Field Stimulation-induced Contractions Research Articles

Evaluation of the mechanism of action of paracetamol, drotaverine, and peppermint oil and their effects in combination with hyoscine butylbromide on colonic motility: human ex-vivo study.

Drotaverine, paracetamol, and peppermint oil are often prescribed for the treatment of gastrointestinal spasm and pain. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of these drugs alone and combined with the well-known antispasmodic hyoscine butylbromide on the human colon. Colon samples were obtained from macroscopically normal regions of 68 patients undergoing surgery and studied in muscle bath. Drotaverine, paracetamol, and peppermint oil were tested alone and in combination with hyoscine butylbromide on (1) spontaneous contractility induced by isometric stretch (in the presence of 1µM tetrodotoxin) and (2) contractility induced by 10-5M carbachol and after (3) electrical field stimulation-induced selective stimulation of excitatory (in the presence of 1mMNω-nitro-L-arginine and 10µM MRS2179) and (4) inhibitory (under non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic conditions) pathways. (5) Drotaverine alone was also tested on cAMP-dependent pathway activated by forskolin. Compared with the vehicle, drotaverine and paracetamol (10-9-10-5M) did not modify spontaneous contractions, carbachol-induced contractions, and responses attributed to selective activation of excitatory pathways. The addition of hyoscine butylbromide (10-7-10-5M), concentration-dependently reduced myogenic contractions and carbachol- and electrical field stimulation-induced contractile responses. The association of paracetamol (10-4M) and hyoscine butylbromide (10-7-10-5M) was not different from hyoscine butylbromide alone (10-7-10-5M). At higher concentrations (10-3M-3*10-3M), paracetamol decreased myogenic and carbachol-induced contractions. The adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, concentration-dependently reduced contractility, leading to smooth muscle relaxation. The effect of forskolin 10-7M was concentration-dependently enhanced by drotaverine (10-6M-10-5M). Peppermint oil reduced myogenic activity and carbachol- and electrical field stimulation-induced contractions. The association of hyoscine butylbromide and peppermint oil was synergistic since the interaction index measured with the isobologram was lower than 1. No effect was seen on the neural-mediated inhibitory responses with any of the drugs studied although peppermint oil reduced the subsequent off-contraction. Drotaverine and hyoscine butylbromide have a complementary effect on human colon motility as one stimulates the cAMP inhibitory pathway and the other inhibits the excitatory pathway. Peppermint oil is synergic with hyoscine butylbromide suggesting that a combination therapy may be more effective in treating patients. In contrast, at therapeutic concentrations, paracetamol does not modify colonic contractility, suggesting that the association of paracetamol and hyoscine butylbromide has independent analgesic and antispasmodic properties.

L-Fucose promotes enteric nervous system regeneration in type 1 diabetic mice by inhibiting SMAD2 signaling pathway in enteric neural precursor cells

BackgroundDiabetes can lead to extensive damage to the enteric nervous system (ENS), causing gastrointestinal motility disorders. However, there is currently a lack of effective treatments for diabetes-induced ENS damage. Enteric neural precursor cells (ENPCs) closely regulate the structural and functional integrity of the ENS. L-Fucose, is a dietary sugar that has been showed to effectively ameliorate central nervous system injuries, but its potential for ameliorating ENS damage and the involvement of ENPCs in this process remains uncertain.MethodsGenetically engineered mice were generated for lineage tracing of ENPCs in vivo. Using diabetic mice in vivo and high glucose-treated primary ENPCs in vitro, the effects of L-Fucose on the injured ENS and ENPCs was evaluated by assessing gastrointestinal motility, ENS structure, and the differentiation of ENPCs. The key signaling pathways in regulating neurogenesis and neural precursor cells properties, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its downstream signaling pathways were further examined to clarify the potential mechanism of L-Fucose on the injured ENS and ENPCs.ResultsL-Fucose improved gastrointestinal motility in diabetic mice, including increased defecation frequency (p < 0.05), reduced total gastrointestinal transmission time (p < 0.001) and bead expulsion time (p < 0.05), as well as enhanced spontaneous contractility and electric field stimulation-induced contraction response in isolated colonic muscle strips (p < 0.001). The decrease in the number of neurons and glial cells in the ENS of diabetic mice were reversed by L-Fucose treatment. More importantly, L-Fucose treatment significantly promoted the proportion of ENPCs differentiated into neurons and glial cells both in vitro and in vivo, accompanied by inhibiting SMAD2 phosphorylation.ConclusionsL-Fucose could promote neurogenesis and gliogenesis derived from ENPCs by inhibiting the SMAD2 signaling, thus facilitating ENS regeneration and gastrointestinal motility recovery in type 1 diabetic mice.7Zzihak_jncvcnfCNwCPXsVideo

