Fields Of Different Strengths Research Articles

The Effect of Static Magnetic Fields of Different Strengths and Polarities on Cytokine Production by Human Lymphocytes In Vitro.

In contrast to electromagnetic fields, static magnetic fields (SMFs) have not been extensively studied in terms of their potential health consequences. Although upward- and downward-oriented magnetic poles may cause various biological effects, only the pole with the upward orientation has been mainly investigated. Considering that the interaction of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T lymphocytes is crucial to trigger an immune response, we assessed the effect of long-term exposure of human T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) to moderate strength SMFs of different orientations focusing on the cytokine profile of activated T cells. Cultures of allogenic T lymphocytes and DCs (immature and matured by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists) were continuously exposed to four SMFs. The intensity of the applied field was 1 militesla (mT) or 56 mT of the upward- and downward-oriented pole of the SMF. Cell culture supernatants were assayed for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 by ELISA or flow cytometry. The upward-oriented 56 mT SMF significantly increased the release of IFN-γ and TNF-β (both p < 0.05) in the cell culture supernatants of T cells and immature DCs. In contrast, the same cultures exposed to the upward-oriented 1 mT SMF showed significantly elevated levels of IL-17 (p < 0.05). The levels of IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were not affected by the upward-oriented SMF. The downward-oriented 56 mT SMF increased TNF-α release when T cells were stimulated with mature DCs. The production of other cytokines was unchanged by the downward-oriented SMF. These findings demonstrate for the first time different in vitro biological effects of upward- and downward-oriented static magnetic fields on the cytokine production of T cells activated by DCs, helping to better understand SMF effects on the immune system and suggesting that the selective SMF effect on the immune response could have potential therapeutic effects in different immune-mediated disorders.

Meridional Circulations of the Solar Magnetic Fields of Different Strength

Meridional Circulations of the Solar Magnetic Fields of Different Strength

Dual-frequency-addressable photochromic cholesteric mixture with photo- and electro-switchable optical properties

Cholesteric liquid crystalline mixture with photo-, electro-controllable optical properties was prepared and the features of its switching behavior were demonstrated. The working principle of the obtained switchable cell is based on using dual-frequency-addressable nematic mixture that enables effective control of selectively reflected planar and scattered focal conics texture by applied field frequency modulation. The nematic mixture was doped with the chiral substance in order to induce a cholesteric structure formation with selective light reflection in visible spectral range. Azobenzene-containing photochrome was also introduced into this mixture in order to stimulate photo-optical response. An application of low-frequency electric field as well as UV irradiation induces short-wavelength shift of the selective light reflection. Under action of an electric field, a transition to scattered focal conics texture takes place. Amplitude of the light-induced shift is ca. 50 nm, while the electric field leads to a shift ca. 120 nm. On the contrary, high-frequency electric field induces fast (less than 1 s) restoration of perfect highly reflected planar texture. UV irradiation leads to not only shift of the selective light reflection band, but alters the electrooptic response by increase of frequency necessary for the restoration of the planar state and considerably changes the switching kinetics. The possibility of photopatterning of the obtained electrooptic cells by UV irradiation through a mask is demonstrated. It is shown, that application of electric field of different strength and frequencies enables smart control of the photorecorded image contrast.

Electronic Structure and Ligand Effects on the Activation and Cleavage of N2 on a Molybdenum Center.

Dinitrogen fixation under ambient conditions remains a challenge in the field of catalytic chemistry due to the inertness of N2. Nitrogenases and heterogeneous solid catalysts have displayed remarkable performance in the catalytic conversion of dinitrogen to ammonia. By introduction of molybdenum centers in molecular complexes, one of the most azophilic metals of the transitional metal series, moderate ammonia yields have been attained. Here, we present a combined multiconfigurational/density functional theory study that addresses how ligand fields of different strengths affect the binding and activation of dinitrogen on molybdenum atoms. First, we explored with MRCI computations the diatomic Mo-N and triatomic Mo-N2 molecular systems. Then, we performed a systematic examination on the stabilization effects introduced by external NH3 ligands, before we explore model neutral and charged complexes with different types of ligands (H2O, NH3, and PH3) and their consequences on the N2 binding and activation.

