Field Sketch Research Articles

An Inclusive Approach of Urban Open Space Analysis via Field Sketching

This research explores how field sketch drawing can help in understanding, and analysing urban open spaces, and their potential roles for their experiential dimension. The research begins with a theoretical interpretation of the term “Place” and an examination of the components that make up an urban open space. This is followed by an analytical study of field sketch drawing techniques, which are selected and applied to develop an inclusive approach for analysing urban open spaces via field sketching. The final product of this research includes a theoretical study of urban space components and field sketching, serving as a comprehensive guide for analysing urban spaces through field sketching. The research findings highlight the potential of field sketch drawing as a valuable method for understanding and analysing urban open spaces, and its ability to enhance the experiential dimension of these spaces. The proposed inclusive field sketching approach provides a practical tool for designers and planners to conduct on-site analysis and generate preliminary design proposals for urban open spaces. The results of this research contribute to the field landscape architecture and design by providing insights and recommendations for incorporating field sketching as a valuable approach in the analysis and design of urban open spaces.

Composing a picturesque landscape on a basis of a field sketch

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Visual Research in Graphic Novel Form

The first published image in a government report based on a sketch made within the Rocky Mountains appeared in 1843. This report is a visual description of how the author located the viewpoint for that 1842 field sketch with a horizontal error of less than three feet and a vertical error of less than four inches.

Field sketching – today and at the beginning of professional military mapping

Field sketching – today and at the beginning of professional military mapping

Requalification of Housing Suburbs: Urban Project for Covilhã

This article has a graphic and illustrative sketch of the urban requalification project for the suburban neighbourhood of Covelo, in the surroundings of Covilhã, in the interior of Portugal near to the border with Spain. It was carried out for a subject of Urban Planning of the University of Beira Interior during the mobility program with Brazilian universities. It is a low-density residential suburb of single-houses typology. The methodology applied in a first phase includes an analytical research of the area features, supported by field visits, sketch maps and municipal documents that regulate the processes of edification, urbanization and urban requalification. The second phase included the preparation of visual maps that allowed the construction of a set of conditions, weaknesses and potentialities of the area, considering its characteristics and morphological elements. In the third phase, an urban diagnosis was elaborated showing the failures of integration of this suburban neighbourhood at the urban network of Covilhã, with a massive presence of urban voids, low quality and scarcity of public spaces, undersized streets structure and lack of commercial attractiveness. In the fourth phase, the urban design solution aimed to create democratic spaces for meeting and leisure, based on concepts such as permeability, accessibility, readability, diversity, flexibility, identity and ownership of the local community, residents and visitors. The requalification project aims to clarify the public and private realms of the spaces and the creation of an environment where everyone can experience the individual and the collective within the same neighbourhood. The propose is a long-term development and should be considered in phases as the community grow. It aims to allow the neighbourhood expansion, restructuring the street network and, after that, the following steps like implantation of a small business centre. It is believed that the result is an attractive proposal for the local and that, through the urban design project, citizens will be invited to take ownership of the new public area while creating a more healthy community, with a sense of collective responsibility for its maintenance.

Theoretical Investigation of Spherical Aberration Coefficient Solenoid Magnetic Lens

In this study, a modulating model for solenoid magnetic field was presented. This model describes the on axis field through its hard edginess parameter as well as its axial half of half width at half peak field. The modulating model indicates to increasing the spherical aberration at the fields from real soft boundary to hard boundary modulating model. The investigation simply shows stay the peak field value constant at all order n, and the field sketch diverges to the hard boundary shape within high values of n > 60 and, as well the half of half width of field is (a) for all orders n < 6.

