Field Shift Research Articles

Picture perfect science communication: How public audiences respond toinformational labels in cinematic-style 3D data visualization.

Visualizing research data can be an important science communication tool. In recent decades, 3D data visualization has emerged as a key tool for engaging public audiences. Such visualizations are often embedded in scientific documentaries screened on giant domes in planetariums or delivered through video streaming services such as Amazon Prime. 3D data visualization has been shown to be an effective way to communicate complex scientific concepts to the public. With its ability to convey information in a scientifically accurate and visually engaging way, cinematic-style 3D data visualization has the potential to benefit millions of viewers by making scientific information more understandable and interesting. Maximizing the effectiveness of 3D data visualization can benefit millions of viewers. To support a wider shift in this professional field towards more evidence-based practice in 3D data visualization to enhance science communication impact, we have conducted a survey experiment comparing audience responses to two versions of 3D data visualizations from a scientific documentary film on the theme of 'solar superstorms' (n = 577). This study was conducted using a single (with two levels: labeled and unlabeled), between-subjects, factorial design. It reveals key strengths and weaknesses of communicating science using 3D data visualization. It also shows the limited power of strategically deployed informational labels to affect audience perceptions of the documentary film and its content. The major difference identified between experimental and control groups was that the quality ratings of the documentary film clip were significantly higher for the 'labeled' version. Other outcomes showed no statistically significant differences. The limited effects of informational labels point to the idea that other aspects, such as the story structure, voiceover narration and audio-visual content, are more important determinants of outcomes. This study concludes with a discussion of how this new research evidence informs our understanding of 'what works and why' with cinematic-style 3D data visualizations for the public.

Quantifying mass-dependent isotope fractionation and nuclear field shift effects for the light rare Earth elements in hydrous systems

The improving sensitivity of mass-spectrometers has opened the potential of using stable isotope signatures of the rare Earth elements (REE) as geochemical tracers. However, thus far only limited studies have utilised REE stable isotopes, despite resolvable variations having been observed in a range of systems. An interesting but poorly explored area remains variations in aqueous environments across a range of temperatures including seawater, marine sediments, ion adsorption deposits or hydrothermal systems. Furthermore, the magnitudes and competing effects of mass-dependent isotope fractionation and mass-independent nuclear field shift effects, which can be significant factor for heavy elements especially at high temperatures, remain poorly understood.To contribute to a holistic understanding of REE isotope signatures, we calculated reduced partition function ratios (as 103lnβ) for mass-dependent and nuclear field shift effects for aqueous La, Ce, and Nd complexes from first principles. Theoretical calculations were compared with experimental data, and this demonstrates that calculations involving a combination of two explicit hydration shells and additional implicit solvation effects are required to accurately describe the coordination and molecular vibrations of aqueous complexes. This data was then combined with speciation modelling of seawater and hydrothermal fluids to assess isotope fractionation in hydrous systems. The predicted magnitude of isotope fractionation is significant in low (T = 25 °C) temperature systems (Δ139/138LaMax-Min = 0.20 ‰, Δ142/140CeMax-Min = 0.33 ‰, Δ146/144NdMax-Min = 0.34 ‰) and remains above currently achievable analytical uncertainties even at high (T = 500 °C) temperatures (±0.015 ‰ for δ146/144Nd; ±0.040 ‰ for δ142/140Ce). Unless oxidation occurs, which is only relevant for Ce in terrestrial environments, nuclear field shift effects are negligible even at temperatures up to 500 °C. The large difference in nuclear charge radius between 140Ce and 142Ce strongly enriches the lighter Ce isotope in the higher oxidation state (103lnβCe(IV)-Ce(III) = −0.45 at 25 °C) which almost completely cancels out the opposing mass-dependent effect (103lnβCe(IV)-Ce(III) = +0.46 at 25 °C). This means that variations in δ142/140Ce isotope signatures cannot easily be related to oxidation in ancient or recent environments.

