament from the concept, conditions and officials' goals in theory. Secondly, according to the different degrees of accountability and incentive, it builds a two-dimensional matrix of four incentive modes, namely "stagnated stalemate", "radical achievement", "conservative fear" and "balanced innovation", and then systematically refines the essence of emergency management tournament theoretically and practically. Thirdly, focusing on practice, it analyzes the incentive effect and limitations of the current emergency management tournament. The reasons for the incentive limitations are that the implementation conditions of the emergency management tournament in the ideal model are not fully met, and the model of "emphasizing accountability and neglecting incentive" in reality. Finally, this article puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions to further improve the emergency management tournament.

Evaluation the Key Success Factors in Emergency Management using Neutrosophic DEMATEL Method

Critical to protecting people, property, and communities from the devastating effects of catastrophes and other crises is the field of emergency management. Effective emergency management relies on several aspects that must be identified and prioritized if positive results are to be achieved. Preparedness, planning, leadership, governance, information management, resource management, community participation, resilience, and a culture of continuous improvement are all discussed in this article as crucial elements of emergency management. Professionals in emergency management may strengthen their talents, boost response coordination, and instill resilience by learning about and using these elements. This paper used multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) to deal with the various factors of emergency management. The decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method is used to compute the weights of criteria and relationships between factors in emergency management. The DEMATEL method is integrated with the neutrosophic set to deal with uncertain data. There are six main factors and nineteen sub-factors are used in this paper. We obtained the Preparedness and Planning is the best factor.

ДОСВІД АВСТРАЛІЇ З ПІДГОТОВКИ, ОСВІТИ І ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ ОПЕРАТИВНО-РЯТУВАЛЬНИХ СЛУЖБ

The article describes the experience of professional training and development of workers of operational and rescue services of Australia. The experience accumulated by specialists of operational and rescue services of Australia in the fight against the elements, disasters, liquidation of the consequences of various emergencies, which quite often occur on its territory, is invaluable and deserves study. Each state and territory has its own services that ensure the civil safety of the population and their property: police, fire service, emergency service, emergency agencies. Australia builds its emergency management policy on four main principles: preparedness, prevention, response and recovery. The assignment of responsibility for emergency response to schools is due to the fact that in Australia the school itself is considered a key center for the community. Teachers are perceived as potential leaders in emergency situations, whose task is to perform any action before, during or after an emergency. As part of the reorganization of the operational rescue service system, its training programs were formalized and professionalized. In most institutions of higher education, there is a policy of re-enrollment of credits and recognition of the results of previous informal education. The professionalization of specialist training is achieved through targeted programs from higher education institutions, which are designed specifically to order from the national government, state and territory governments or an employer. The aforementioned training programs are a valuable addition to on-the-job training. Some universities have opened emergency research centers that carry out scientific research in the field of civil security and emergency management, which contributes to obtaining reliable scientific results, a closer connection between theory and practice, the highest level of practices in the area of emergency management, indicates ways of its optimization, determines the content of training courses. In order to focus on one platform the maximum number of areas of educational activity on emergency situations, the Australian Knowledge Center the so-called "Knowledge Hub" was created. It is a national open platform that provides an opportunity for everyone to find everything they need for familiarization, training, self-education, professional development in the field of emergencies. Keywords: operational rescue service, emergency situation, civil safety, higher education institution, management in emergency situations, professional development, training of specialists.

A Bibliometric Analysis of English Literature on Campus Emergency Management

Introduction: We adopt the method of bibliometrics to analyze the annual volume of papers and author distribution in the field of campus emergency management in the past 43 years, to evaluate the main population and types of emergency in this study of campus emergency management, and to discuss the existing management methods. Thus, we explore the research hotspot, research gaps and provide reference for future research. Method: We made a statistical analysis of published literature through bibliometrics, searched relevant papers on campus emergency management in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases and included 364 valid literature works after screening. The characteristics were analyzed from multiple perspectives. Results: The research on campus emergency management is divided into three stages: “incubation period”, “fluctuating growth period” and “rapid development period”. Studies vary widely from continent to continent. There are many differences in the focus groups of different school types in the literature. The proportion of emergencies is divided into wound, disaster, school violence, illness and bombshell and others, accounting for 34.17%, 16.94%, 16.11%, 12.78%, 4.44% and 15.56%, respectively. Conclusion: Through the statistical analysis of English literature on campus emergency management from 1977 to 2020, it can be seen that the uneven distribution of research areas is very serious, and there is not much attention to special types of schools. The subdivision and management of the population are in continuous improvement. The research on campus emergency management has been continuously carried out and improved, with a promising prospect. Practical applications: This study can help explain the current situation and development trend of international campus emergency management, and provide reference for further research.