Drawn to natural history: Enhancing field courses with drawing and field journal instruction

AbstractDrawing is a long‐standing tool in the natural sciences, but training in this skill set has lapsed. We describe the impacts of field sketching instruction on the teaching practices of faculty and the experiences of students in two sections of a freshman‐level course on natural history. We examine self‐reported data from participating faculty and students. We focus on their perspectives of drawing and natural history practices before and after drawing training and a field journal requirement. Faculty reported positive shifts in their views of the value and feasibility of incorporating drawing in their courses. We observed positive shifts in students’ attitudes about drawing and appreciation of nature, as indicated by students’ field journal entries and survey responses. Given the sample size (n = 26 students, n = 2 faculty), our ability to draw inference is constrained. Thus, we present these results to provide context for the overall process of efforts to integrate drawing more fully into natural science courses. For university instructors interested in incorporating drawing into their natural science courses, we also provide advice rooted in the literature and best practices of art‐science integration. Our results suggest that on‐going, artist‐facilitated training for faculty and students can enhance the experience of using drawing in natural history courses and reconnect natural scientists at all career levels to drawing as a valuable, professional tool.

MACA: a modified author co-citation analysis method combined with general descriptive metadata of citations

Author co-citation analysis (ACA) is a well-known and frequently-used method to exhibit the academic researchers and the professional field sketch according to co-citation relationships between authors in an article set. However, visualizing subtle examination is limited because only author co-citation information is required in ACA. The proposed method, called modified author co-citation analysis (MACA), exploits author co-citation relationship, citations published time, citations published carriers, and citations keywords, to construct MACA-based co-citation matrices. According to the results of our experiments: (1) MACA shows a good clustering result with more delicacy and more clearness; (2) more information involved in co-citation analysis performs good visual acuity; (3) in visualization of co-citation network produced by MACA, the points in different categories have far more distance, and the points indicating authors in the same category are closer together. As a result, the proposed MACA is found that more detailed and subtle information of a knowledge domain analyzed can be obtained, compared to ACA.

Analysis of 86 fatal motorcycle frontal crashes in Chongqing, China

ObjectiveTo analyze the injuries of motorcyclists involved in fatal motorcycle frontal crashes. MethodsA survey group involving multi-discipline experts was built to randomly collect data on fatal motorcycle frontal collision accidents that occurred in Chongqing during 2006-2010. The sampled information included medical or autopsy reports, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level, helmet use, accident witness, field sketch as well as field photos. The motorcyclist injuries were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005. The involved riders with a BAC level ≥20 mg/ml were attributed to alcohol use. Data were processed statistically with nonparamet-ric test via software SPSS 11.0. ResultsA total of 86 fatal motorcycle frontal crashes were sampled and further analyzed. The age of motorcyclists enrolled in this investigation showed nominal distribution and the middle-aged (30-39 years) occupied the highest percentage of fatalities. There were only 14 motorcyclists (16.3%) wearing helmets at the moment of collision. And 12.8% of these motorcyclist crashes were attributable to alcohol use. Impact injury was the main fatal cause, accounting for 72% of motorcyclist deaths, followed by tumbling injury (26%) and run-over (2%). Respectively 84%, 22% and 19% of motorcyclists who sustained head, chest and abdominal trauma died. Extremity injury was the most frequently observed injury type. ConclusionsThis investigation is helpful to build accident prevention programs and develop protection devices which may effectively mitigate injuries and prevent deaths following motorcycle frontal collision accidents. Further investigations on motorcycle collision accidents are still needed.

The art of city sketching: a field manual

The Art of City Sketching: A Field Manual guides you through the laborious and sometimes complex process of sketching what you see in the built environment so that you can learn to draw what you imagine. Illustrated with hundreds of drawings by students and professionals of cityscapes around Europe and the United States, the book helps you develop your conceptual drawing skills so that you can communicate graphically to represent the built environment. Short exercises, projects, drawing tips, step-by-step demonstrations, and composition do's and don'ts make it easy for you to get out into the city and experiment in your own work. Author Michael Abrams uses his experience as a field sketching instructor, to show you that by drawing, you can discover, analyze, and comprehend the built environment.

Lectotypification of Musa livingstoniana (Musaceae)

Kirk’s original field sketch and notes and two seed collections, which together form the “original material” on which the description of Musa livingstoniana J. Kirk was based, have been located at Kew. The field drawing and accompanying notes are published for the first time. M. livingstoniana is lectotypified, and Ensete livingstonianum confirmed over E. gilletii as the accepted name for this species.