Multi-resonance terahertz (THz) generation from magnetized cylindrical and spherical nanoclusters of AlAs and InP nanoparticles

We report a theoretical model for THz generation from the interaction of Gaussian laser beams with semiconductor nanoparticles suspended in argon gas in the presence of a DC magnetic field. Our investigations include two different shapes of nanoparticles [spherical (SNPs) and cylindrical (CNPs)]. The laser fields ionize nanoparticles converting them into plasma, which takes the form of spherical and cylindrical periodic nanoclusters with the electron density profile n=n0+nqeiqz, where q is the wave number of the density ripple and nq is the amplitude of density modulation. In our investigations, nanoparticles of AlAs and InP semiconductors are considered. Resonance condition is obtained when the laser beat frequency matches with the surface plasmon frequency of nanoparticles. We obtain resonances at two different frequencies when we apply a DC magnetic field. The resonance frequencies of THz fields shift with the nanoparticles' shape and orientation. THz field amplitude varies with material properties, spacing, size, and orientation of the nanoparticles. The applied magnetic field enhances the THz field and also helps in controlling the field profile. A THz field ∼0.1GV/cm with ∼2% efficiency is obtained for an optimized set of parameters for CNPs.

Magnetization processes features in the tapes of cobalt-based amorphous alloy

Studies of the amorphous cobalt-based soft magnetic alloy AMAG-172 (Co–Ni–Fe–Cr–Mn–Si–B) from different manufacturers have shown that in the as-quenched state there is nonuniformity of the magnetic characteristics, and therefore the level of internal stresses across the width of the tape produced by MSTATOR (Borovichi) significantly lower. However, similar to the tape produced by NIIMET (Kaluga), there is nonuniformity of the tape in thickness, which contributes to the formation of a bimodal field dependence of magnetic permeability.This may be a consequence of the non-uniform concentration along the width of the tape of hydrogen and oxygen atoms embedded in its surface during interaction with atmospheric vapor and the presence of temperature gradients during the manufacturing process. A stepwise shape of the initial sections of the magnetization curves in the region of the first maximum of magnetic permeability was discovered. The abrupt nature of the magnetization processes in the region of weak fields allows us to conclude that in the samples of tape produced by MSTATOR, the formation of the first maximum of the field dependence is associated with an independent magnetization reversal of the surface layer, while the main layer of the tape participates in the formation of the second maximum. The smoothed shape of the stepped initial section of the magnetization curve of samples produced by NIIMET corresponds to the gradual involvement of the main layer of the tape in the processes of magnetization and remagnetization. A comparison of the hysteresis loops of both parts of the tape, measured in the same magnetic field region, shows that the field shift of the hysteresis loops is associated with the interlayer interaction of the surface and volume of the tape, and the formation of asymmetric hysteresis loops occurs with the participation of the second layer with its gradual involvement in the processes of magnetization and magnetization reversal.

Signatures of magnetism control by flow of angular momentum

Exploring new strategies to manipulate the order parameter of magnetic materials by electrical means is of great importance not only for advancing our understanding of fundamental magnetism but also for unlocking potential applications. A well-established concept uses gate voltages to control magnetic properties by modulating the carrier population in a capacitor structure1–5. Here we show that, in Pt/Al/Fe/GaAs(001) multilayers, the application of an in-plane charge current in Pt leads to a shift in the ferromagnetic resonance field depending on the microwave frequency when the Fe film is sufficiently thin. The experimental observation is interpreted as a current-induced modification of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy ΔHA of Fe. We show that (1) ΔHA decreases with increasing Fe film thickness and is connected to the damping-like torque; and (2) ΔHA depends not only on the polarity of charge current but also on the magnetization direction, that is, ΔHA has an opposite sign when the magnetization direction is reversed. The symmetry of the modification is consistent with a current-induced spin6–8 and/or orbit9–13 accumulation, which, respectively, act on the spin and/or orbit component of the magnetization. In this study, as Pt is regarded as a typical spin current source6,14, the spin current can play a dominant part. The control of magnetism by a spin current results from the modified exchange splitting of the majority and minority spin bands, providing functionality that was previously unknown and could be useful in advanced spintronic devices.

