Application Fields Research Articles

Extracorporeal removal of pathogens using abiomimetic adsorber-Anew treatment strategy for the intensive care unit : Seraph® 100 Microbind® Affinity Blood Filter and its fields of application

In 2019 the World Health Organization (WHO) listed antimicrobial resistance among the top 10threats to global health. The Seraph® 100 Microbind® Affinity blood filter (Seraph® 100) has been in use since 2019 to eliminate pathogens from the bloodstream in addition to anti-infective pharmacotherapy. It is the first device used to rapidly and efficiently reduce the number of circulating bacteria and viruses. After abackground on the concept of extracorporeal pathogen removal in general, this review summarizes the preclinical and clinical data on the Seraph® 100 Affinity Blood Filter. The clinical effect of this treatment and potential therapeutic options are described. Structured PubMed review including references published up to February 2024. Case reports, uncontrolled observational studies and data from registries show widespread clinical use of the Seraph® 100 ranging from difficult to treat bacterial (super) infections to viral infections. The treatment can be done as stand-alone hemoperfusion or in combination with all forms of kidney replacement therapy as well as in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The use of the Seraph® 100 varies in terms of duration, concomitant therapy and clinical settings. Due to the absence of prospective controlled trials the clinical effect cannot be properly evaluated.

Laser Additive Manufacturing of Three-Dimensional Ti/TiN Nanotube Arrays with Hierarchical Pore Structures and Promoted Supercapacitor Performances.

Titanium-based composites hold great promise in versatile functional application fields, including supercapacitors. However, conventional subtractive methods for preparing complex-shaped titanium-based composites generally suffer from several significant shortcomings, including low efficiency, strictly simple geometry, low specific surface area, and poor electrochemical performance of the products. Herein, three-dimensional composites of Ti/TiN nanotube arrays with hierarchically porous structures were prepared using the additive manufacturing method of selective laser melting combined with anodic oxidation and nitridation. The resultant Ti/TiN nanotube array composites exhibit good electrical conductivity, ultrahigh specific surface areas, and outstanding supercapacitor performances featuring the unique combination of a large specific capacitance of 134.4 mF/cm2 and a high power density of 4.1 mW/cm2, which was remarkably superior to that of their counterparts. This work is anticipated to provide new insights into the facile and efficient preparation of high-performance structural and functional devices with arbitrarily complex geometries and good overall performances.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of β-N-Aryl Glycoamphiphiles with Diverse Supramolecular Assemblies and Lectin Accessibility.

Glycoamphiphiles have attracted considerable interest in a broad range of application fields owing to their solution and bulk-state self-assembly abilities. Despite their importance, the straightforward synthesis of glycoamphiphiles consisting of a hydrophilic carbohydrate linked to a hydrophobic aglycone remains one of the major challenges in glycosciences. Here, a rapid, simple, and efficient synthetic access to chemically stable glycoamphiphiles at physiological pH, namely, N-(β-d-glycosyl)-2-alkylbenzamide, is reported. It leverages the nonreductive amination of unprotected carbohydrates with ortho-substituted aniline derivatives which could be readily obtained by reacting commercially available primary alkylamines with isatoic anhydride. This strategy avoids protection and deprotection of sugar hydroxyl groups and the use of reductive agents, which makes it advantageous in terms of atom and step economy. Moreover, in order to circumvent the cons of classical N-aryl glycosylation, we investigate the use of microwave as a heat source that provides fast, clean, and high-yield β-N-arylation of unprotected carbohydrates. Their self-assembly into water led to multiple morphologies of dynamic supramolecular glycoamphiphiles that were characterized to assess their ability to bind to lectins from pathogenic bacteria. Biophysical interactions probed by isothermal titration microcalorimetry revealed micromolar affinities for most of the synthesized glycoamphiphiles.

Electrical impedance based condition monitoring of machine elements–a systematic review

Condition monitoring of machine elements becomes more important over the last years. Different approaches to detect failures in mechanical components have been developed. All these methods are located at a distance from the point of interest, the observed machine element. This leads to uncertainties in the data, which influences the data quality negatively. Using the electrical impedance for condition monitoring enables in situ measurement with reduced uncertainties and higher data quality. In the last years, research considering this topic was done, but a systematic overview is missing. In this article, a systematic literature research according to the PRISMA approach is fulfilled. The main questions are, what application fields for electrical impedance-based condition monitoring approaches exists and which research gaps are not addressed yet. At the end, 21 articles are categorized in their application fields. Analyzing their content, research questions are identified which have to be addressed in further investigations.

