Field Of Water Management Research Articles

Water consumption rates in indoor swimming pools: Analysis of design assumptions in the context of green deal implementation

A significant part of the operating costs of indoor pools is influenced by the demand for water and the amount of sewage discharged. In Poland, there are no current national guidelines for the design of pool installations. Designers often use the guidelines of the German standard DIN 19643, the application of which in Poland is limited due to construction law regulations. The aim of the work is to analyze design assumptions (guidelines for designing water supply and sewage installations) vs. actual water consumption in a selected Auapark (case study). The analysis takes into account new design solutions (water recovery from washings, rainwater management, new filter design), irregularities in the implementation assumptions (oversized installation diameters), existing operational problems related to appropriate water quality and reference to the seasons (March 2023 - June 2024). It has been shown that the use of modern solutions, consistent with the idea of sustainable development, in the field of water and sewage management allows to significantly reduce the demand for water and sewage discharged in relation to the currently adopted indicators and assumptions in this area. For example: in summer, the consumption of water was 36.3 m3/d, while the projected consumption was 132.5 m3/d.

Should we value rain harvesting more in Türkiye for mitigating precipitation extremes

Mitigating precipitation extremes is a major issue due to destructive global warming and climate change. Heavy rainfall and drought have posed a threat to human life and ecology. That said, new strategies and new action plans are needed at local and global levels through needed cooperation from different stakeholders to handle the possible risks associated with precipitation extremes. Turkey has become one of the most vulnerable countries involved in climate change due to its geographical location, rapid urbanization, and deforestation. Many forests have been destroyed to make room for agriculture, animal grazing as well as for manufacturing and construction. The impact has caused complications in landscapes. Precipitation extremes, such as heavy rainfalls and drought, are posing significant threats for many cities in Turkey. In recent years Turkey has faced a large number of extreme events regarding precipitation. In this line, the present study aims to explore the potential benefits of rainwater harvesting (RHH) in mitigating precipitation extremes by overviewing regulatory actions of rainwater harvesting and best practices worldwide. In addition an interview-based survey was conducted with domain experts in the water management field to better understand the current challenges of stormwater management in Turkey and discuss the role of rainwater harvesting against precipitation extremes. The results of the study have shown that Turkey has several problems with infrastructure to mitigate precipitation extremes, such as shortcomings in capacity and old water management systems, unseparated water collection and sewage systems, and lack of green infrastructure. In addition to urbanization, expansion in industry and tourism may cause water unavailability. The study has also indicated that many authorities around the globe try to boost RWH use by stipulating or encouraging RWH through incentives to save a large amount of water by implementing different projects. This research has argued that RWH promises several benefits thanks to its cost-effectiveness and contribution to water storage. Therefore, this study has recommended that policymakers should take immediate action against precipitation extremes by introducing new regulations, such as mandating rainwater harvesting for old buildings, industrial and touristic places. Preparing new guidelines and applying rooftop RWH systems that comply with Building Code requirements should also be considered for the widespread use of rainwater in rural and urban areas.

Performance Evaluation of Woybo Irrigation Scheme: Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Performance evaluation of irrigation scheme is vital for realizing the present status and identifying the area for improvement. The study was conducted in Woybo irrigation scheme which is located in Boloso Sore district, Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia. This study was aimed to evaluate the performance of Woybo irrigation scheme with internal performance indicators. A total of nine demonstrating farmers' fields were selected from three canal reaches (head, middle, and tail) through purposive sampling. Primary and secondary data were collected, recorded, and analyzed. To measure the water applied to each experimental field, Parshall flume was installed, and soil samples were taken to determine soil texture, field capacity, permanent wilting point, and soil moisture content before and after each irrigation event at regular soil depth intervals. The results revealed that the mean conveyance efficiency was 60.85% and the application efficiency was 48.53%. Water distribution uniformity, deep percolation, and storage efficiencies were 84.56%, 51.47%, and 85.22%, respectively. However, the overall irrigation efficiency was found to be 29.53%, which was poorly performed due to inadequate water application, ineffective field water management, and low efficiency in water delivery systems. The main factors contributing to the poor water delivery performance included failures in water regulating gates, leakages, and siltation of canals. To address these problems, recommendations are made such as improvements in water application techniques should be implemented, through proper irrigation scheduling, water conservation practices, surge irrigation techniques, and providing extension support, training, and experience sharing. Additionally, maintenance and lining of earthen canals are necessary, along with the replacement and repair of leakages and broken water regulating and controlling structures. These measures can help to upgrade water delivery efficiency and improve the overall performance of the irrigation scheme.