Magnetization without spin: Effective Lagrangian of itinerant electrons

In this paper, an effective Lagrangian of an itinerant electron system of finite density at a finite magnetic field is obtained. It includes a Chern-Simons term of electromagnetic potentials of lower-scale dimensions compared to those studied before. This term has an origin in the many-body wave function and a unique topological property that is independent of a spin degree of freedom. The coupling strength is proportional to ρeB, which is singular at B=0 for a constant charge density. The effective Lagrangian at a finite B represents the physical effects at B≠0 properly. A universal shift of the magnetic field known as the Slater-Pauling curve is obtained from the effective Lagrangian.

FPGA-Based Vit Inference Accelerator Optimization

In the AI era, the emergence of the transformer model contributes to a significant shift in the natural language processing field. Its derivative, the Vision Transformer (ViT), adapts these principles for image recognition and demonstrates superior performance over traditional Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Despite its excellent performance, deploying these models on edge devices is impeded by their extensive computational demands and large memory requirements, which poses challenges for the limited resources and real-time processing needs at the edge. Hence, it is necessary to develop a new hardware accelerator to optimize ViT architecture. This paper reviews the development of Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based ViT inference accelerators, focusing on their architectures and applications in solving the dilemmas of ViT model deployment. Additionally, it explores the optimization approaches on both algorithm and hardware and traces the advancements in deploying AI models at the edge using FPGAs. It summarizes the current trends in research on FPGA-based ViT accelerators and provides insights into future directions for innovations in hardware-accelerated AI. Generally, by tracing the related works for FPGA-based ViT inference accelerator optimization, this article presents a useful snapshot of current research in ViT hardware accelerators and contributes to clarifying future research directions in this area.

Role of charge injection/de-trapping in imprint behavior of ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin film

Ferroelectric HfO2-based thin films have attracted increasing interest due to their potential applications in nonvolatile memory areas. However, their unique properties, such as imprint, lead to serious reliability issues. In this study, the origin of imprint behavior is investigated by using TiN/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (10 nm)/TiN MFM capacitors. By modulating the internal electric field during imprint, we discover that charge injection/de-trapping in metal–ferroelectric interfaces plays an essential role in imprint behavior rather than charge movement inside the FE layer. The asymmetric shift of the coercive field is also discussed, which is attributed to nonlinear interaction between polarization's bound charges and the electrode's screening charges. This suggests that controlling interface quality should effectively suppress imprint in HfO2-based thin films.

Non-symmetric plate-lattices: Recurrent neural network-based design of optimal metamaterials

The elastic response of plate-lattices with cubic symmetry can reach the upper, isotropic Hashin-Shtrikman bound. Here, our primary objective is the design of stiff lattices with tailored properties beyond any symmetry or isotropy. We propose a general construction method of plate-lattices, defined as a sequence of plates. We present the large elastic property space, accessible via the geometric control offered by our construction method. Building upon this general formulation, we provide a large-scale comparison to the property spaces of truss- and shell-lattices. Additionally, we observe a distinct correlation between plate orientation and stiffness. To tailor the properties of plate-lattice, we employ a recurrent neural network mapping from a given property to the corresponding structure. Our results highlight the effectiveness of this inverse model in creating plate-lattices with desired properties. We believe that this work holds a paradigm shift in field of inverse design by enabling the efficient customization of the stiffest family of metamaterials.

