Field Oriented Control Scheme Research Articles

Rotor Flux and EEMF Observer for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

In recent years, the use of the Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (IPMSM) in various applications has grown significantly due to numerous benefits. Sensors are used to achieve high efficiency and good dynamic response in IPMSM drives but due to their high cost and reduce overall size of system,sensorless control techniques are preferred. Non-sinusoidal distribution of rotor flux and slot harmonics are present in the considered IPMSM. In this article, these problems are considered as control system disturbances. With the above-mentioned problems, the classical observer structure based on (d-q) fails to estimate at low-speed ranges. This article proposes an observer structure based on a rotor flux vector in (α-β) stationary reference frame, which works using the adaptive control law to estimate speed and position, and a non-adaptive EEMF-based observer to estimate speed and position. Moreover, a comparative analysis between both observer structures at the different speed ranges is also considered in this article. The effectiveness of the observer structure is validated by simulation tests and experimental tests using the sensorless control system with a field-oriented control scheme for 3.5 kW IPMSM drive system.

Backstepping Control Design in Conjunction with an EKF-based Sensorless Field-Oriented Control of an IPMSM

The collector and brushless electronic commutation machines have gained widespread utilization in industrial applications. Among these machines, internal permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) have become increasingly popular due to their numerous advantages, including high torque/current and torque/inertia ratios, robust construction, high efficiency, and reliability. However, the incorporation of position sensors in IPMSMs has introduced challenges concerning their application, performance, mass production, and cost. Consequently, the implementation of sensorless control techniques has become essential in drive systems and various applications. This paper proposes a backstepping control approach for achieving speed sensorless control of IPMSMs, employing an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The first step involves developing a comprehensive nonlinear dynamical model of the IPMSM in the direct and quadrature (d-q) rotor frame and obtaining its corresponding state-space representation. Subsequently, backstepping controllers for rotor speed and current tracking are designed to ensure precise tracking and anti-disturbance performance. These controllers are integrated into the field-oriented control (FOC) scheme. The Lyapunov stability theorem is employed to guarantee the asymptotic stability condition of the backstepping controller. To address the challenge of estimating immeasurable mechanical parameters of the IPMSM and accurately tracking the system states, an EKF is designed. This filter enables the estimation of mechanical parameters and achieves high steady-state precision within a finite time. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through simulations conducted under various dynamic operating conditions, including sudden torque load changes, command speed changes, and parameter variations.

Dead time effects compensation strategy by third harmonic injection for a five-phase inverter

This paper proposes a method for compensation of dead-time effects for a fivephase inverter. In the proposed method an additional control subsystem was added to the field-oriented control (FOC) scheme in the coordinate system mapped to the third harmonic. The additional control loop operates in the fixed, orthogonal reference frame ( α - β coordinates) without the need for additional Park transformations. The purpose of this method is to minimize the dead-time effects by third harmonic injection in two modes of operation of the FOC control system: with sinusoidal supply and with trapezoidal supply. The effectiveness of the proposed control method was verified experimentally on a laboratory setup with a prototype five-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM). All experimental results were presented and discussed in the following paper.

Rapid Experimental Protocol for PMSM via MBD: Modeling, Simulation, and Experiment

As control algorithms evolve, their enhanced performance is often accompanied by increased complexity, reaching a point where practical experimentation becomes unfeasible. This situation has led to many theoretical studies relying solely on simulations without experimental verification. To address this gap, this study introduces a rapid experimentation protocol (REP) for applying field-oriented control (FOC) strategies to permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) based on model-based design (MBD) and automated code generation. REP is designed to be user-friendly and straightforward, offering a less complex and more accessible alternative to DSP toolboxes. Its excellent hardware compatibility is conducive to code porting and development. With this protocol, users can quickly conduct FOC strategy experiments with reduced dependency on the complex automated code generation tools often associated with toolboxes. Centered around the PMSM model, this method utilizes only the fundamental modules of MATLAB2023b/Simulink, greatly simplifying the user experience. To demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the protocol, models for both sensor-based and sensorless control are developed. The practicality of REP, including sensor-based and sensorless experiments, is successfully validated on an arm-cortex-M4-based GD32 microcontroller.

Fault Tolerant Control of a Dual Star Induction Machine Drive System using Hybrid Fractional Controller

Abstract This paper presents a novel fault tolerant control (FTC) strategy for a dual star induction machine (DSIM) based on the combination of two types of robust controllers, namely a proportional resonant (PR) controller for current regulation and a fractional order PI (FOPI) for speed regulation. This FTC is associated with an indirect rotor indirect rotor field-oriented control (IRFOC) strategy. Fault feedforward compensation of the current components is introduced using the residual signal generated by the calculations passing through the PR controller. The fractional-order PI controller is applied as a feedforward fractional-order perturbation observer to the speed control loop, which attempts to minimise the error induced by the fault. In this context, a fault-tolerant control scheme is achieved. The performance characteristics of the proposed fault tolerant control for a dual star induction machine drive are compared with the fault tolerant control based on the conventional integer order IP (IOPI) to verify the effectiveness of the proposed FTC scheme under various conditions, by examining the robustness of the control in the presence of faults. To evaluate the performance of the proposed technique, simulation results are obtained using the Matlab/Simulink environment. According to the obtained simulation results, the proposed FTC system achieves significantly better responses than the conventional IRFOC system in terms of harmonics in the stator currents, and low oscillations in the electromagnetic torque response.