Rapidly determining the 3D structure of proteins by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Despite great advances in protein structure analysis, label-free and ultrasensitive methods to obtain the natural and dynamic three-dimensional (3D) structures are still urgently needed. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can be a good candidate, whereas the complexity originated from the interactions between the protein and the gradient surface electric field makes it extremely challenging to determine the protein structure. Here, we propose a deciphering strategy for accurate determination of 3D protein structure from experimental SERS spectra in seconds by simply summing SERS spectra of isolated amino acids in electric fields of different strength with their orientations in protein. The 3D protein structure can be reconstructed by comparing the experimental spectra obtained in a well-defined gap-mode SERS configuration with the simulated spectra. The gradient electric field endows SERS with a unique advantage to section biomolecules with atomic precision, which makes SERS a competent tool for monitoring biomolecular events under physiological conditions.

Electric field-driven up-and-down motion of the flexible tail of Al13+ cluster system-a nano-scale flipper.

Dynamic metal nanoclusters have become a hot area of research in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology due to their potential applications in micro devices. One such dynamic cluster is a quasi-planar ground state (GS) Al13+ cluster which exhibits anelectric field driven up and down flipping motion of the flexible tail which oscillates with respect to the mean plane. A Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulation has been carried out to understand the nature of dynamics of the cluster. CPMD simulation study reveals that the flexible tail region of the Al13+ isomeric system (two ground states M1, M2 and a transition state TS connecting them) can be engaged in a systematic up down flipping motion by the application of a transverse electric field. A saw tooth electric field of amplitude 5.19V/nm is sufficient to induce the up-and-down flipping oscillation of the cluster, which has an average oscillation frequency of around 20 THz. AIM, NICS and AdNDP analyses also have been carried out to understand the fluxional nature of the cluster from the electronic structural perspective. Electronic structural analysis of selected optimized intermediate states in the presence of transverse electric field has also been analyzed to correlate the electronic structure with the dynamic nature of the cluster. Single-point energies of all intermediate states between two minima of Al13+ clusters connected through a transition state cluster. Optimized geometries of Al13+ clusters in the presence of electric field of different strengths have been carried out by using the Gaussian 03 package. 6-311 + G(d) basis set and B3LYP hybrid density functional have been utilized for these studies. To establish the flipping motion, Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) has been performed using the cp.x module of the Quantum ESPRESSO 6.3.0 program package using the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional, plane-wave basis set and ultrasoft pseudopotentials. ORTEP-3 and POV ray-3.7 software packages have been used for visualization and graphics generation. Atoms in molecule (AIM), Adaptive Natural Density Partitioning (AdNDP) analysis have been carried out using Multiwfn 3.7 program package.

Analysis of the Effects of Magnetic Field on the Haemogram Profile and Protein Content of Eri Silkworm, &lt;i&gt;Philosamia ricini&lt;/i&gt;

The geomagnetic field is a naturally occurring physical force that operates to sustain life on earth. However, recent advances in technology, rapid urbanization and electromagnetic pollution have led to interferences in strength of the magnetic field, which has resulted in various health hazards in several life forms. This study was carried out to understand the effect of magnetic fields that are greater than the strength of the natural geomagnetic field in Philosamia ricini, commonly known as Eri silkworm. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the haemogram profile as well as the total protein content, were considered for analysis. The 5th instar silkworm larvae were exposed to two magnetic fields of different strengths, namely 0.4493G and 0.8345G, and changes were recorded and compared with a control group. The results revealed decrease in the number of haemocytes and disruption of haemocytes that increased with increase in strength of magnetic field along. The total protein content of haemolymph also underwent changes with changes in the strength of the magnetic field. Such studies and future in-depth analysis of different biological parameters in organisms due to the changing geomagnetic field might be beneficial in understanding and maneuvering the effects of magnetic field on organisms.