Organ-specific off-target effects of Pim/ZIP kinase inhibitors suggest lack of contractile Pim kinase activity in prostate, bladder, and vascular smooth muscle.

Smooth muscle contraction by Pim kinases and ZIPK has been suggested, but evidence for lower urinary tract organs or using Pim-selective inhibitor concentrations is not yet available. Here, we assessed effects of the Pim inhibitors AZD1208 and TCS PIM-1 and the dual ZIPK/Pim inhibitor HS38 on contractions of human prostate and bladder tissues and of porcine interlobar arteries. Human tissues were obtained from radical prostatectomy and radical cystectomy and renal interlobar arteries from pigs. Contractions were studied in an organ bath. Noradrenaline-, phenylephrine- and methoxamine-induced contractions were reduced (up to > 50%) with 500-nM AZD1208 in prostate tissues and to lesser degree and not consistently with all agonists in interlobar arteries. A total of 100-nM AZD1208 or 500-nM TCS PIM-1 did not affect agonist-induced contractions in prostate tissues. Decreases in agonist-induced contractions with 3-µM HS38 in prostate tissues and interlobar arteries were of small extent and did not occur with each agonist. Carbachol-induced contractions in detrusor tissues were unchanged with AZD1208 (500nM) or HS38. Electric field stimulation-induced contractions were not affected with AZD1208 or HS38 in any tissue, but slightly reduced with 500-nM TCS PIM-1 in prostate tissues. Concentration-dependent effects of Pim inhibitors suggest lacking Pim-driven smooth muscle contraction in the prostate, bladder, and interlobar arteries but point to organ-specific functions of off-targets. Procontractile functions of ZIPK in the prostate and interlobar arteries may be limited and are lacking in the detrusor.

Impaired colonic motility in high-glycemic diet-induced diabetic mice is associated with disrupted gut microbiota and neuromuscular function.

Similar to the high-fat diet (HFD), the high-glycemic diet (HGD) contributes to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the effect of HGD on gastrointestinal motility in T2DM and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thirty C57BL/6J mice were randomly designated into the normal-feeding diet (NFD) group, HFD group, and HGD group. The plasma glucose, plasma insulin, and gastrointestinal motility were examined. Meanwhile, the tension of isolated colonic smooth muscle rings was calculated, and the gut microbiota was analyzed by 16s rDNA high-throughput sequencing. After 16 weeks of HGD feeding, obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and constipation were observed in HGD mice. Autonomic contraction frequency of the colonic neuromuscular system and electrical field stimulation-induced contractions were reduced in HGD mice. On the contrary, neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity and neuromuscular relaxation were found to be enhanced. Finally, gut microbiota analysis revealed that Rhodospirillaceae abundance significantly increased at the family level in HGD mice. At the genus level, the abundance of Insolitispirillum increased remarkably, whereas Turicibacter abundance decreased significantly in HGD mice. HGD induced constipation in obese diabetic mice, which we speculated that it may be related to neuromuscular dysmotility and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.