Current Signature Modeling of Surface-Mounted PMSM Drives With Current Sensors Faults

This paper presents the closed-form analytical determination of the current signature of a surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor drive controlled by means of field oriented control strategy, when a fault occurs in one or more current sensors. Both DC offset and gain fault for all phase current sensors are considered. The proposed model includes the response of the control loop and related gains, eliminating the need for phase voltage sensors and complicated state estimation. However, the proposed approach requires the solution of an overdetermined system of equations. Then a new methodology of solution is proposed to save computing time, as an alternative to the classical one based on the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse matrix. Experimental results and sensitivity analysis to parameter variations confirm the validity of the proposed model.

Improved Control Strategy for Water Pumping System Fed by Intermittent Renewable Source

This paper focuses on a water pumping system fed by a hybrid (PV–Wind) generator. The water pumping system uses centrifugal pumps driven by variable speed Induction Motors (IM) controlled by a Field Oriented Control (FOC). The absence of battery storage to decouple sources and power demand is the main originality of the contribution, together with the typical adaptation of the FOC strategy. Furthermore, the absence of battery storage will consequently lead to fixing the system operating point at a steady state which is imposed both by the intermittent renewable energy sources and by the hydraulic load characteristics. The basic idea is then to adapt the system impedance by using the two degrees of freedom offered by the power source inverter in order to control, firstly, the DC bus voltage and, secondly, the rotor flux of the induction machine; the adaptation of the FOC strategy is based on this idea. Simulation results clearly confirmed by experimental investigations show the satisfying performance of the system even with variable powers of the intermittent renewable source.

Energy-Efficient Sensorless PMSM Pump Drive with mGWO and Loss Model for Field Orientation Control Strategy

Energy-Efficient Sensorless PMSM Pump Drive with mGWO and Loss Model for Field Orientation Control Strategy

A SENSOR FAULT-TOLERANT CONTROL SOLUTION BASED ON CURRENT OBSERVERS APPLIED TO THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

This paper presents a fault-tolerant control (FTC) solution to enhance the reliability and sustainability of a three-phase induction motor drive (IMD) against open circuit sensor failures (or total sensor faults). The motor speed control in the investigated drive will operate based on a field-oriented control (FOC) strategy. A typical FTC function consists of two main processes: fault detection of feedback signals from the sensors and reconfiguration of the control methods. This paper proposes using two-phase current observers to diagnose various sensor failures, and then the corresponding sensorless methods are applied to the control reconfiguration. Using MATLAB/SIMULINK software, the IMD-integrated FTC function was operated and tested under different fault conditions. Simulation results have proved that the IMD-integrated FTC function has worked stably and sustainably even in sensor failure conditions.

Field oriented controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor drive for an electric vehicle

<span lang="EN-US">The paper describes field oriented control strategy with space vector pulse width modulation technique of permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system for an electric vehicle. At first, mathematical models of the motor and the drive system for electric vehicle are presented. In order to obtain high performance drive and maximum motor torque, field oriented control strategy and space vector pulse width modulation technique method are applied to drive system in next section. Speed controller design utilizing the popular zero-pole elimination approach causes large integral constant time in case of small rotational damping constant. The desired-transient-response-based approach is employed to overcome the problem. Performance indices include overshoot, undershoot, steady-state speed error, and total harmonic distortion of stator current, are employed to assess the drive systems with two speed controller design methods. Theoretical assumptions are confirmed via simulations and criteria in MATLAB/Simulink environment.</span>

Sliding mode controller with fuzzy supervisor for MPPT of photovoltaic pumping system

<p>This paper focuses on a photovoltaic system for pumping water. The control strategy for this water pumping system is based on Takagi-Sugeno type fuzzy supervisors and sliding mode controller. The first generates the maximum power point current under varying climatic condition whereas the second allows tracking the reference signal produced by the fuzzy supervisor. The system includes a photovoltaic generator (PVG) followed by a DC-DC Converter, DC bus, an AC/DC inverter which is connected to the induction motor. This latter is coupled with a centrifuge pump. The induction motor is driven based on field-oriented control strategy. The Takagi-Sugeno type fuzzy supervisor predicts, depending on the variations of climatic variables such as irradiation and temperature, the optimum operating point for the photovoltaic source. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in transient and stationary regimes for different values of climatic variables.</p>