Magnetic capacity in manganese sulfides with rare earth substitution Mn<sub>1–x</sub>Re<sub>x</sub>S

Polycrystalline samples Mn1–xGdxS and Mn1–xYbxS with a concentration x = 0.2, near the concentration of ion flow through the fcc lattice, are studied in order to determine fluctuations in the valence of the ytterbium ion on dielectric properties. Dielectric constant and dielectric losses were determined from measurements of capacitance and loss tangent in the frequency range 102–106 Hz at temperatures of 80–500 K without a magnetic field and in a magnetic field. The magnetic capacity and dielectric losses in the magnetic field of the sample were determined from the relative change in the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant of the sample in a magnetic field H = 12 kOe applied parallel to the capacitor plates. A temperature range with a sharp increase in dielectric constant and with a maximum dielectric loss has been discovered, which shifts with increasing frequency and magnetic field. An increase in dielectric constant and dielectric losses in a magnetic field above 170 K was found in Mn1-xYbxS. The increase in dielectric losses is explained by an increase in relaxation time, as a result of local deformations near ytterbium ions during valence fluctuations. The mechanism for reducing reactance in a magnetic field in Mn1–xYbxS at low frequencies due to capacitance, and at high frequencies due to inductance, has been determined. In the Mn0.8Gd0.2S compound, the imaginary part of the dielectric constant has two maxima. The low-temperature maximum shifts in a magnetic field towards high temperatures and is described in the model of localized electrons with freezing of dipole moments. Dielectric losses decrease in a magnetic field. The magnetic capacity decreases by an order of magnitude in Mn0.8Gd0.2S compared to Mn0.8Yb0.2S. The dielectric constant in both compounds is described in the Debye model with the activation dependence of the relaxation time on temperature, where the activation energies differ for ytterbium and gadolinium ions.

Assigning Medical Professionals: ChatGPT's Contributions to Medical Education and Health Prediction

Artificial intelligence is increasingly present in many applications that help humans accomplish many tasks. It can support improved results, increased productivity, and high efficiency in providing services. Systems developers seek to integrate improved artificial intelligence models into the development of healthcare services and make a significant qualitative shift in the medical field. One recently invented tool is ChatGPT, which deserves extensive advertising space. This tool provides sample answers that help both healthcare workers and patients answer all their questions. It is an important tool in medical education, increasing knowledge in making decisions that can improve the performance of medical professionals. The impact of this tool must be addressed because it is in a developed stage, and there are a good number of articles widely circulating that speak to and explain its importance at present. In this article, the importance and role of the ChatGPT tool in developing healthcare services and the tangible and informational information that is provided will be described, as well as the possibility of predicting diseases and diagnosing and treating patients.

An experimental and computational investigation of discharge mode transitions in a partially magnetized radio frequency capacitively coupled oxygen discharge

AbstractA magnetized capacitively coupled oxygen plasma was studied synergistically using phase resolved optical emission spectroscopy and particle‐based kinetic simulation. Discharge mode transitions from ambipolar mode into drift mode and finally into α mode induced by increasing the magnetic field were observed at different driving frequencies and different electrode gaps. The simulation results demonstrate that the discharge operating in the same mode exhibits a similar degree of electronegativity. By increasing driving frequency or electrode gap, the same discharge mode transition tends to occur at a lower magnetic field, and, meanwhile, the high electric field and electron power absorption shift from the bulk region to the sheath edge.

C-H-activated Csp2-Csp3 diastereoselective gridization enables ultraviolet-emitting stereo-molecular nanohydrocarbons with mulitple H···H interactions

Gridization is an emerging molecular integration technology that enables the creation of multifunctional organic semiconductors through precise linkages. While Friedel-Crafts gridization of fluorenols is potent, direct linkage among fluorene molecules poses a challenge. Herein, we report an achiral Pd-PPh3-cataylized diastereoselective (>99:1 d.r.) gridization based on the C-H-activation of fluorene to give dimeric and trimeric windmill-type nanogrids (DWGs and TWGs). These non-conjugated stereo-nanogrids showcase intramolecular multiple H…H interactions with a low field shift to 8.51 ppm and circularly polarized luminescence with high luminescent dissymmetry factors (|gPL | = 0.012). Significantly, the nondoped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) utilizing cis-trans-TWG1 emitter present an ultraviolet electroluminescent peak at ~386 nm (CIE: 0.17, 0.04) with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 4.17%, marking the highest record among nondoped ultraviolet OLEDs based on hydrocarbon compounds and the pioneering ultraviolet OLEDs based on macrocycles. These nanohydrocarbon offer potential nanoscafflolds for ultraviolet light-emitting optoelectronic applications.