Regional differences of tachykinin effects on smooth muscle and pacemaker potentials of the stomach, duodenum, ileum and colon of an emetic model, the house musk shrews

Background and aimsThe contractile effects of tachykinins on the gastrointestinal tract are well-known, but how they modulate slow-waves, particularly in species capable of emesis, remains largely unknown. We aimed to elucidate the effects of tachykinins on myoelectric and contractile activity of isolated gastrointestinal tissues of the Suncus murinus. MethodsThe effects of substance P (SP), neurokinin (NK)A, NKB and selective NK1 (CP122,721, CP99,994), NK2 (SR48,968, GR159,897) and NK3 (SB218,795, SB222,200) receptor antagonists on isolated stomach, duodenum, ileum and colon segments were studied. Mechanical contractile activity was recorded using isometric force displacement transducers. Electrical pacemaker activity was recorded using a microelectrode array. ResultsCompared with NKA, SP induced larger contractions in stomach tissue and smaller contractions in intestinal segments, where oscillation magnitudes increased in intestinal segments, but not the stomach. CP122,721 and GR159,897 inhibited electrical field stimulation-induced contractions of the stomach, ileum and colon. NKB and NK3 had minor effects on contractile activity. The inhibitory potencies of SP and NKA on the peristaltic frequency of the colon and ileum, respectively, were correlated with those on electrical pacemaker frequency. SP, NKA and NKB inhibited pacemaker activity of the duodenum and ileum, but increased that of the stomach and colon. SP elicited a dose-dependent contradictive pacemaker frequency response in the colon. ConclusionThis study revealed distinct effects of tachykinins on the mechanical and electrical properties of the stomach and colon vs. the proximal intestine, providing a unique aspect on neuromuscular correlation in terms of the effects of tachykinin on peristaltic and pacemaker activity in gastrointestinal-related symptoms.

Aqueous extracts of Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) leaf contain a P2-purinoceptor antagonist-Implications for male fertility.

Stinging nettle root and leaf extracts were tested for their effect on prostatic smooth muscle contractility. Root extract did not affect electrical field stimulation induced-nerve mediated contractions of isolated rat prostates. On the other hand, leaf extract attenuated electrical field stimulation-induced contractions at all frequencies. Similarly, contractions elicited by exogenous administration of ATP and αβ-methylene ATP were inhibited by leaf extract, whereas contractions elicited by exogenous administration of noradrenaline or acetylcholine were unaffected. The active component was present within the aqueous phase of the leaf extract. In mouse mating studies, stinging nettle leaf extract (50 mg p.o. daily) reduced male fertility by 53% compared to vehicle-treated male mice. Cardiovascular parameters were unaffected by administration of stinging nettle leaf extract (p ≥ 0.057). Treated mice exhibited normal mating behaviour. Bladder and testes weighed less in stinging nettle leaf extract treated mice. All other organs and total body weight were unaffected. It is concluded that stinging nettle leaf extract reduces contractility of genitourinary smooth muscle by acting as an antagonist at postjunctional P2X1-purinoceptors. These data indicates that blocking sperm transport through pharmacological blockade of P2X1-purinoceptors via oral administration is consistent with an effective and convenient biological strategy male contraception.

Stress decreases contraction of the colon, and the effects of stress are different among the regions of the colon.

Stress affects a variety of organs. Diarrhea and constipation are closely related to stress, which involves the gastrointestinal motility of the colon. We compared the gastrointestinal motility of the proximal, mid, and distal colon in mice with stress. Stress was applied by water immersion restraint. Colon motility was measured using an isotonic transducer in the direction of the circular muscles. Electric field stimulation-induced contractions in stressed mice were reduced compared to control mice in the proximal and distal colon. On the other hand, in the mid colon, contraction in control mice and stressed mice were almost same. This interesting difference between the regions may provide a clue to the functional abnormalities in gastrointestinal motility associated with stress.

Concentration-dependent alpha1-Adrenoceptor Antagonism and Inhibition of Neurogenic Smooth Muscle Contraction by Mirabegron in the Human Prostate