Research on hot topics and trends of China's emergency management research based on bibliometrics

This study summarized 2446 literatures in the field of emergency management research of CNKI from 2003 to 2022. Literature measurement was carried out by CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. From the perspectives of annual publication, institution distribution, journal distribution, author distribution, research topic and research trend, etc., This paper studies the overall development sequence, research hotspots and development trend of the field, and systematically studies the key words, topic evolution state and dynamic evolution path in the field of international emergency management in the past two decades.

“They just won't listen”—The role of blame in narratives of past extreme weather events for anticipating future crisis

AbstractThe phase before an extreme weather event is crucial for the actual reaction to the impacts of such an event. In this phase, professionals in the field of civil protection and emergency management anticipate the intensity and impact of the event and use these expectations for action. We argue that anticipation is—beyond others—shaped by the organizations’ shared narratives of past crisis that resulted from extreme weather events. The findings focus on the frame of ‘blame’ in the narration and are based on two fields of study, road maintenance services and forest fire control. Qualitative group discussions and semistructured interviews show two very different views on blame depending on the organization: human factors and fate. This contrast can be traced back to the character of the weather events itself, but also with the self‐image of the organization and perceived external expectations. Depending on the narrative plot and threshold of the event, narratives can affect and alter practices of anticipation through narrations of renewal. Findings contribute to the understanding of organizational sensemaking through narratives of blame and consequences.

A Collaborative Model for Equitable Response and Recovery in Emergency Management

Social determinants of health and overall socioeconomic disparities play important factors in determining the resilience of communities in the face of disasters and emergencies. The Emergency Management field is only beginning to address these special populations in their preparedness plans, even though these communities are the most vulnerable and thus the most important for overall resilience. Current response and recovery structures do not focus on addressing these disparities and rebuilding communities to be more resilient in the face of disasters, creating an endless cycle of human suffering and economic waste. Through collaborative partnerships, both federally and private, Emergency Managers can establish a response and recovery model, which informs future planning and mitigation, that addresses inequities building a more resilient nation.

Risk Management Using Network Thinking Methodology on the Example of Rail Transport

The purpose of the article is to define the risk factors in rail transport and to show that the lack of sufficient identification of risks in individual phases affects the implementation of this type of transport. A literature study has been conducted to identify key risk factors and their impact on rail transport in Poland. For this purpose, a list of railway accidents in 2010–2020 in which people were injured, or there were significant losses in terms of the environment was presented. The realization of the objective focused on research proceedings covering the theoretical and cognitive sphere. This study included an analysis of the existing theoretical heritage in the area of risk management processes in rail transport, as well as a survey of the empirical research, which concentrated on the identification and assessment of key factors that influence the realization of rail transport in Poland. The work is of a utilitarian nature, as the need for conscious risk management has been demonstrated in rail transport, and guidelines for risk management in rail transport have been developed. In addition, the paper presents the possibilities offered by modeling a problem situation with the help of network thinking methodology for solving complex problems, including supporting creativity on the example of railroad transport in Poland. To define problem situations in the studied area, a complex process of a multifaceted approach to the analyzed issue is required. When assessing the effectiveness of risk management in rail transport, one should take into account the adverse factors influencing the studied phenomenon. The main sources used to write this article were the available literature in the field of emergency management and publications on railroad transport. The conclusions have been based on the results of logical analysis, verified empirically with the use of statistical methods.