Magnetism and magnetic phase transition in nanowires of diamagnetically diluted superstrong magnets ε-InxFe1-xO3

The temperature dependences of magnetization of ordered arrays of diamagnetically diluted nanoparticles of superstrong ε-InxFe1-xO3 magnets (x = 0.04, 0.24) in cooling and heating mode in the permanent magnetic fields of different strengths -strong and weak compared to the magnetic anisotropy field -were measured. At temperatures of 150 K for x = 0.04 and 190 K for x = 0.24 a sharp drop in their magnetization is observed, practically to zero. Obtained evidence that the observed magnetic phase transition is accompanied by overturning of magnetization due to spin-reorientation transition of the first kind. The experimental results are described within the magnetodynamic and thermodynamic approaches.

Non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the first star formation: the effect of ambipolar diffusion

ABSTRACT In the present-day universe, magnetic fields play such essential roles in star formation as angular momentum transport and outflow driving, which control circumstellar disc formation/fragmentation and also the star formation efficiency. While only a much weaker field has been believed to exist in the early universe, recent theoretical studies find that strong fields can be generated by turbulent dynamo during the gravitational collapse. Here, we investigate the gravitational collapse of a cloud core ($\sim 10^{3}\ \rm cm^{-3}$) up to protostar formation ($\sim 10^{20}\ \rm cm^{-3}$) by non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic simulations considering ambipolar diffusion (AD), the dominant non-ideal effects in the primordial-gas. We systematically study rotating cloud cores either with or without turbulence and permeated with uniform fields of different strengths. We find that AD can slightly suppress the field growth by dynamo especially on scales smaller than the Jeans-scale at the density range $10^{10}\!-\!10^{14}\ \rm cm^{-3}$, while we could not see the AD effect on the temperature evolution, since the AD heating rate is always smaller than compression heating. The inefficiency of AD makes the field as strong as $10^{3}\!-\!10^{5} \rm \ G$ near the formed protostar, much stronger than in the present-day cases, even in cases with initially weak fields. The magnetic field affects the inflow motion when amplified to the equipartition level with turbulence on the Jeans-scale, although disturbed fields do not launch winds. This might suggest that dynamo amplified fields have smaller impact on the dynamics in the later accretion phase than other processes such as ionization feedback.

Electrospinning and characterization of magnetoelectric NdFeO3–PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 Core–Shell nanofibers

A core–shell nanofiber with a neodymium orthoferrite (NdFeO3) core and lead zirconium titanate (PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3) shell was prepared in this study using the sol-gel electrospinning method. Structural properties of the nanofiber were analysed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, which revealed that a perovskite structure was formed. The strain was calculated using Williamson-Hall (W–H) plot. Functional groups of the nanofiber were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Morphological studies revealed the core diameter of the nanofiber to be 65 nm and its shell diameter to be 128 nm. The elemental analysis of core-shell nanofiber was made using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) which proved the formation of NdFeO3 and PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 composite in the stoichiometric ratio. Topography analysis using atomic force microscopy found the average fibre diameter to be 135 nm. The nanofiber exhibited antiferromagnetic behaviour, with a saturation magnetization of 0.48 emu/g. Dynamic contact electrostatic force microscopy (DC-EFM) studies revealed that the nanofiber showed domain-switching behaviour. The ferroelectric hysteresis plots showed that the nanofiber exhibited a maximum polarization of 5.45 μC/cm2 at 20 kV/cm. Also, its dielectric constant was 268 at 100 Hz. The leakage current study revealed a butterfly-shaped J-E loop, which further proved the ferroelectric behaviour of the nanofiber. The mechanism behind the leakage current was identified to be the Schottky emission. The P-E loops recorded under external magnetic fields of different strengths exhibited variations in the polarization, indicating the presence of cross-coupling between electric and magnetic order parameters. Because of the high dielectric constant displayed by the magnetoelectrically active NdFeO3–PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 core–shell nanofiber, it can be a promising candidate for a number of applications, such as data storage devices, multimedia devices, spintronics and magnetic field sensors.

Dynamics of K+ counterions around DNA double helix in the external electric field: A molecular dynamics study.