On the problem of renormalizability in non‐commutative gauge field models – a critical review

AbstractWhen considering quantum field theories on non‐commutative spaces one inevitably encounters the infamous UV/IR mixing problem. So far, only very few renormalizable models exist and all of them describe non‐commutative scalar field theories on four‐dimensional Euclidean Groenewold‐Moyal deformed space, also known as ‘θ‐deformed space’ ℝ4θ. In this work we discuss some major obstacles of constructing a renormalizable non‐commutative gauge field model and sketch some possible ways out.

The Stephen H. Long Expedition (1819–1820), Titian R. Peale's Field Illustrations, and The Lost Holotypes of The North American Shrews Sorex Brevicaudus Say and Sorex Parvus Say (Mammalia: Soricidae) from The Philadelphia Museum

Abstract While encamped for the winter of 1819–1820 at Engineer Cantonment along the Missouri River in present-day eastern Nebraska, members of Major Stephen Harriman Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains collected a number of animals that were previously unknown. Among the mammals were two soricids that were subsequently described by Thomas Say as Sorex brevicaudus (Northern Short-tailed Shrew, Blarina brevicauda) and Sorex parvus (Least Shrew, Cryptotis parvus). The holotypes of these species were deposited and placed on public exhibit in the Philadelphia Museum, the predominant North American systematic collection of the early nineteenth century. Like most private museums of that era, the Philadelphia Museum eventually went out of business, and its collections were dispersed and, for the most part, lost. Fortunately, Titian R. Peale made a detailed field sketch of the two specimens soon after their capture and subsequently executed a watercolor based on that sketch. In addition, an engraving of the ...

Exploring Ways to Enhance Student Learning During Study Abroad: Landscape Exploration of Brazil

A study abroad trip to Brazil was conducted by the University of Delaware's Department of Plant and Soil Sciences in Jan. 2008 to study diverse ecosystems in three major regions: Mata Atlantica (Atlantic forest), Pantanal (wetland), and Amazon (rain forest). Students spent time in Cuiaba, Manaus, Brasilia, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Different garden styles were studied throughout Brazil. Student learning occurred through student presentations, blog assignments, site visits, interaction with local contacts, observational exercises, reflection exercises, immediate feedback assessment test quizzes, cultural experiences, and a culminating project. Thirteen students attended the program with three faculty directors. Two courses were offered: Field Sketching of Landscape Subjects (PLSC 167) and Arts and Ecosystems (PLSC 267). Class goals were to understand the differences between ecosystems within Brazil and more familiar ecosystems in the mid-Atlantic United States; to learn how natural ecosystems inspire landscape design; and to become aware of major environmental issues in Brazil. An effective study abroad program not only exposes students to unique experiences, but also helps students use those experiences to change their perspectives and understanding. Because of the variety of human learning styles, offering a range of educational activities is important so that all students have an opportunity to respond favorably.

Exploring Ways to Enhance Student Learning During Study Abroad: Landscape Exploration of Brazil

A study abroad trip to Brazil was conducted by the University of Delaware's Department of Plant and Soil Sciences in Jan. 2008 to study diverse ecosystems in three major regions: Mata Atlantica (Atlantic forest), Pantanal (wetland), and Amazon (rain forest). Students spent time in Cuiaba, Manaus, Brasilia, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Different garden styles were studied throughout Brazil. Student learning occurred through student presentations, blog assignments, site visits, interaction with local contacts, observational exercises, reflection exercises, immediate feedback assessment test quizzes, cultural experiences, and a culminating project. Thirteen students attended the program with three faculty directors. Two courses were offered: Field Sketching of Landscape Subjects (PLSC 167) and Arts and Ecosystems (PLSC 267). Class goals were to understand the differences between ecosystems within Brazil and more familiar ecosystems in the mid-Atlantic United States; to learn how natural ecosystems inspire landscape design; and to become aware of major environmental issues in Brazil. An effective study abroad program not only exposes students to unique experiences, but also helps students use those experiences to change their perspectives and understanding. Because of the variety of human learning styles, offering a range of educational activities is important so that all students have an opportunity to respond favorably.