Remote sensing monitoring of irrigated area in the non-growth season and of water consumption analysis in a large-scale irrigation district

Globally, water scarcity threatens food security, especially in arid and semi-arid food-producing regions, such as the Hetao Irrigation District (HID), where the water consumption during the non-growth season (spring irrigation, autumn irrigation) accounts for more than 30 % of the total irrigation volume. Meanwhile, mapping the characteristics of spatial and temporal evolution of the area of cropland irrigated in the spring and autumn and the pattern of water consumption is crucial for strengthening the management of agricultural water use. Evaporation and infiltration of irrigation water are difficult to capture in time due to insufficient timeliness or accuracy of single remote sensing data. This study integrates seven remote sensing datasets (Landsat5, Landsat7, Landsat8, HJ-1A/B, GF-1, Sentinel-2 and MODIS) for the first time to build a high spatial-temporal resolution dataset, and combines the water index NDWI and MNDWI to extract the maximum water range formed after irrigation by manually adjusting the threshold method. In addition to the global land use/cover dataset (GLC FCS30–1985_2020), the cropland layer was superimposed to accurately identify the cropland spring irrigation and autumn irrigation range from 2000 to 2021 in the HID. In the past 20 years, spring-irrigated (SI) areas increased by 1012.60 km2 (+49.96 %), and the autumn-irrigated (AI) areas decreased by 512.63 km2 (-11.02 %). Combined with the quantity of water diversion and displacement, the characteristics of irrigation water consumption in the non-growth season were further analysed. The results showed that the water consumption of spring irrigation increased by 0.67×108 m3 (+22.26 %), and that of autumn irrigation increased by 4.34×108 m3 (+38.82 %). The decrease of autumn- irrigated area and the increase of water consumption were mainly related to the stability of autumn irrigation water, imperfect irrigation and drainage conditions and insufficient field water management. In 2020­2021, the area of non-growth “autumn irrigation - spring irrigation” repeated irrigation is about 1271.52 km2, which can be used as a key control area. This study provides a theoretical basis and direction for rational water use in non-growth seasons of irrigation districts.

Improving Water Efficiency in Higher Education Institutions: Contributions From the Boa Vista Campus of the Federal Institute of Roraima

Objective: The objective of this work is to propose recommendations to improve the management of water resources in a federal higher education institution, aiming to increase water use efficiency and promote a culture of sustainability among students and the local community. This can serve as a benchmark for institutions with similar characteristics. Theoretical Framework: Efficient management of water resources is crucial given the growing global challenge of water scarcity, especially in educational contexts, as they consume a lot of this resource and have a commitment to citizen education. The theoretical framework includes concepts related to sustainability, resource management, and educational institution practices. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a single case study, which allowed for an in-depth analysis of institutional practices and their environmental impacts. Data collection was carried out through various methods, including document analysis, interviews with key stakeholders, and observations of water use practices. Results and Discussion: The results highlight the identification of good practices and challenges faced in water resource management within the institution. The discussion contextualizes these results in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications for sustainability and efficiency in water use. Areas of inefficiency were identified, and sustainable strategies were developed. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research provide insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of sustainable water management in educational environments. These implications include recommendations for short, medium, and long-term actions that are replicable to other institutions. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by updating sustainable water management practices in educational environments and offers significant applied contributions to the implementation of effective water management solutions. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by its potential impact on decision-making by managers of other educational units.

Influence of coir pith application on soil moisture distribution with different irrigation regimes of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation under trickle irrigation system

An experiment was conducted during the summers of 2019 and 2020 at the AICRP Water Management field, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu to study the effect of coir pith application on soil moisture distribution of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different irrigation regimes. Treatment consisted of 3 irrigation regimes, viz. I1 , Trickle irrigation at 120% Pan Evaporation (PE); I2 , 100% PE, and I3 , 80% PE. Experiment separately, maintained the surface irrigation of IW: CPE 1.20 as control. The well-composed coir pith @375 kg/ha was spread over the raised beds and leveled well with surface soil. Soil samples were collected in vertical and horizontal directions for determining soil moisture by gravimetric method. Soil moisture appropriation was plotted graphically as contour maps used by the surfer. Results revealed that trickle irrigation at 120% PE with coir pith application improved the yield attributes of aerobic rice compared to surface irrigation (IW: CPE 1.20) owing to coir pith’s favourable hydrological and physical properties to hold and spread the water in the raised bed area.