The structure of DNA double helix is stabilized by metal counterions condensed to a diffuse layer around the macromolecule. The dynamics of counterions in real conditions is governed by the electric fields from DNA and other biological macromolecules. In the present work the molecular dynamics study was performed for the system of DNA double helix with neutralizing K+ counterions and for the system of KCl salt solution in an external electric field of different strength (up to 32mV/Å). The analysis of ionic conductivities of these systems has shown that the counterions around the DNA double helix are slowed down compared with the KCl salt solution. The calculated values of ion mobility are within (0.05-0.4)mS/cm depending on the orientation of the external electric field relatively to the double helix. Under the electric field parallel to the macromolecule K+ counterions move along the grooves of the double helix staying longer in the places with narrower minor groove. Under the electric field perpendicular to the macromolecule the dynamics of counterions is less affected by DNA atoms, and starting with the electric field values about 30mV/Å the double helix undergoes a phase transition from a double-stranded to a single-strand state.

Fluctuations of the Magnetic Field of Plasma Currents in Uragan-3M Stellarator

At the torsatron-type stellarator Uragan-3M, frequency spectrum and spatial structures of the fluctuations of the poloidal component of the magnetic field in frequency range 0.3–52 kHz, which are caused by the plasma current, are studied with a set of magnetic sensors. The studies were carried out in the microwave heating regime in confining magnetic fields of different strength. The magnetic field fluctuations were studied in weakly and strongly collisional plasmas. Studies showed that the spectrum of the recorded magnetic field fluctuations consists of a relatively narrowband number of frequencies. The fluctuating magnetic fields are caused by plasma currents, which can be presented as a number of poloidal structures with wave numbers m = 0, 1, 2, and 3 (and, possibly, also 4). Each spatial structure of plasma currents (expect the one with m = 0) can be represented as a sum of two oscillation types: a rotating and a standing structure. The rotating structure moves in the poloidal direction with a rotation frequency close to the frequency of the standing structure. The rotation direction is not constant and it changes during the discharge. The standing structure does not change its position (phase) and oscillates at a fixed frequency. The conducted analysis showed that the observed fluctuations of the magnetic field are a result of plasma instabilities, which cause perturbations of the plasma pressure. These oscillations have the growth rate and damping rate of the order of the carrier frequency. The perturbation of the plasma density initiates the appearance of polarization removal currents whose magnetic field is recorded in the described experiments. Estimates show that the fluctuation level reaches 4 × 10–3 relative to the average plasma pressure in the discharge. It was also shown that, in these experiments, microwave heating does no cause the observed instabilities. The time behavior of the discharge parameters and the energy of magnetic field fluctuations at the boundary of the confinement region allows us to conclude that at the quasi stationary stages of the discharge, the observed instabilities determine the main energy losses from the plasma volume.

The research of polymer composites produced with sclerometric method using magnetic processing

It is shown that the physical and mechanical properties of polymer composite materials can be improved by various activation methods. This article studied the structural changes that occur in polymeric materials under the influence of an electromagnetic field of various strengths. The purpose of the work was to establish the magnetic treatment effect on the physical and mechanical properties of polymer composites based on epoxy binders. In the research tasks, the experiments to study unfilled and filled compositions, the establishment of microhardness indices over the cross section of the samples made under the influence of an electromagnetic field of different strengths, were carried out. The composites based on an epoxy binder grade ED - 20 were considered as an object of research. Polyethylene polyamine served as a curing agent of the composites. Pyrite cinders served as filler in the composites. As a result of the research, the rational modes of the materials’ magnetic processing were established. The improved properties are possessed by the epoxy composites activated at a current of 9 A, lasting 9 hours.

Electric field effects on hydrogen/methane oxidation: A reactive force field based molecular dynamics study

In the study, molecular dynamics simulations associated with reactive force fields are performed to examine the effect of an imposed electric field at different strengths upon the reactive systems of hydrogen/methane mixture oxidation. Temporal evolution results regarding the initial species evidence the distinct alteration of external electric effects to the consumption rates and the reaction-starting time of the reactants in hydrogen/methane oxidation systems. Significantly, hydrogen molecules play contrasting roles under electric and electric-free reactions. The discoveries about the various categories of intermediate radicals and the differences in the temporal progress reveal that the introduction of an electric field to the reactive system modifies the diversities and generation trends of intermediate radicals and alters the reaction rates by affecting the reaction pathways. Different unique species are formed under electric fields of different strength. The current findings prove and support that molecular dynamics simulation associated with reactive force field is a feasible and promising technique for detailed investigation into combustion/oxidation reaction kinetics, involving high temperature and pressure.