Research progress on antitumor effects of sea buckthorn, a traditional Chinese medicine homologous to food and medicine

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae Fructus), as a homologous species of medicine and food, is widely used by Mongolians and Tibetans for its anti-tumor, antioxidant and liver-protecting properties. In this review, the excellent anti-tumor effect of sea buckthorn was first found through network pharmacology, and its active components such as isorhamnetin, quercetin, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid were found to have significant anti-tumor effects. The research progress and application prospect of sea buckthorn and its active components in anti-tumor types, mechanism of action, liver protection, anti-radiation and toxicology were reviewed, providing theoretical basis for the development of sea buckthorn products in the field of anti-tumor research and clinical application.

Seracam: characterisation of a new small field of view hybrid gamma camera for nuclear medicine

BackgroundPortable gamma cameras are being developed for nuclear medicine procedures such as thyroid scintigraphy. This article introduces Seracam® – a new technology that combines small field of view gamma imaging with optical imaging – and reports its performance and suitability for small organ imaging.MethodsThe count rate capability, uniformity, spatial resolution, and sensitivity for 99mTc are reported for four integrated pinhole collimators of nominal sizes of 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm and 5 mm. Characterisation methodology is based on NEMA guidelines, with some adjustments necessitated by camera design. Two diagnostic scenarios – thyroid scintigraphy and gastric emptying – are simulated using clinically relevant activities and geometries to investigate application-specific performance. A qualitative assessment of the potential benefits and disadvantages of Seracam is also provided.ResultsSeracam’s performance across the measured characteristics is appropriate for small field of view applications in nuclear medicine. At an imaging distance of 50 mm, corresponding to a field of view of 77.6 mm × 77.6 mm, spatial resolution ranged from 4.6 mm to 26 mm and sensitivity from 3.6 cps/MBq to 52.2 cps/MBq, depending on the collimator chosen. Results from the clinical simulations were particularly promising despite the challenging scenarios investigated. The optimal collimator choice was strongly application dependent, with gastric emptying relying on the higher sensitivity of the 5 mm pinhole whereas thyroid imaging benefitted from the enhanced spatial resolution of the 1 mm pinhole. Signal to noise ratio in images was improved by pixel binning. Seracam has lower measured sensitivity when compared to a traditional large field of view gamma camera, for the simulated applications this is balanced by advantages such as high spatial resolution, portability, ease of use and real time gamma-optical image fusion and display.ConclusionThe results show that Seracam has appropriate performance for small organ 99mTc imaging. The results also show that the performance of small field of view systems must be considered holistically and in clinically appropriate scenarios.

SCIENTIFIC PROJECT TEAMS MANAGEMENT IN WARTIME REALITIES: PERSONNEL SECURITY ENSURING ASPECTS

The study is devoted to the scientific project teams management in the realities of wartime and personnel security ensuring aspects. The purpose of the work was to identify features that should be taken into account by personnel management and scientific and pedagogical personnel who are heads of scientific projects during the management of project teams engaged in research work under the influence of wartime risks. The research methodology means the use of content analysis and specialized literature processing, as well as taking expert opinion on modern features of scientific project management into account. As a result of the study, features were identified that should be taken into account by managers and scientific and pedagogical staff , including heads of scientific projects, when managing project teams mission is to provide research work under the influence of wartime risks; the characteristic features of the scientific projects management in comparison with applied research were investigated; the peculiarities of the scientific project team formation are determined, personnel risks accompanying the process of implementing a scientific project both in peacetime and in wartime are determined, and proposals are made for optimizing the management of scientific projects in the realities of wartime. The peculiarities of the scientific project team formation have been established, which include: the need for a team member to belong to the work team of a scientific institution or institution of higher education, the team members' compliance with the characteristics of active researchers, their availability of professional publications on the topic of the project; search for people with scientific degrees and scientific titles and united by common scientific interests. The field of application of research results is science management, project management, flexible management and team management in scientific and educational institutions, critical infrastructure enterprises and business structures.