Introduction: Mirabegron is available for treatment of storage symptoms in overactive bladder, which may be improved by β3-adrenoceptor-induced bladder smooth muscle relaxation. In addition to storage symptoms, lower urinary tract symptoms in men include obstructive symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia, caused by increased prostate smooth muscle tone and prostate enlargement. In contrast to the bladder and storage symptoms, effects of mirabegron on prostate smooth muscle contraction and obstructive symptoms are poorly understood. Evidence from non-human smooth muscle suggested antagonism of α1-adrenoceptors as an important off-target effect of mirabegron. As α1-adrenergic contraction is crucial in pathophysiology and medical treatment of obstructive symptoms, we here examined effects of mirabegron on contractions of human prostate tissues and on proliferation of prostate stromal cells. Methods: Contractions were induced in an organ bath. Effects of mirabegron on proliferation, viability, and cAMP levels in cultured stromal cells were examined by EdU assays, CCK-8 assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Mirabegron in concentrations of 5 and 10 μM, but not 1 µM inhibited electric field stimulation-induced contractions of human prostate tissues. Mirabegron in concentrations of 5 and 10 µM shifted concentration response curves for noradrenaline-, methoxamine- and phenylephrine-induced contractions to the right, including recovery of contractions at high concentrations of α1-adrenergic agonists, increased EC50 values, but unchanged Emax values. Rightshifts of noradrenaline concentration response curves and inhibition of EFS-induced contractions were resistant to L-748,337, l-NAME, and BPIPP. 1 µM mirabegron was without effect on α1-adrenergic contractions. Endothelin-1- and U46619-induced contractions were not affected or only inhibited to neglectable extent. Effects of mirabegron (0.5–10 µM) on proliferation and viability of stromal cells were neglectable or small, reaching maximum decreases of 8% in proliferation assays and 17% in viability assays. Mirabegron did not induce detectable increases of cAMP levels in cultured stromal cells. Conclusion: Mirabegron inhibits neurogenic and α1-adrenergic human prostate smooth muscle contractions. This inhibition may be based on antagonism of α1-adrenoceptors by mirabegron, and does not include activation of β3-adrenoceptors and requires concentrations ranging 50-100fold higher than plasma concentrations reported from normal dosing. Non-adrenergic contractions and proliferation of prostate stromal cells are not inhibited by mirabegron.

Endothelium modulates electrical field stimulation-induced contractions of Chelonoidis carbonaria aortic rings

The role of endothelium in the electrical-field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions of Chelonoidis carbonaria aorta was investigated. Contractions were evaluated in the presence and absence of L-NAME (100 μM), tetrodotoxin (1 μM), phentolamine (10 and 100 μM), phenoxybenzamine (1 and 10 μM), prazosin (100 μM), idazoxan (100 μM), atropine (10 μM), D-tubocurarine (10 μM) or indomethacin (10 μM). EFS-induced contraction was also carried out in endothelium-denuded rings. EFS-induced contraction was investigated by the sandwich assay. Concentration curves to endothelin-1 (0.1–100 nM) and U46619 (0.001–100 μM) were also constructed to calculate both Emax and EC50. EFS at 16 Hz contracted Chelonoidis aorta, which was almost abolished by the endothelium removal. The addition of L-NAME increased the EFS response (2.0 ± 0.4 and 8.3 ± 1.9 mN). In L-NAME treated aortic rings, tetrodotoxin did not change the EFS-response (5.1 ± 1.8 and 4.9 ± 1.7 mN). Indomethacin, atropine and d-tubucurarine also did not affect the EFS-response. Phentolamine at 10 μM did not change the EFS-induced contraction; however, at 100 μM, reduced it (3.9 ± 1 and 1.9 ± 0.3 mN). Prazosin and idazoxan did not change EFS-induced contractions. Phenoxybenzamine at 1 μM reduced by 76% (9.6 ± 3.4 and 2.3 ± 0.8 mN) and at 10 μM by 90% the EFS response. Immunohistochemistry identified tyrosine hydroxylase in the endothelium and brain, whereas S100 protein was found only in brain. In conclusion, endothelium modulates EFS-induced contractions in Chelonoidis aortic rings and this modulation may be due to endothelium-derived catecholamines, possibly dopamine.