Situating complexity: information behaviour in the contact zone

Introduction. This short paper addresses the problematic un-situated nature of the holistic framework proposed by Polkinghorne and Given. In 2021, Polkinghorne and Given called for a substantive shift in the information field to a holistic research paradigm. However, framing studies in a contextualised, complex manner has remained an enduring challenge, particularly regarding where information experiences occur. Method. The author identifies a spatial gap in the holistic framework, traces existing literature on place/space in the information field, and explores M. L. Pratt’s contact zone theory. Analysis and results. The holistic paradigm holds an obfuscated view of place/space and its role in shaping information behaviour. Existing studies and theories that incorporate place/space and its impact on information practices underscore the importance of the spatial. The paper looks to contact zone theory as a useful tool for conceptualising information behaviour in particular sites. Conclusion. This paper argues that contact and zone are both key aspects of information behaviour, as information encounters take place in specific sites, between diverse human and nonhuman agents with different levels of power and influence. The contact zone is suggested as a critical lens to examine spatially bound interactions that could offer a more anchored, multi-agentic vision for researching information behaviour.

Unraveling the Complexity of DNA Radiation Damage Using DNA Nanotechnology.

Radiation cancer therapies use different ionizing radiation qualities that damage DNA molecules in tumor cells by a yet not completely understood plethora of mechanisms and processes. While the direct action of the radiation is significant, the byproducts of the water radiolysis, mainly secondary low-energy electrons (LEEs, <20 eV) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), can also efficiently cause DNA damage, in terms of DNA strand breakage or DNA interstrand cross-linking. As a result, these types of DNA damage evolve into mutations hindering DNA replication, leading to cancer cell death. Concomitant chemo-radiotherapy explores the addition of radiosensitizing therapeutics commonly targeting DNA, such as platinum derivatives and halogenated nucleosides, to enhance the harmful effects of ionizing radiation on the DNA molecule. Further complicating the landscape of DNA damage are secondary structures such as G-quadruplexes occurring in telomeric DNA. These structures protect DNA from radiation damage, rendering them as promising targets for new and more selective cancer radiation treatments, rather than targeting linear DNA. However, despite extensive research, there is no single paradigm approach to understanding the mysterious way in which ionizing radiation causes DNA damage. This is due to the multidisciplinary nature of the field of research, which deals with multiple levels of biological organization, from the molecular building blocks of life toward cells and organisms, as well as with complex multiscale radiation-induced effects. Also, intrinsic DNA features, such as DNA topology and specific oligonucleotide sequences, strongly influence its response to damage from ionizing radiation. In this Account, we present our studies focused on the absolute quantification of photon- and low-energy electron-induced DNA damage in strategically selected target DNA sequences. Our methodology involves using DNA origami nanostructures, specifically the Rothemund triangle, as a platform to expose DNA sequences to either low-energy electrons or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV, <15 eV) photons and subsequent atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. Through this approach, the effects of the DNA sequence, incorporation of halogenated radiosensitizers, DNA topology, and the radiation quality on radiation-induced DNA strand breakage have been systematically assessed and correlated with fundamental photon- and electron-driven mechanisms underlying DNA radiation damage. At lower energies, these mechanisms include dissociative electron attachment (DEA), where electrons attach to DNA molecules causing strand breaks, and dissociative photoexcitation of DNA. Additionally, further dissociative processes such as photoionization and electron impact contribute to the complex cascade of DNA damage events induced by ionizing radiation. We expect that emerging DNA origami-based approaches will lead to a paradigm shift in research fields associated with DNA damage and suggest future directions, which can foster the development of technological applications in nanomedicine, e.g., optimized cancer treatments or the molecular design of optimized radiosensitizing therapeutics.