Flowers Images Classification with Deep Learning: A Review

Significant progress has been made in the field of digital image processing in recent years through the utilization of machine learning and deep learning, surpassing previous methods by a large margin. Deep learning methods allow devices such as computers and mobile to automatically understand pattern characteristics. This review paper highlights challenges and issues in machine-deep learning applied to the domain of flower classification. in addition, the datasets were extracted that were found in the literature. The review offered in this article can encourage researchers in the domain of agriculture inspired techniques research society to further enhance the efficacy of the AI methods and to use the different AI techniques in other fields for solving complicated real-life challenges. In addition, the article provides an overview of the artificial intelligence techniques employed in the field of flower recognition, detection, segmentation, and other applications, delivering the most delinquent and recent literature for solving issues for researchers in the area of flowers.

CoCorrole-Functionalized PCN-222 for Carbon Monoxide Selective Adsorption.

The high risk of CO poisoning justifies the need for indoor air quality control and warning systems based on the detection of low concentrations (ppm-ppb) of CO. Cobalt corrole complexes selectively bind CO vs. O2, CO2, N2, opening new fields of applications. By combining the CO chemisorption properties of cobalt corroles with the known sorption capacity of MOFs, we hope to obtain high performance sensing materials for CO detection. In addition, the exposed metal sites of MOFs lead to CO2 physisorption, allowing the co-detection of CO and CO2. In this work, PCN-222 a stable Zr-based MOF made from Ni(TCPP) with natural vacancies has been used as a porous matrix for the grafting of electron-poor metallocorroles. The materials were characterized by powder XRD, SEM and optical microscopy, BET analyses and gas adsorption measurements at 298 K. No degradation of the crystalline structure of PCN-222 was observed. At 1 atm, the adsorbed CO(g) volumes measured for the best materials were 12.15 cm3 g-1 and 14.01 cm3 g-1 for CoCorr2@PCN-222 and CoCorr3@PCN-222 respectively, and both materials exhibited high CO chemisorption and selectivity against O2, N2, and CO2 at low pressure due to the highest energy of the chemisorption process vs physisorption. (198 Words).

First-Principles Study of High-Entropy Sulfides and their Alkali Metal-Doped Modification as Cathode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

High-entropy materials (HEMs) have been explored as high-capacity cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their excellent structural stability and abundant metal redox sites. Among them, high-entropy sulfides (HESs) have greater potential and more extensive research than high-entropy oxides, as they exhibit higher charging voltage and theoretical capacity as cathodes. Furthermore, alkali metal doping of HESs can further enhance their performance and broaden their application fields. Inspired by the cocktail effect of HEMs, we performed the first theoretical calculation of the properties of Na(MnFeCoNi)1/2S and its Li-doped derivative, Na7/8Li1/8(MnFeCoNi)1/2S, to understand their potential as SIB cathode materials. Using density functional theory based on first principles, we investigated the structure and electronic characteristics of Na(MnFeCoNi)1/2S and Na7/8Li1/8(MnFeCoNi)1/2S, and calculated their theoretical voltage and capacity, respectively. Compared with Na(MnFeCoNi)1/2S, Na7/8Li1/8(MnFeCoNi)1/2S showed better electronic performance in reducing the band gap and increasing the density of states, ultimately providing a specific capacity of 160.3 mAh ⋅ g-1 and a charging voltage of 4.85 V in sodium-ion storage. Moreover, Na7/8Li1/8(MnFeCoNi)1/2S exhibited remarkable structural stability throughout the sodium-ion deintercalation process, thus it can be reasonably concluded that Na7/8Li1/8(MnFeCoNi)1/2S can serve as an excellent cathode material for future SIB applications.