Alternating wet and dry irrigation cycles enhance the nitrogen “cache” function of duckweed in a rice-duckweed system

In continuously-flooded paddies, the small, fast-growing aquatic plant duckweed (Lemna minor L.) considered to compete with rice for nitrogen, thereby having a negative impact on early rice growth. While duckweed overpopulation was known can be effectively overcome through field water management, the influence of such management on the N fate and its use efficiency in rice-duckweed systems is poorly documented. Accordingly, a three-year (2020–2022) field experiment was conducted to examine the combined impact on rice yield, as well as N loss and utilization, of two water management approaches (flood irrigation, FI vs. alternate wetting and drying irrigation, AWD), factorially combined with two rice production systems (rice-duckweed, +D, vs. duckweed-free rice, -D). In AWD+D fields, the density of duckweed generally remained below 250 g m−2 (about 85 % coverage), whereas in FI+D fields it reached 100 % coverage (300 g m−2) within 5 days after transplanting, with individual duckweeds overlapping one another. Following AWD irrigation, duckweed performed as a nitrogen “cache,” akin to a split fertilizer application, with the first of several splits occurring at the rice crop's early tillering stage. Within the first 2 days of a specific wet-dry cycle, duckweed can store 0.5–1.5 g N m−2, and then, within a further 3 days, release 0.3–1.0 g N m−2. In contrast, in FI+D paddies, this caching function occurred once under mid-season drainage, with further N being stored in the duckweeds during the remaining rice production season. As a result, at harvest the 0–0.10 m soil layer's N level increased significantly (p<0.05) in both FI+D (8.5–16.8 %) and AWD+D (14.9–20.8 %) compared to FI-D and AWD-D, respectively. Due to the coverage and storage-release function of duckweed, apparent N loss decreased in rice-duckweed system by 1.4–12.5 % in the FI field and 22.1–31.3 % in the AWD field compared to their respective duckweed-free systems. In FI fields, except for a 10 % relative reduction in nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) in 2020, duckweed didn't significantly affect rice yield or NRE. The yield reduction (3.5–6.7 %) and the NRE increase (0.8–7.4 %) under AWD-D (vs. FI-D) was, in the presence of duckweed, compensated for and overrun, resulting in a greater yield (5.3–6.7 %) and NRE (5.4–28.9 %) in the AWD+D vs. AWD-D field. When duckweed was present, AWD irrigation improved the by-path nitrogen cycling through duckweed, making the AWD+D system more beneficial for rice cultivation and the agroecosystem's environment health. The AWD+D system offers a promising measure for building an efficient and sustainable rice-duckweed agroecosystem.

Smart Water Management System Using IOT based Sensors

The advancement of technology in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) have grown rapidly over the past years in the field of water management in various context. The work aims to contribute to general process flow of a smart city management specifically in the field of the residential water management system. As well to design a smart water management system for the residential areas that can be implemented not only to a single residential area but to multiple residential areas. This is achieved through implementing sensor-based water flow meter to replace current mechanical water flow gauge. It is as well addressed the need of a common platform to store data that are currently proposed through an additional data acquisition application. Lastly, the work proposes an affordable prototype to measure water flow rate using IOT based sensors to be implemented at large scale and promising usability testing result.

Optimized management stabilized crop yield and mitigated the risk of potassium loss across different rotations in the middle of Yangtze River basin in China

Potassium (K) loss from cropland is a significant concern in the middle of Yangtze River basin due to extensive K fertilizer application and heavy rainfall, leading to soil fertility degradation and reduced nutrient use efficiency. Despite this, there has been limited research assessing K loss across different crop rotations. In this study, A five-year experiment was conducted to figure out the characteristics of the K loss via surface runoff and leaching across different crop rotations, and to evaluate the impact of two management strategies, conventional treatment (CT) and optimized management (OPT), on crop yield and soil available K content. Our findings revealed significant differences in K loss, ranging from 2.4 kg ha−1 to 11.8 kg ha−1 across different rotations, with paddy rotation exhibiting higher K loss than upland rotation. Seasonally, K loss was predominantly observed during the summer planting season, accounting for approximately 77.5% of sites, and between 50.0% and 86.2% of total K loss during this period. The proportion of K loss relative K input significantly decreased from 3.25% (CT) to 1.78% (OPT). The SEM model suggested that both runoff water and leachate volume exerted positive and significant effects on K loss. And optimized management enhanced crop yield and soil available K. In summary, optimized management stabilized crop yield and mitigated the risk of K loss across different rotations, and thus primarily required focused field water management to reduce runoff or leaching, with some practices such as cover straw offering an effective strategy. Our research provided basic data for K loss under different crop rotation systems in the middle of the Yangtze River basin and the theoretical guidance for optimizing management strategies of soil K in farmland.