Electrical field stimulation induces endothelium-dependent contraction of human umbilical cord vessels

Electrical field stimulation (EFS) has been used for decades in classical pharmacological preparations in order to characterize the mediators released by neural endings involved in smooth muscle contraction or relaxation. Since most of the human umbilical cord has no innervation, EFS has never been used in this preparation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of EFS on vascular responsiveness from human umbilical cord. Segments of the human umbilical cord were obtained from normotensive parturients and the human umbilical artery (HUA) and the human umbilical vein (HUV) were isolated and mounted in organ bath chambers. Electrical field stimulation-induced contractions in both HUA (2.35 ± 1.31 mN and 3.77 ± 2.31 mN for 8 Hz and 16 Hz respectively, n = 24) and HUV (3.81 ± 2.54 mN and 6.26 ± 4.51 mN for 8 Hz and 16 Hz respectively, n = 25). The addition of tetrodotoxin (1 μM) did not alter the EFS-induced contractions in both tissues (n = 5). Pre-incubation with atropine (10 and 100 μM), glibenclamide (10 μM) and indomethacin (10 μM) did not affect the EFS-induced contractions in both tissues. The contractions of both vessels were significantly reduced by pre-incubation of the tissues with phentolamine (10 and 100 μM). The endothelium removal almost abolished the EFS- induced contractions in both vessels (n = 5). In sandwich preparation, donor tissue (with endothelium) released a factor (s) that promoted contraction of the recipient tissue (endothelium removal) in both HUA and HUV (n = 5, respectively). Our findings indicate a potential role of endothelium-derived catecholamines in modulating HUA and HUV reactivities.

Effects of combined treatment with fesoterodine and mirabegron in a pelvic congestion rat model: Results from in vitro and in vivo functional studies.

ObjectivesTo examine the effect of combining a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, 5‐hydroxymethyl tolterodine (an active metabolite of fesoterodine), with a β3 adrenoceptor agonist, mirabegron, in a rat model of pelvic congestion.MethodsThe rat pelvic congestion model used female Sprague‐Dawley rats with their bilateral common iliac and uterine veins ligated. Expressions of M2 and M3 receptor subtypes in the urothelium and detrusor were detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction assays. The effects of both drugs were investigated on isolated bladder strips contracted by electrical field stimulation. in vivo single cystometry was used to assess the effects of 5‐hydroxymethyl tolterodine and mirabegron independently or in combination on bladder capacity, micturition pressure, and threshold pressure.ResultsPelvic congestion rats showed decreased bladder capacity compared with controls, but micturition pressure and threshold pressure were unchanged. Pelvic congestion model rats also demonstrated an approximately two‐fold increase in expression of both M2 and M3 receptor subtypes in the urothelium. Additive relaxant effects of 5‐hydroxymethyl tolterodine and mirabegron were observed in vitro in the electrical field stimulation‐induced contractions of bladder strips from pelvic congestion rats. In vivo, bladder capacity was increased significantly by a combination of 5‐hydroxymethyl tolterodine and mirabegron, with the combined effect exceeding the sum of the effects of monotherapies. Micturition pressure and threshold pressure did not significantly differ between groups.ConclusionsThe combination of 5‐hydroxymethyl tolterodine with mirabegron suggests the potential of synergistic effects in a rat pelvic congestion model.

High-Salt Intake Reduces Apomorphine-Induced Penile Erection and Increases Neurally Mediated Contractile Responses of the Cavernosal Smooth Muscle in Rats.

This study was designed to evaluate whether overconsumption of NaCl, a well-known risk factor for hypertension, leads to erectile dysfunction in rodents. Male Wistar rats received regular chow (control group) or 4% NaCl chow for 24 weeks and were subjected to blood pressure measurement and apomorphine-induced erection. Moreover, cavernosal strips from both the control and 4% NaCl groups were evaluated in organ baths. Animals subjected to 4% NaCl chow did not develop hypertension but presented a significant reduction in the total number of erections following apomorphine administration as compared with the control group. The addition of high KCl or phenylephrine resulted in similar contractile responses in the corpus cavernosal strips from both the control and 4% NaCl groups. However, electrical field stimulation-induced contraction was significantly enhanced in cavernosal strips from animals exposed to 4% NaCl. Incubation of Y-27632, but not of atropine and Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), entirely prevented the potentiation of the contractile responses evoked by electrical stimulation. The enhanced contractile responses evoked by electrical stimulation found in the high-salt group were also avoided in the absence of extracellular calcium. Concentration-response curves of CaCl2 revealed augmented contractility in response to extracellular calcium in cavernosal strips from the 4% NaCl-treated rats, compared with control samples. A high-salt diet alone rendered the animals less responsive to apomorphine-induced penile erection and enhanced neurally mediated contractile responses in the corpus cavernosum, a clear indication that overconsumption of sodium can lead to erectile dysfunction even without the development of hypertension.