Buckybowls as gas adsorbents: binding of gaseous pollutants and their electric-field induced release.

The adsorption of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (NOx) to the Buckybowls sumanene and corannulene was investigated. Binding energies were up to 1.8× larger than for coronene as the planar analogue, demonstrating the advantages of Buckybowls for gas adsorption. In agreement with previous reports on carbon dioxide and methane adsorption, the favorable binding energies for NOx were shown to be associated with the curvature of the Buckybowls. It is shown that applying an electric field along the bowl symmetry axis modifies the bowl curvatures and impacts adsorbate binding energies, including the potential to desorb adsorbates. As a proof of concept, it is shown that applying electric fields of different strengths and orientations selectively controls sumanene's preference to bind nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide, suggesting potential applications for dynamically tunable gas adsorption. Moreover, it is demonstrated that adsorbates can be desorbed by applying suitable electric field strengths, allowing cleaning of the Buckybowls for renewed usage.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation on the Electrowetting Behaviors of the Ionic Liquid [BMIM][BF4] on a Solid Substrate.

Compared with traditional aqueous solutions, ionic liquids have important application prospects in the field of wetting and electrowetting due to the advantages of high electric conductivity, long liquid range, and low volatility. In this paper, molecular dynamics method was employed to investigate the wetting and electrowetting behaviors of the nanodroplet of ionic liquid on a solid substrate, as well as the distribution of ionic groups. The ionic liquid is 1-butyl-3-methyl tetra-fluoroborate and coarse grained to simplify the molecular simulation model. The results show that the anion and cation groups are distributed in layers above the wall, and the peaks are different corresponding to different ionic groups. Due to the attraction of the solid substrate and the electrostatic force between anions and cations, the contact angle tends to increase slightly with the increase of ionic liquid pairs. To investigate the electrowetting behaviors of ionic liquid droplet, several electric fields of different strengths and directions have been applied to the system, respectively. The results show that the static contact angles decrease obviously with the increase of electric field, and the ionic liquid droplet wets the solid surface asymmetrically under electric fields in positive and negative directions due to different diffusion abilities of cationic and anionic coarse particles. However, for a hydrophilic surface (ε = 2.0 kcal/mol), the ionic liquid droplet wets symmetrically under the electric field E = ±0.18 V/Å because of the strong interaction from the solid surface. Thus, the wetting and electrowetting behaviors are determined by the combine effect of electric field, interaction among cationic/anionic coarse particles, and solid substrates.

Technical Note: Effect of magnetic fields on the microdosimetry of carbon-ion beams.

To investigate the influence of magnetic fields on the microdosimetry of carbon-ion beams and the scaling effect of tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) defined as the change of energy deposition in a TEPC from that in a microscopic scale region of interest due to the presence of a magnetic field in combination with the TEPC larger physical dimensions. Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to calculate the microdosimetric quantities for carbon-ion beams with different initial energies (10-290MeV/u) under magnetic fields of various strengths (0.5-3T). The calculations were performed for a 1μm spherical volume made of tissue, and for spherical TEPCs of 1 and 10mm in diameter. Then, values of dose-averaged lineal energy (yD ) were acquired for the different scenarios to analyze the effect of magnetic fields on the microdosimetry of carbon-ion beams and the scaling effect of TEPC. The yD values and lineal energy spectra in the 1μm spherical tissue volume for the scenarios without magnetic field and with magnetic fields of different strengths and directions remained nearly the same for the various energy carbon-ion beams. However, compared with those of the 1μm spherical tissue volume, an increase of of yD values and an obvious shift of the lineal energy spectra for the TEPCs of 1 and 10mm in diameter under magnetic fields were found. The application of magnetic fields under 3T has no significant influence on the microdosimetric results of carbon-ion beams. However, there is definitely a scaling effect when using TEPC for microdosimetric study, which alters the reading of TEPC in the presence of magnetic fields. Novel methods to correct the reading of TEPC or scaling effect-resistant microdosimetric measurement detectors are urgently needed to perform experimental microdosimetric studies under magnetic fields.