Analysis and justification of the use of existing blockchain solutions for the protection of digital assets

The subject of this article is consideration of modern blockchain solutions and their potential use in the context of digital asset protection. Various aspects of blockchain technology are explored, including consensus mechanisms, security levels, and functionality. The goal of the work is a systematic analysis and justification of the application of various blockchain solutions for the protection of digital assets. The article is aimed at determining the effectiveness and feasibility of using specific blockchain protocols and their functional elements to ensure the safety, reliability, and integrity of digital assets. The following tasks were solved in the article: consideration of modern blockchain technologies and consideration of their role in ensuring the security of digital assets. Conducting a detailed analysis of popular blockchain protocols, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Hyperledger Fabric, with a focus on their security against various types of cyber threats and attacks. The following methods are used: analysis of blockchain protocols, expert evaluations of the effectiveness of protection of digital assets, and study of the technical features of each solution. The following results were obtained: clearly defined advantages and disadvantages of each protocol were obtained, taking into account their applicability in the field of digital assets in various fields of application, such as semantic analysis of texts, E-Learning, Big Data, DDP-systems, finance, etc. In addition, the issue of network privacy in the context of information protection was investigated and justifies the choice of the optimal blockchain solution for a specific use. Conclusions: The article provides readers with an overview of how to effectively use blockchain to ensure the reliability and security of digital assets in a variety of usage scenarios. In today's digital world, where the value of digital assets is growing exponentially, protecting them from cyber threats becomes a critical task. Blockchain technologies, originally developed for cryptocurrencies, have gained recognition as an effective tool in the field of cyber security. The importance of standardization and regulation in the field of blockchain technologies to ensure their effective integration and compliance with the requirements of the law is put forward.

The use of the Isolation Forest model for anomaly detection in measurement data

The subject of the research is the Isolation Forest model, which is a powerful and efficient tool for detecting anomalies in measurement data and outliers, applicable in various fields where ensuring high accuracy and reliability of measurements is important. The goal of the study is to apply the Isolation Forest model to identify unusual or anomalous patterns that differ from typical patterns in the output data. This is achieved by isolating anomalous patterns from normal ones through the construction of multiple different decision trees. The task of the research is to detect outliers in data obtained during the preparation for international comparisons on the state primary standard for mass and volume flow rate of fluid, mass and volume of fluid flowing through a pipeline, by measuring with a сoriolis flowmeter. Data collected during metrological studies undergo processing by the model to detect anomalies. This model analyzes the data and identifies anomalous or outlier values that may indicate systematic or random measurement errors. It enables quick and efficient detection of even the smallest deviations in the data, helping to maintain high accuracy and reliability of measurement results. The main methods for detecting outliers in statistical analysis, which are distribution-independent, are the Grubbs' criterion, interquartile range distribution, and standard deviation. They are sensitive to sample size but are simple and understandable tools. However, the Isolation Forest model also has its limitations, particularly it can be resource-demanding for large datasets. Additionally, it is necessary to consider that using the model requires proper parameter tuning to achieve optimal results. The results of the research include assessment of the Isolation Forest model's effectiveness by comparing it with traditional outlier detection methods. Comparative analysis of the results of different approaches to the same task is an effective method for evaluating the model's performance. Conclusion. The article concludes with the perspective of further research development in this direction. The work will focus on further developing methods for detecting anomalies in measurement data and improving the accuracy and reliability of measurement results in various application fields, which can find broad applications in science and industry.

Deep‐Learning‐Assisted Piezoresistive Intelligent Glove for Pressure Monitoring and Object Identification

AbstractThe array of tactile information processing capabilities is an important index for modern intelligent devices advancing toward a humanoid form, and it greatly improves the recognition of different objects in human‐computer interactions. Herein, a deep‐learning‐assisted intelligent grasping recognition system based on a piezoresistive sensing glove, hardware conditioning, and acquisition circuits, and a multibranch deep‐capsule network is reported. Owing to the multiscale 3D structure of carbon nanotube (CNTs)/carbon fiber (CFs) embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the piezoresistive sensing glove is highly sensitive to the pressure exerted by external objects. The acquired signals are reflected on a hand‐like background map, and a combination of multiple subgraphs is used to build the dataset. A multibranch deep‐capsule network is constructed to encode spatial information while realizing object recognition with an accuracy of 99.4%. Therefore, the proposed intelligent grasping recognition system possesses good human‐robot interaction capabilities, providing a new approach for the development of intelligent robots in the field of perceptual recognition applications.