Analyzing Translated Research Methods Books in Social And Educational Sciences from English to Turkish: Exploring the Reasons for Translation Through Even-Zohar’s Poly-System Theory

In the last century, a paradigm shift in the scientific field has transformed our perspective on issues and events, our ability to discern cause-and-effect relationships, and our approach to them. This shift has led to radical changes in the scientific field and has accelerated the development of social and educational sciences, enabling such methods to become more prevalent than quantitative ones in the social and educational sciences. As a result, qualitative and mixed method approaches have increasingly replaced quantitative methods, giving rise to various new fields within the social sciences and providing diverse research opportunities. This evolution in research methods has also led to the proliferation of books on research methodologies in these fields. To reach a global audience, these books are predominantly written in English as the Lingua Franca and later translated into national languages if needed, or they are initially written in the native languages of the authors. The choice of translated books can be influenced by the preferences of researchers or translators, gaps in the national literature, the juvenile and unsettled nature of the national literature experiencing significant changes, or their unfamiliarity with current literary innovations. This article examines the justifications provided by translators and translation editors for translating books on research methods in social and educational sciences from English into Turkish within the framework of themes regarding the formation of poly-system theory, as coined by Itamar Even-Zohar as a functionalist pioneer in translation studies, newly emerging in social sciences in the last century. The content analysis, a qualitative research design for document analysis, was utilized in the research through using criterion sampling and maximum diversity, by selecting the prefaces of the translated versions of 20 research methods books by different authors and publishing houses between 2013 and 2022 and exclusively focusing on social sciences and educational sciences. Examining translators’ and editor’s statements deductively through the themes from the poly-system theory, we concluded that there are gaps and turning points in this field both in the national literature and in the world literature, that the relevant literature is not yet settled and trying to become primary and canonized via translated books, resulting in an increasing interest in the field.

The Linkage Between Digital Transformation and Organizational Culture: Novel Machine Learning Literature Review Based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation

AbstractOrganizational culture is a crucial component of innovation in company success, particularly in the setting of the information economy. The purpose of this research is to conduct a bibliometric analysis in order to identify dominant research topics, their potential shifts, and recent developments in the fields of organizational culture and digital transformation. It demonstrates a machine learning–supported method for identifying and segmenting the current state of this research field. The literature was identified from the Scopus database through a search query. The analyzed amount of papers (3065) was published in 1619 sources (journals, proceedings, books, etc.) with various research impacts. Identifying the dominant research topics resulted in eight topics: Social Media Connectivity; Digital Innovation Ecosystems; Socio-economic Sustainability; Digital Workforce Transformation; Digital Competence and Cultural Transformation; Knowledge, Culture, and Innovation; Data and Resource Management; and Digital Transformation Maturity. The results showed a shift in the research field on organizational culture related to digital transformation towards the subject area of business, management, and accounting, with increasing research interest and impact for the Digital Workforce Transformation as well as for the Knowledge, Culture, and Innovation topics.

Lexical and semantic features of the verbalization of the Russian concept of «Fate–Promysel» in diachrony

The subject of the study – the concept «Fate–Promysel» and its lexical-semantic field in diachrony. The relevance is due to the key position of the idea of fate in Russian culture, the frequency of use of verbalizers of the concept. The concept is analyzed from the point of view of its lexical and semantic representation in different eras: the period of the spread of Old Church Slavonic writing – modern times. The purpose of the article is to determine the original semantic parts of the main verbalizers of the concept, study their constancy and changeability in diachrony. The methods of semantic analysis and of semantic experiment were used. Conclusions: 1) the main semantic parts of the concept in the Old Church Slavonic / Church Slavonic languages are designated as primordial, 2) changes in verbalizers and their meanings are traced: the predominance of verbalizers with the semes «random», «share», «fate» in the 19th century, the disappearance of the verbalizer «providence» and the rarity of fixation in the semantic field of dictionary definitions of the meaning «care of God about man» in the 20th century, 3) the semantic experiment made it possible to determine that the verbalizer «fate» is fixed by the participants mainly in the meaning of «destiny», while the idea of the randomness of events, their independence from the will of a person is inferior among modern native speakers to the understanding of fate as a set of cause-and-effect relationships, personal choices and influence of external circumstances that can be predicted and influenced by humans. There is a significant semantic shift in the lexical-semantic field of the concept «Fate–Promysel» from the main seme «Divine care for man» to the seme «coincidence of circumstances» (controlled or not by a person).