Terrain Synthesis from Digital Elevation Models

In this paper, we present an example-based system for terrain synthesis. In our approach, patches from a sample terrain (represented by a height field) are used to generate a new terrain. The synthesis is guided by a user-sketched feature map that specifies where terrain features occur in the resulting synthetic terrain. Our system emphasizes large-scale curvilinear features (ridges and valleys) because such features are the dominant visual elements in most terrains. Both the example height field and user's sketch map are analyzed using a technique from the field of geomorphology. The system finds patches from the example data that match the features found in the user's sketch. Patches are joined together using graph cuts and Poisson editing. The order in which patches are placed in the synthesized terrain is determined by breadth-first traversal of a feature tree and this generates improved results over standard raster-scan placement orders. Our technique supports user-controlled terrain synthesis in a wide variety of styles, based upon the visual richness of real-world terrain data.

Scalar-field-guided adaptive shape deformation and animation

In this paper, we propose a novel scalar-field-guided adaptive shape deformation (SFD) technique founded on PDE-based flow constraints and scalar fields of implicit functions. Scalar fields are used as embedding spaces. Upon deformation of the scalar field, a corresponding displacement/velocity field will be generated accordingly, which results in a shape deformation of the embedded object. In our system, the scalar field creation, sketching, and manipulation are both natural and intuitive. The embedded model is further enhanced with self-optimization capability. During the deformation we can also enforce various constraints on embedded models. In addition, this technique can be used to ease the animation design. Our experiments demonstrate that the new SFD technique is powerful, efficient, versatile, and intuitive for shape modeling and animation.

Field Sketching: An Appropriate Skill for Upper Primary Children?

Field sketching is a skill widely used in traditional geography fieldwork, but assumed to be a skill for development with secondary age pupils. This study of the development of field sketching skills in upper primary pupils contradicts this perspective and models the key sequences required for teaching field sketching and an appropriate model for assessing outcomes.

A Plea for the Best of the Past - Suggestions for Teaching about Landforms

The teaching of geomorphology can be viewed in two contexts, the general and the specific or disciplinary. The latter can be used, as can other disciplines, to inculcate sound habits of analysis, synthesis, and articulation. In the professional area, some skills such as map reading and map making, field sketching, and air-photograph interpretation are in danger of being lost through technological advances, which though invaluable, cannot completely replace the older manual and personal practices. For various educational and practical reasons I urge that these skills be revived or maintained and not abandoned in favour of attractive but undemanding technologies. Similarly I suggest that quantification ought to be put in perspective, with emphasis on orders of magnitude rather than the nth decimal place.

Taphonomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Sellosaurus, and its implications for carnivore faunas and feeding habits in the Late Triassic

The Stubensandstein (Upper Triassic, Norian) is a complex system of fluvial deposits in southwest Germany and yields one of the most diverse records of fossil vertebrates from the European continental Triassic. Taphonomic data from 17 partial skeletons of the prosauropod dinosaur Sellosaurus gracilis are presented, with emphasis on a recently rediscovered field sketch of one particular specimen. The preservational states and burial postures of individuals forming a practically monospecific prosauropod assemblage indicates in-situ preservation of single specimens, most likely by miring in unconsolidated fluvial sands covered by floodplain deposits. Shed teeth of carnivores and the mode of preservation suggest that one of the prosauropod carcasses was scavenged. At least two different types of predators, several individuals of a large indeterminate primitive archosaur and a phytosaur, left traces of their activities during scavenging on the carcass. The prosauropod-carnivore tooth assemblage provides the first evidence that deep-snouted phytosaurs with heterodont dentitions were capable of manipulating and feeding on large terrestrial prey. Moreover, scavenger–prey assemblages in the Norian of central Europe support the hypothesis that large carnivorous basal archosaurs (as represented for example by rauisuchians) were replaced by theropod dinosaurs in the Late Triassic.