The method of linear-logical operators and logical equations in information extraction tasks

Relational and logical methods of knowledge representation play a key role in creating a mathematical basis for information systems. Predicate algebra and predicate operators are among the most effective tools for describing information in detail. These tools make it easy to formulate formalized information, create database queries, and simulate human activity. In the context of the new need for reliable and efficient data selection, a problem arises in deeper analysis. Subject of the study is the theory of quantum linear equations based on the algebra of linear predicate operations, the formal apparatus of linear logic operators and methods for solving logical equations in information extraction tasks. Aim of the study is a developing of a method for using linear logic operators and logical equations to extract information. This approach can significantly optimize the process of extracting the necessary information, even in huge databases. Main tasks: analysis of existing approaches to information extraction; consideration of the theory of linear logic operators; study of methods for reducing logic to an algebraic form; analysis of logical spaces and the algebra of finite predicate actions and the theory of linear logic operators. The research methods involve a systematic analysis of the mathematical structure of the algebra of finite predicates and predicate functions to identify the key elements that affect the query formation process. The method of using linear logic operators and logical equations for information extraction is proposed. The results of the study showed that the method of using linear logic operators and logical equations is a universal and adaptive tool for working with algebraic data structures. It can be applied in a wide range of information extraction tasks and prove its value as one of the possible methods of information processing. Conclusion. The paper investigates formal methods of intelligent systems, in particular, ways of representing knowledge in accordance with the peculiarities of the field of application and the language that allows encoding this knowledge for storage in computer memory. The proposed method can be implemented in the development of language interfaces for automated information access systems, in search engine algorithms, for logical analysis of information in databases and expert systems, as well as in performing tasks related to object recognition and classification.

Progress of GaN-Based E-mode HEMTs

Abstract With the continuous improvement of the power density and operating frequency in power conversion systems, it is necessary to develop the new power electronic products with better performances than the conventional semiconductors. As a typical representative of the wide-bandgap semiconductors, gallium nitride (GaN)-based heterostructure has unique high-density two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) and hence can be used to fabricate the fast high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with low power loss. Therefore, they are considered as a promising candidate for the next-generation power devices to improve the switching efficiency and speed. Compared with the depletion mode (D-mode, also known as normally-on) devices, the enhancement-mode (E-mode, also known as normally-off) devices have the advantages of safety, energy-saving, and better circuit topology design, making them more attractive for industry applications. In this paper, the different structure schemes and fabrication technologies of the GaN-based E-mode HEMTs are reviewed and summarized. Their technical characteristics are systematically compared. The influences of material epitaxial structure, ohmic contact, material etching, field plate design, and passivation process on the device performances are discussed in detail wherein the fabrication process of the recessed-gate MIS-HEMTs are emphatically illustrated, focusing on the interface treatment technology and dielectric engineering. In addition, the complicated reliability issues and physical mechanisms in the E-mode HEMTs induced by high temperature, high voltage, and high frequency switching are introduced and discussed. Finally, the potential technical solutions are proposed and the future application fields of GaN-based E-mode HEMTs are prospected.

Influence of scanning speed on titanium alloy processed with TC4+Ni60/hBN composite powder by laser metal deposition coating technology

PurposeRegarding the broadening of the titanium alloy application field, the surface treatment coating of TC4 alloy has become an essential global research topic. This study aims to illustrate the titanium-based composite coating is created by laser cladding TC4+Ni60/hBN composite powder onto the surface of the TC4 alloy.Design/methodology/approachDifferent laser scanning speeds were initially selected to prepare TC4+Ni60/hBN titanium-based composite coating on the surface of TC4 alloy using RFL-C1000 Raycus fiber laser. Second, the cladding layers with different laser scanning speeds are composed of Ti2Ni, TiN0.3, TiC, TiB, α-Ti and other phases. Finally, precision balances, friction and wear testing machines were used to analyze and test the structure, phase, hardness, wear amount and friction coefficient of the composite coating and to study the effect of laser scanning speed on the microstructure and properties of the titanium-based composite coating.FindingsIt is evident that at the low laser scanning speed, the reinforcing phase agglomeration area is distributed in the substrate as a network. Increasing the laser scanning speed can reduce the cladding layer's friction coefficient and improve the cladding layer's hardness and wear resistance. But too high a laser scanning speed will cause defects such as pores and cracks in the cladding layer and also affect the cladding layer. The bonding performance of the layer and the substrate is optimal in this research at a laser scanning speed of 10 mm/s.Originality/valueThis research has practical value in improving the quality of surface treatment coating in modern aerospace and automotive companies.