Sensorless Adaptive control of VSI-Fed Induction Motor Drive with Optimized MLP-Neural Network

ABSTRACT Multilayer-Perceptron Neural Network (MLP-NN)-based sensorless speed control of adaptive Indirect Field-Oriented Control (IFOC) strategy is implemented for online parameter estimation of Induction Motor Drive (IMD) fed from Common mode voltage injection Space vector PWM (CVSVPWM) based Voltage Source Inverter. Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) is implemented in this work, to train the MLP-NN model by choosing the optimal weight and biases for the estimation of accurate parameters and speed of IMD. The objective of optimal MLP-NN is to improve the IMD reliability and response fast during dynamic operation. The model performances are evaluated by employing statistical metrics of MSE, RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and R for training and testing. These are reported for testing to be 0.000602064, 0.0245, 0.4015, 0.25474, and 0.9997 which indicates the best-fitted prediction model and proves the minimized error. The results reveal that an optimized MLP-NN accomplishes promising performance in estimating the parameters and speed with the least errors such as rs is 3.82%, rr is 4.19%, ls is 0.41%, lr is 0.72%, lm is 0.21%, and strongly tracking of reference speed. In addition, HHO is also employed to evolve the gains of the PI-controller in adaptive-IFOC for generation of reference signals by reducing the computational effort.

Field-oriented control based on parallel proportional–integral controllers of induction motor drive

This study is a comparative study between a proportional–integral (PI) regulator and a parallel proportional–integral (PPI) regulator for the Induction Motor (IM) drive supplied with a two-level pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter. This motor is controlled by field-oriented control (FOC). However, the proposed FOC strategy is a modification of the classical technique, where the PPI controller was used for this purpose to improve the performance of the IM drive. The designed FOC strategy based on PPI controllers is a robust control strategy and a high performance. The numerical results of the FOC-PPI strategy are compared with the results of the traditional FOC strategy of IM drive at different operating conditions using the Matlab/Simulink environment. Furthermore, the comparison is made in terms of dynamic response, ripple ratio, current quality, and overshoot, and this is in the case of changing or not changing the parameters of the machine. The simulation results illustrate the robustness and efficiency of the suggested FOC-PPI strategy to the parametric variations of the IM drive.

Backstepping Control Based on a Third-order Sliding Mode Controller to Regulate the Torque and Flux of Asynchronous Motor Drive

This work represents a new nonlinear control for the asynchronous motor (AM) drive. The designed nonlinear control is based on the combination between the backstepping control (BC) scheme and third-order sliding mod control (TOSMC). In this proposed nonlinear control, the torque and flux are controlled. Also, the torque, current, and flux ripples are minimized by a proposed BC-TOSMC strategy. The proposed BC-TOSMC strategy is more robust compared to the field-oriented control (FOC). The proposed BC-TOSMC strategy of AM drive has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink software. The comparisons were made between the proposed BC-TOSMC strategy and the FOC strategy under different operating conditions. The results show that the proposed BC-TOSMC strategy minimized the flux, current, and torque ripples of the AM drive compared to the FOC strategy, with a reduction torque ripples ratio of about 57.14%. Also, the total harmonic distortion (THD) values of stator current using the proposed BC-TOSMC strategy and FOC technique are respectively 1.09% and 3.42%. In this case, utilizing the proposed BC-TOSMC strategy, the performance of the AM has improved from the FOC strategy.

Operation and Testing of Indirect Field Oriented Control of Asymmetrical Six-Phase Open-Ended Winding Induction Machine Using Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) Emulator

This study deals with an asymmetrical six-phase open-ended winding induction machine in closed loop operation using indirect field-oriented control scheme. The closed loop scheme has been developed by using the two axis (d-q) modeling of six-phase induction machine in rotating synchronous reference frame and can be easily extended to any multiphase machine having the stator winding which are the multiple of three. Operation under steady-state is considered to develop the phasor diagram in closed loop operation of machine in the motoring mode. The performance of the asymmetrical six-phase induction machine (opened ended winding) is investigated in the entire four-quadrant operation. The complete machine drive system was developed by using MATLAB/Simulink, which was used to obtain analytical results in different modes. Furthermore, the analytical results in the motoring mode were experimentally validated through real-time simulation by using Typhoon hardware-in-loop (HIL) emulator.

Speed estimation of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine controlled by a Field Oriented Control Strategy

This paper studies the estimation problem of speed in a Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) controlled by a Field Oriented Control (FOC) Strategy. The DFIM is the most responsive in variable speed. The chosen configuration uses two voltage inverters connected to the stator and rotor windings, to adopt the power distribution between them through the pulses distribution of the stator and the rotor in motor operating mode. It is necessary to model the DFIM in three-phase equations and then in two-phase equations faithfully representing the characteristics of the machine. From this model, we can design and simulate the control. The control by oriented rotor flux can be realized by using the speed provided by sensors or estimators. In this paper, we have used the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) in order to avoid problems caused by the motor speed sensor and improve the robustness of the control and its performance without using any speed sensor.