Evaluating ChatGPT's Utility in Medicine Guidelines Through Web Search Analysis.

With the rise of machine learning applications in health care, shifts in medical fields that rely on precise prognostic models and pattern detection tools are anticipated in the near future. Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) is a recent machine learning innovation known for producing text that mimics human conversation. To gauge ChatGPT's capability in addressing patient inquiries, the authors set out to juxtapose it with Google Search, America's predominant search engine. Their comparison focused on: 1) the top questions related to clinical practice guidelines from the American Academy of Family Physicians by category and subject; 2) responses to these prevalent questions; and 3) the top questions that elicited a numerical reply. Utilizing a freshly installed Google Chrome browser (version 109.0.5414.119), the authors conducted a Google web search (www.google.com) on March 4, 2023, ensuring minimal influence from personalized search algorithms. Search phrases were derived from the clinical guidelines of the American Academy of Family Physicians. The authors prompted ChatGPT with: "Search Google using the term '(refer to search terms)' and document the top four questions linked to the term." The same 25 search terms were employed. The authors cataloged the primary 4 questions and their answers for each term, resulting in 100 questions and answers. Of the 100 questions, 42% (42 questions) were consistent across all search terms. ChatGPT predominantly sourced from academic (38% vs 15%, p = 0.0002) and government (50% vs 39%, p = 0.12) domains, whereas Google web searches leaned toward commercial sources (32% vs 11%, p = 0.0002). Thirty-nine percent (39 questions) of the questions yielded divergent answers between the 2 platforms. Notably, 16 of the 39 distinct answers from ChatGPT lacked a numerical reply, instead advising a consultation with a medical professional for health guidance. Google Search and ChatGPT present varied questions and answers for both broad and specific queries. Both patients and doctors should exercise prudence when considering ChatGPT as a digital health adviser. It's essential for medical professionals to assist patients in accurately communicating their online discoveries and ensuing inquiries for a comprehensive discussion.

A General Concept for the Electronic and Steric Modification of 1-Metallacyclobuta-2,3-dienes: A Case Study of Group 4 Metallocene Complexes.

The synthesis of group 4 metal 1-metallacyclobuta-2,3-dienes as organometallic analogues of elusive 1,2-cyclobutadiene has so far been limited to SiMe3 substituted examples. We present the synthesis of two Ph substituted dilithiated ligand precursors for the preparation of four new 1-metallacyclobuta-2,3-dienes [rac-(ebthi)M] (M=Ti, Zr; ebthi=1,2-ethylene-1,10-bis(η5-tetrahydroindenyl)). The organolithium compounds [Li2(RC3Ph)] (1 b: R=Ph, 1 c: R=SiMe3) as well as the metallacycles of the general formula [rac-(ebthi)M(R1C3R2)] (2 b: M=Ti, R1=R2=Ph, 2 c: M=Ti, R1=Ph, R2=SiMe3; 3 b: M=Zr, R1=R2=Ph; 3 c: M=Zr, R1=Ph, R2=SiMe3) were fully characterised. Single crystal X-ray diffraction and quantum chemical bond analysis of the Ti and Zr complexes reveal ligand influence on the biradicaloid character of the titanocene complexes. X-band EPR spectroscopy of structurally similar Ti complexes [rac-(ebthi)Ti(Me3SiC3SiMe3)] (2 a), 2 b, and 2 c was carried out to evaluate the accessibility of an EPR active triplet state. Cyclic voltammetry shows that introduction of Ph groups renders the complexes easier to reduce. 13C CPMAS NMR analysis provides insights into the cause of the low field shift of the resonances of metal-bonded carbon atoms and provides evidence of the absence of the β-C-Ti interaction.