Evaluation of Antidepressant Effects on Recovery of Electrical Field Stimulation-Induced Contractions that have been Suppressed by Clonidine in Isolated Rat Vas Deferens

Background: A report examining whether clinically available antidepressants increase urethral smooth muscle contraction via antagonistic effects on the α2-adrenoceptor (α2-AR) is lacking. Objectives: The present study was performed to evaluate the potential of clinically available antidepressants to reverse α2-AR-mediated contractile inhibition in rat vas deferens, in order to predict whether they can induce voiding impairment. Method: The effects of 18 antidepressants of different classes on electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions suppressed by 10–8 mol/L clonidine (a selective α2-AR agonist) in isolated rat vas deferens were investigated and related to their respective clinical blood concentrations. Results: The EFS-induced contractions suppressed by clonidine were recovered by amitriptyline (a tricyclic antidepressant), mirtazapine (a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant), and trazodone (a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist) at concentrations close to the clinical blood levels. EFS-induced contractions were also recovered by trimipramine, clomipramine (tricyclic antidepressants), mianserin (a tetracyclic antidepressant), sertraline (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [SSRI]), and sulpiride (a dopamine D2-receptor antagonist), albeit at concentrations that substantially exceeded their clinically-achievable blood levels. EFS-induced contractions were not significantly affected by imipramine, nortriptyline, amoxapine (tricyclic antidepressants), maprotiline (a tetracyclic antidepressant), fluvoxamine, paroxetine, escitalopram (SSRIs), milnacipran, duloxetine (serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors), and aripiprazole (a dopamine partial agonist). Conclusions: These findings suggest that amitriptyline, mirtazapine, and trazodone induce voiding impairment caused by increased urethral resistance by enhancing sympathetic nerve activities attributed to α2-AR antagonism.

Effect of high-fat diet-induced obesity on the small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel function affecting the contractility of rat detrusor smooth muscle.

Obesity usually induces overactive bladder (OAB) associated with detrusor overactivity, which is related to increased contractility of the detrusor smooth muscle (DSM). Small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels play a constitutive role in the regulation of DSM contractility. However, the role of SK channels in the DSM changes in obesity-related OAB is still unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that obesity-related OAB is associated with reduced expression and activity of SK channels in DSM and that SK channels activation is a potential treatment for OAB. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) and weighed after 12 weeks. Urodynamic studies, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and isometric tension recording were performed. Increased average body weights and urodynamically demonstrated OAB were observed in HFD rats. qRT-PCR experiments revealed a decrease in the mRNA expression level of SK channel in DSM tissue of the HFD rats. Isometric tension recordings indicated an attenuated relaxation effect of NS309 on the spontaneous phasic and electrical field stimulation-induced contractions that occurred via SK channel activation in HFD DSM strips. Reduced expression and activity of SK channels in the DSM contribute to obesity-related OAB, indicating that SK channels are a potential therapeutic target for OAB.

Determining integrity of bladder innervation and smooth muscle function 1 year after lower spinal root transection in canines.

To assess bladder smooth muscle function and innervation after long-term lower spinal root transection in canines. Thirteen female mixed-breed hound dogs underwent bladder decentralization, which included transection of all sacral dorsal and ventral roots caudal to L7 and hypogastric nerves, bilaterally (n = 3); all sacral roots and hypogastric nerves plus transection of L7 dorsal roots, bilaterally (n = 4); or a sham operation (n = 6). At a year after initial surgery, bladder function was assessed in vivo by stimulation of the pelvic plexus. The bladder tissue was harvested for ex vivo smooth muscle contractility studies. Remaining bladder was evaluated for nerve morphology immunohistochemically using neuronal marker PGP9.5, apoptotic activity using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, and histopathology using a hematoxylin and eosin stain. Sacral root decentralization did not reduce maximum strength of pelvic plexus stimulation-induced bladder contraction, although long-term sacral dorsal and ventral root plus L7 dorsal root transection significantly decreased contraction strength. Electric field stimulation-induced contractions of the detrusor from all decentralized animals were preserved, compared to controls. Viable nerves and intramural ganglia were visualized in the bladder wall, regardless of group. There was no difference in amount of apoptosis in bladder smooth muscle between groups. Bladder smooth muscle cells maintain their function after long-term bladder decentralization. While pelvic plexus-induced bladder contractions were less robust at 1 year after lower spinal root transection, the absence of atrophy and preservation of at least some nerve activity may allow for successful surgical reinnervation after long-term injury.