Optimal Control of the Diesel–Electric Propulsion in a Ship with PMSM

The article presents and compares two different control methods for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for diesel–electric ship propulsion. The main focus of the article is on control optimization, which allows improving energy efficiency by reducing reactive power in the mechatronic propulsion system. The first method consists in modifying the commonly used field-oriented control (FOC) strategy to ensure zero reactive power in the inverter–PMSM system. Since a characteristic of ship propulsion systems, unlike those used on land, is the step load on the propulsion motor, the system’s performance in dynamic states is particularly important. Unfortunately, control strategies based on FOC do not take into account the dynamics of the system, since they apply only to steady states. Therefore, the authors of this paper, based on control theory methods, proposed an approach that also optimizes control in dynamic states, while minimizing reactive power in the steady state. The analytical studies were confirmed in simulation studies using the MATLAB Simulink package.

Control of PMSM Based on Switched Systems and Field-Oriented Control Strategy

Starting from the problem of studying the parametric robustness in the case of the control of a permanent magnet-synchronous motor (PMSM), although robust control systems correspond entirely to this problem, due to the complexity of the algorithms of the robust type, in this article the use of switched systems theory is proposed as a study option, given the fact that these types of systems are suitable both for the study of systems with variable structure and for systems with significant parametric variation under conditions of lower complexity of the control algorithms. The study begins by linearizing a PMSM model at a static operating point and continues with a systematic presentation of the basic elements and concepts concerning the stability of switched systems by applying these concepts to the control system of a PMSM based on the field-oriented control (FOC) strategy, which usually changes the value of its parameters during operation (stator resistance Rs, stator inductances Ld and Lq, but also combined inertia of PMSM rotor and load J). The numerical simulations performed in Simulink validate the fact that, for parametric variations of the PMSM structure, the PMSM control switched systems preserve qualitative performance in terms of its control. A series of Matlab programs are presented based on the YALMIP toolbox to obtain Pi matrices, by solving Lyapunov–Metzler type inequalities, and using dwell time to demonstrate stability, as well as the qualitative study of the performance of PMSM control switched systems by presenting in phase plane and state space analysis of the evolution of state vectors: ω PMSM rotor speed, iq current, and id current.

Efficient Simplified Current Sensorless Dynamic Direct Voltage MTPA of Interior PMSM for Electric Vehicles Operation

In this paper, an energy efficiency improvement strategy is developed using a simplified current sensorless dynamic direct voltage maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) speed control method of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) for electric vehicle applications. Tracking the MTPA angle using a unique voltage amplitude without current sensing at any electric vehicle's speed yields minimum current/power consumption and high energy efficiency. These aims are achieved by considering the dynamic model of the motor that improves the controller reaction and accuracy during the transient states as contrary to the existing literature. Moreover, the simplified current sensorless dynamic direct voltage control (DDVC) technology contains a couple of control gains versus three times that with the classical MTPA Field-oriented control (FOC) method. Moreover, a comparative validation of the simplified current sensorless dynamic direct voltage MTPA methodology and the FOC strategy is executed. Experimental results with energy consumption measurements and energy efficiency study prove that the proposed simplified DDVC MTPA strategy is a promising alternative to the existing MTPA technologies of IPMSMs' drives as it preserves high energy efficiency during transient.

Adaptive Linear Predictive Model of an Improved Predictive Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Over Different Speed Regions

Model predictive control (MPC) strategy can provide significant benefits for controlling nonlinear systems over classical cascade field-oriented control (FOC). However, the MPC is still in the development stage for a high-performance predictive model. Therefore, the proposed MPC in this article updates the internal linear predictive model at each time step to accurately represent the nonlinear plant of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) plant over different speed regions. In other words, the adaptive discrete linear plant model (ADLPM) is designed to update the current operating conditions of the machine parameters and the equilibrium points of the measured stator currents, speed, and load torque. For the operation in the flux-weakening region, the proposed MPC depends on a performance control algorithm (PCA) to obtain high dynamic performance. In this PCA algorithm, the proposed MPC depends on the modified reference velocity rather than the original reference velocity, which can calculate the required <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</i> -axis cur <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</u> ent directly. Moreover, the proposed cost function is designed directly in terms of the error values of the velocity and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</i> -axis current, which fits the motor performance based on the further constraint of the maximum magnitude of the drawn stator current provided to control the acceleration of the rotor. Finally, comprehensive simulations and experiments have fully demonstrated that the proposed MPC can reduce the speed drop, and torque ripple in response to those of the FOC and traditional MPC strategies.