Influence of a Magnetic Field on Structure Formation during the Crystallization and Physicomechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloys

The results of studying the structure and mechanical properties of A356.0 and A413.1 cast aluminum alloy subjected to a pulsed magnetic field of different strength during crystallization are presented. It is established during the experiments that the samples contain two phases each in their compositions which crystallize in definite temperature ranges and remain invariable even with the imposition of the magnetic field of the crystallizing melt. The temperature gradient between the crystallizer wall and outer crucible wall for both alloys, which varies from 14.3 to 16.0°C/mm, and the crystallization time of each phase are determined. The linear crystallization rate of both alloys is found using thermal approaches. It is shown that this rate decreases with a decrease in the temperature gradient, and the crystallization time of phases herewith increases. It is revealed that the magnetic field varies the distribution of dendrites in the bulk of A356.0 and A413.1 alloys, as well as their sizes and orientation in the metallographic specimen plane. A finer structure is formed in the alloy α phase with an increase in the magnetic-field induction amplitude. It homogeneously fills the metallographic specimen plane, which is reflected on the alloy mechanical properties. The hardness of alloys under study increases with an increase in the induction amplitude of the pulsed magnetic field for both alloys by 8–10% due to refining the dendritic structure and the more uniform distribution of dendrites of the α solid solution over the bulk of the crystallizing ingot. In addition, the magnetic field affects the ultimate tensile strength and almost does not vary the relative elongation during the uniaxial tension of the samples of A356.0 and A413.1 cast aluminum alloys.

Dynamical response of a quantum R–L circuit in the presence of resonant tunneling

The admittance of a quantum point contact (QPC) is investigated in the ac regime. Resonance-like peaks superimposed on the commonly occurring admittance plateaus are observed. To explore the origin of these peaks, we perform measurements on the sample in perpendicular magnetic fields of different strengths. We find that as the magnetic field increases, the resonance-like peak located at the first admittance plateau disappears, while that at the third plateau becomes more pronounced. Under certain conditions, these peaks can evolve into 0.7 anomalous plateaus. We believe that these resonance-like peaks are caused by the presence of impurities in the QPC. To confirm this, a bias voltage is added to the common gate voltage to generate an asymmetric QPC confinement potential. We then observe an asymmetric evolution of the peaks for both positive and negative bias voltages. The effects of the magnetic field and the bias voltage can be described well by the results of numerical calculation using the finite difference method and taking into account the influence of the impurity. The results of this work should help provide better understanding of charge dynamic transfer and may also be useful for the study of QPC-based devices such as qubits and quantum dots.

Magnetic field assisted preconcentration of biomolecules for lateral flow assaying

Lateral flow assays (LFA) have been extensively explored for rapid and cost effective point-of-care diagnostics. Typically, LFA responses are influenced by the complexity of sample matrices containing analogues or molecules that may potentially yield non-specific responses, for instance, when assaying for biomarkers in blood, serum and plasma. Therefore, isolation of analytes of interest from sample matrices would significantly improve the LFA responses. Herein, we report a magnetic field assisted preconcentration approach for extraction and assay of proteins in an LFA format. Cardiac marker, Troponin (cTnICT complex), is utilized as a model system for validation of the proposed approach. Magnetic fields of different strengths are evaluated for retaining cTnICT on an LFA membrane utilizing magnetic beads conjugated with anti-Troponin I (anti-TnI) antibodies. The sample matrix components subsequently flows through to the absorbent pad via a hydrophilic passivation layer that is protecting the capturing anti-Troponin C (anti-TnC) antibodies in the test zone. Isolated TnI-magnetic bead complexes are then released to flow downstream along the LFA strip to the test zone upon removal of magnetic field and the passivation layer. The capture of cTnICT magnetic bead complexes at the test zone produces a characteristic brownish band, enabling concentration dependant visual detection of cTnICT. Experimental results indicate that the assay yields pM level sensitivity within 15 min using very low sample volumes (<100 μL), and with possibilities for signal enhancement. The reported assay offers a promising avenue for sensitive detection of target analytes in complex matrices at clinically relevant concentration levels without requiring tedious sample pre-treatment protocols.