Electrical field stimulation-induced contractions on Pantherophis guttatus corpora cavernosa and aortae.

A tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant mechanism is responsible for the electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions and relaxations of Crotalus durissus terrificus corpora cavernosa. Here it was investigated whether this mechanism also occurs in corpora cavernosa and aortae of the non-venomous snake Pantherophis guttatus corpora cavernosa and aortae. Corpora cavernosa and aortic rings isolated from Pantherophis guttatus snake were mounted in organ bath system for isometric tension recording. EFS-induced contractions in both tissues were performed in the presence and absence of guanethidine (30 μM), phentolamine (10 μM) and tetrodotoxin (1 μM). In another set of experiments, the endothelium was removed from aortic rings and EFS-induced contractions were performed in the denuded rings. Electrical field stimulation-induced contractions were frequency-dependent in Pantherophis guttatus corpora cavernosa and aortic rings. The contractions were significantly reduced in the presence of guanethidine (30 μM) or phentolamine (10 μM). Pre-treatment with tetrodotoxin had no effect on the EFS-induced contractions of either corpora cavernosa or aortic rings. Surprisingly, the EFS-induced contractions of aortic rings denuded of endothelium were almost abolished. These results indicate that the TTX-resistant mechanism is present in EFS-induced contractions of Pantherophis guttatus corpora cavernosa and aortae. The experiments performed in the aorta indicate that the endothelium is the main source for the release of catecholamines induced by EFS.

Tetrodotoxin-insensitive electrical field stimulation-induced contractions on Crotalus durissus terrificus corpus cavernosum.

Reptiles are the first amniotes to develop an intromitent penis, however until now the mechanisms involved in the electrical field stimulation-induced contraction on corpora cavernosa isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus were not investigated. Crotalus and rabbit corpora cavernosa were mounted in 10 mL organ baths for isometric tension recording. Electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions were performed in presence/absence of phentolamine (10 μM), guanethidine (30 μM), tetrodotoxin (1 μM and 1mM), A-803467 (10 μM), 3-iodo-L-Tyrosine (1 mM), salsolinol (3 μM) and a modified Krebs solution (equimolar substitution of NaCl by N-methyl–D-glucamine). Immuno-histochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase was also performed. Electrical field stimulation (EFS; 8 Hz and 16 Hz) caused contractions in both Crotalus and rabbit corpora cavernosa. The contractions were abolished by previous incubation with either phentolamine or guanethidine. Tetrodotoxin (1 μM) also abolished the EFS-induced contractions of rabbit CC, but did not affect EFS-induced contractions of Crotalus CC. Addition of A-803467 (10 μM) did not change the EFS-induced contractions of Crotalus CC but abolished rabbit CC contractions. 3-iodo-L-Tyrosine and salsolinol had no effect on EFS-induced contractions of Crotalus CC and Rabbit CC. Replacement of NaCl by N- Methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) abolished EFS-induced contractions of rabbit CC, but did not affect Crotalus CC. The presence of tyrosine hydroxylase was identified in endothelial cells only of Crotalus CC. Since the EFS-induced contractions of Crotalus CC is dependent on catecholamine release, insensitive to TTX, insensitive to A803467 and to NaCl replacement, it indicates that the source of cathecolamine is unlikely to be from adrenergic terminals. The finding that tyrosine hydroxylase is present in endothelial cells suggests that these cells can modulate Crotalus CC tone.