Nano-Sensors Communications and Networking for Healthcare Systems: Review and Outlooks

The growth of human population and emergence of pandemics has enhanced the need for healthcare treatment and medications. The development of nanotechnology acts as a platform in diagnosis and detection of various diseases. The presence of Nano-sensors in Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has the ability to sense and monitor real time data in various fields of applications, particularly in healthcare. In this paper, a comprehensive investigation of numerous studies that have worked on various systems for integrating Nano-sensor communication networks with the IoT in medical fields are studied. This research highlights and analyses the capabilities of various nano-forms of nano layered materials utilized in the identification of diseases. The efficiency of different techniques is validated in terms of energy consumption, detection ability and adapting ability of various environments. Moreover, this work focuses on the applications of nano-sensors communications, and networking for healthcare systems, along with challenges and topics which are needed to be explored.

Analysis of drop-on-demand printing characteristics and stability driven by inertial forces

As the core technology in the field of microdroplet related applications, researchers have been striving to develop new driving methods and improve the stability of inkjet printing technology to meet the diverse needs of various materials and applications. In this study, a novel, simple, and cost-effective droplet printing method based on inertial force driving is proposed, and its printing characteristics and stability are investigated through experimental and numerical simulation studies. A numerical model was developed to explore the effects of operating parameters and fluid properties on the printing process. The results showed that for a given fluid, it is easier to form satellite droplets when driven from a smaller nozzle with higher voltage and pulse width. The hydrophilic nature of the nozzle can suppress the formation of satellite droplets, but it is prone to retain liquid, thereby affecting the next printing effect. Under certain operating conditions, fluids with lower density, higher viscosity, and higher surface tension are difficult to be driven but can suppress the formation of satellite droplets and promote printing stability. Finally, a parameter space composed of dimensionless numbers Op representing operating parameters and Z representing fluid properties (reciprocal of the Oh number) was established to investigate the comprehensive influence on the printing. The correctness of this parameter space in guiding the selection of parameters for stable droplet printing was validated through experiments.

The Effect of Knowledge Orchestration On Dynamic Capabilities: An Analytical Research in the Iraqi Media Network

This research aims to know the effect of the knowledge orchestra with its dimensions (knowledge mobilization, knowledge acquisition, knowledge coordination, knowledge sharing, and knowledge integration) on the dynamic capabilities with its dimensions (environmental sensing capabilities, opportunity investment capabilities, resource rearrangement capabilities, marketing capabilities, and technological capabilities). The main problem of this research was represented by the current question (Was the Iraqi Media Network able to invest the knowledge orchestra in achieving distinguished performance across having dynamic capabilities?). The Iraqi Media Network took a field of application for these variables, as the research sample included the senior leaders of the Iraqi Media Network, their numbers were 134 being between a director of a directorate, an assistant director, and a head of a department. The research used the quantitative method and the questionnaire was the main tool for collecting data and information, and the research used the SPSS program (v. 25) for data analysis. The results of the study concluded that there is a significant and positive influence and correlation between each dimension of the orchestra's knowledge operations and its dynamic capabilities. Also, results of the research reported that the Media Network showed its modules to mobilize knowledge through adopting communication patterns that are harmonious with its orientation towards having intellectual capital that distinguishes it from others, particularly it works to expand the knowledge base, such as diversity in knowledge fields within its current and future staff.

Atypical applications of transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles methodology for in-capillary reactions in capillary electrophoresis.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique offering quick and efficient analyses in various fields of bioanalytical chemistry. It is characterized by many well-known advantages, but one, which is perhaps the most important for this application field, is somewhat overlooked. It is the possibility to perform chemical and biochemical reactions at the nL scale inside the separation capillary. There are two basic formats applicable for this purpose, heterogeneous and homogeneous. In the former, one reactant is immobilized onto a particle or monolithic support or directly on the capillary wall, and the other is injected. In the latter, the reactant mixing inside a capillary is based on electromigration or diffusion. One of the diffusion-based methodologies, termed Transverse Diffusion of Laminar Flow Profiles, is the subject of this review. Since most studies utilizing in-capillary reactions in CE focus on enzymes, which are being continuously and exhaustively reviewed, this review covers the atypical applications of this methodology, but still in the bioanalytical field. As can be seen from the demonstrated applications, they are not limited to reactions, but can also be utilized for other biochemical systems.