APPLICATION OF EMOTION COMPUTING BASED ON EMOTION REGULATION COMBINED WITH EDGE COMPUTING IN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PLATFORM

BackgroundWith the development of mobile Internet and intelligent Internet of things, more and more new generation information technologies are applied in the field of emergency management. At present, the traditional cloud computing architecture can no longer meet the dynamic and real-time computing needs in these scenarios. As a new computing architecture, edge computing and affective computing achieve the sinking of computing power through computing unloading. The development of affective computing depends on the research of human intelligence and emotion in cognitive psychology, which endows computers with the same emotional ability as humans. On the emergency management platform, emotional computing and edge computing are used to build the emotional model of emergency management, decompose, unload and migrate the computing tasks to the edge, and improve the service quality of emergency services.Subjects and MethodsFirstly, based on the idea of combining peacetime and wartime and cognitive psychology, this paper constructs emergency management emotion calculation and edge calculation models for different emergency management scenarios, including conventional emergency management emotion calculation joint edge calculation model and wartime emergency management emotion calculation joint edge calculation model. By using cognitive psychology models of different emergency scenarios, the cognitive psychology model is integrated into the process of edge computing unloading and scheduling. It corresponds to the problem of computing unloading and resource allocation in case of no emergency (peacetime), and the problem of computing unloading and resource allocation in case of emergency (wartime). Secondly, for different emergency management scenarios, based on convex optimization and fireworks algorithm, an improved fireworks algorithm based on convex optimization is proposed to form the unloading optimization strategy of emergency management mobile edge computing in different scenarios. Under the single task delay constraint, the unloading optimization strategy takes the minimum total delay of the system as the performance index. The fireworks algorithm is used to optimize the terminal task unloading decision. After determining the unloading decision, the allocation of computing resources is obtained through convex optimization. Finally, the simulation results show that the computational unloading optimization strategy can effectively reduce the total delay of the system. In order to verify the effectiveness of the emotional model, this study uses the emotional relationship scale, which was compiled by Professor Cao Hualiang in 1999. It includes 28 items and four dimensions (emotional conversation, emotional communication and making friends, dealing with people, heterosexual communication), and each dimension has 7 questions. The scale belongs to self-report scale, which answers “right” or “wrong” according to their actual situation, and evaluates individual interpersonal relationship according to the score. It has good reliability and validity, and has been widely used in domestic interpersonal relationship research. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale in this study is 0.854.ResultsBased on the emotional computing combined with edge computing emergency management unloading network model, taking the maximum processing delay allowed for each computing task as the constraint condition, an optimization strategy of emergency management edge computing unloading was proposed. By introducing convex optimization based on fireworks algorithm, the unloading optimization strategy of co-fwa is established. In order to minimize the total delay of the whole network, the improved fireworks algorithm is used to solve the established model, and the computational unloading decision and resource allocation scheme are obtained. Simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively reduce the total task delay of the network system under the constraint of ensuring the maximum calculation delay of a single task.ConclusionBased on the idea of cognitive psychology and the combination of peace and war, this paper expounds that the emergency management system should be divided into peacetime system and wartime system, designs different emergency management mobile edge computing unloading network models and wartime emergency management mobile edge computing unloading network models, and puts forward the optimization strategy of emergency management mobile edge computing unloading based on the combination of emotional computing and edge computing, Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed computational offload optimization strategy is verified by simulation experiments. However, in this study, only the delay element under the edge computing network architecture is considered, but in practical application, the edge computing server and terminal equipment will also be limited by cost and energy consumption. Therefore, in the future research, the cost and energy consumption of the system will be further considered under the current research framework.AcknowledgementsSupported by a project grant from Shenyang Science and technology plan (Grant No.21-108-9-15) and Supported by a project grant from Liaoning University excellent talents support plan (Grant No.2020).

Flexible emergency management: Operational area adaptation during a pandemic.

The pandemic environment shaped the field of emergency management in 2020, creating a new operational paradigm for Contra Costa County's coordinated emergency response capability. This discussion represents initial steps in the improvement planning process for the County Emergency Operations Center (EOC). It offers one tool supporting organizational growth through a critical discussion of adaptation and flexibility in the EOC. Drawing from local, state, and national data, the discussion frames the local EOC experience in the context of how the pandemic intersected with long-established response frameworks. The discussion considers implications for future response to complex expanding incidents. The County operational area applied the emergency management frameworks of the Incident Command System (ICS) and California's Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) in novel ways, developed innovative solutions to meet critical resource needs, and leveraged new partnerships to enhance capabilities in 2020. Through this experience, the County emergency management organization was both singularly challenged and informed by the pandemic, even as it responded to simultaneously occurring incidents. There are takeaways in each of these areas that bear on improvement planning. In particular the review highlights the need to expand beyond traditional ICS roles and frameworks to facilitate a more flexible response. More broadly, this suggests that the field of emergency management grows more dynamic as it responds to more complex concurrent incidents with an ever-widening spectrum of -stakeholders.