Clonidine Inhibits Phenylephrine-Induced Contraction of Rat Thoracic Aortae by Competitive Antagonism of α&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;-Adrenoceptors Independent of α&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;-Adrenoceptor Stimulation

Clonidine is a classically categorized α2-adrenoceptor (α2-AR) agonist that produces vascular contractions by stimulating arterial smooth muscle α2-ARs. However, clonidine inhibits α1-AR-mediated arterial contractions. Recently, it was suggested that repeated stimulation with clonidine induces desensitization of α2-ARs, thus inhibiting noradrenaline-induced smooth muscle contractions. In the present study, we examined whether clonidine-mediated inhibition of α1-AR contractions involves interactions with α2-ARs in rat thoracic aortae. 1) Clonidine and guanfacine inhibited electrical field stimulation-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent, yohimbine-sensitive manner in isolated rat vas deferens preparations. 2) Clonidine almost completely suppressed phenylephrine-induced sustained contractions of rat thoracic aortae. 3) Clonidine competitively inhibited phenylephrine-induced contractions with a pA2 value of 6.77 at concentrations between 10-7 and 10-6 M. At 10-5 M, clonidine inhibited phenylephrine-induced contractions and dramatically reduced maximum contractions. 4) In contrast, clonidine did not inhibit contractions produced by high KCl or prostaglandin F2α. 5) Inhibition of phenylephrine-induced sustained contractions by clonidine was also produced in the presence of yohimbine. However, guanfacine did not inhibit phenylephrine-induced sustained contractions. These findings suggest that clonidine inhibits phenylephrine-induced contraction of rat thoracic aortae by competitive antagonism of α1-ARs, which is mediated through a mechanism independent of α2-AR stimulation.

Partial bladder outlet obstruction is associated with decreased expression and function of the small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel in guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle.

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) usually induces overactive bladder (OAB) associated with detrusor overactivity (DO) which is related to the increased contractility of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM). The pharmacological activation of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels dramatically attenuates DSM contractility. However, the role of SK channels in the PBOO DSM is less clear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PBOO is associated with decreased expression and function of SK channels in DSM and that the activation of SK channels is a potential target to regulate DO. Two weeks after surgically inducing PBOO in female guinea pigs, cystometry indicated that DO was achieved. Using this animal model, we conducted quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and isometric tension recordings. The qRT-PCR experiments indicated that PBOO DSM had reduced SK channel mRNA expression. Isometric tension recordings showed a decreased inhibitory effect of NS309 on spontaneous phasic and electrical field stimulation-induced contractions via the activation of SK channels in PBOO DSM. This study presents the novel finding that PBOO is associated with attenuated DSM SK channel expression and function, which results in increased DSM contractility and contributes to DO. Therefore, SK channels could be a therapeutic target to control OAB.

Effects of Distigmine on Electrical Field Stimulation-Induced Contraction of Mouse Urinary Bladder Smooth Muscles

Distigmine bromide (distigmine), a reversible carbamate cholinesterase inhibitor, is used in Japan for treating detrusor underactivity, myasthenia gravis, and glaucoma. Although there is clinical evidence about the effectiveness of distigmine in the treatment of detrusor underactivity, mechanisms by which distigmine restores impaired urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) contractility have not been fully investigated. The aims of this study were to investigate the potentiating effects of distigmine on UBSM contractions in response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in mice. In isolated mouse UBSM, EFS (1-16 Hz) produced tetrodotoxin-sensitive, frequency-dependent contractions. The contractile responses to EFS were largely attenuated by atropine (10^-6 mol/l). UBSM contractility that occurred in the presence of atropine was nearly eliminated by the addition of α,β-methylene adenosine triphosphate (α,β-mATP, 10^-4 mol/l). Distigmine (3 × 10^-7 mol/l) significantly potentiated EFS-induced contractile responses engendered in the presence of α,β-mATP (10^-4 mol/l), but not atropine (10^-6 mol/l). These findings indicate that distigmine powerfully potentiates UBSM contractions selectively induced by parasympathetic nerve-derived acetylcholine, thereby demonstrating a potential mechanism by which it stimulates detrusor contractile function.