Differences in illite soil macropore morphology caused by Ca2+ and Mg2+ under Na+ presence

Cations in soil solutions affect soil structural stability and thus soil quality and health. Ca2+ and Mg2+ could alleviate soil clay dispersion by replacing Na+, which was the main driver. However, Mg2+ could also cause soil disaggregation and weaken aggregate integrity. Currently, most studies on Ca2+ and Mg2+ mainly examine soil hydraulic characteristics and clay particle dispersion, rather than macropore geometry. We analyzed the impact of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on soil macropore morphology by measuring macropore length, aspect ratio, and area indices. An indoor soil column experiment was set up, and irrigation water was prepared with the same electrical conductivity (4 dS m−1) and different cation compositions (Na+-Ca2+ (NC), Na+-Ca2+-Mg2+ (NCM), Na+-Mg2+ (NM) and Na+-only (N) were added), and deionized water as the control (CK). The results indicated that N had the highest soil suspension turbidity among all treatments, with NM being higher than NC. The highest percentage of soil macropore aspect ratio < 2.0 was found in N, and the highest percentage of soil macropore aspect ratio for NCM was found in > 2.0. The macropore anisotropy of NM was closer to 1.0, and anisotropy of NC was closer to 0. The soil macropore morphology of NC developed towards a spherical shape, while the macropores of NM might extend along one or several similar directions. For Na+-Ca2+ dominated soil, Ca2+ mainly affected the macropore area. However, for Na+-Mg2+ dominated soil, Mg2+ primarily influenced the number of macropores. Ca2+ inhibited the negative effects of Na+, but Mg2+ promoted unidirectional extension of macropores, posing a risk of soil cracking. This study provided a better understanding to explore the differences in the effects of different cations on soil pore structure and helped to provide guidance for field water management.

Optimizing Water Sustainability: Revealing Cost Recovery Strategies in the Canary Islands (Spain). Stochastic Frontier Model

Article 9 of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) introduces cost recovery as an instrument aligned with the 'polluter pays' principle, aiming to contribute to the overall well-being of water bodies. In this regard, this research focuses on application of the cost recovery method in the context of the Canary Islands (Spain). The study provides a comprehensive description and analysis of the methodology established for the second cycle of planning (2015–2021) in the Canary Islands, offering a comparative assessment of results for each island. We employ a Stochastic Frontier Model, which allows us to assess the efficiency of different water production techniques. The results should be of great interest to public decision makers in the field of water management to minimize cost, allocate resources efficiently or review water tariffs. The findings underscore substantial variations in cost recovery across islands, emphasizing the need for enhanced water infrastructure methods and data acquisition. Future research needs to extend the years on cost recovery to incorporate economies of scale and type of ownership.

Challenges to Water Resource Management: The Role of Economic and Modeling Approaches

The field of water management is continually changing. Water has been subject to external shocks in the form of climate change and globalization. Water management analysis is subject to disciplinary developments and inter-disciplinary interactions. Are these developments well-documented in the literature? Initial observations in the interdisciplinary literature suggest that results are fragmented, implying that a state-of-the-art review is needed. This paper aims to close such a gap by reviewing recent developments in water economics that address increasing perceptions of water scarcity by looking first at changes in the supply and quality of water and then at the impacts of climate change on water supply extremes. Among responses to such challenges, this paper identifies changes to water use patterns by including and co-managing water from different sources, including surface and groundwater, reclaimed wastewater, and desalinated water. Technological advancements are also among the resources that address water challenges. Water challenges are also reflected in the management of internationally shared water. A recent surge in scientific work identified international treaties as a significant contributor to international water management. This paper reviews recently employed economic approaches, such as experimental economics, game theory, institutional economics, and valuation methods. And, finally, it explores modeling approaches, including hydro-economic and computable general equilibrium models, that are being used to deal with water challenges.

Hydrological effects of open ditch damming and controlled subsurface drainage in a Nordic agricultural field

Abstract Controlled drainage (CRD) is an agricultural water management practice designed to adjust the capacity of a drainage system under varying hydrological conditions. This simulation study aimed to quantify the potential of combining a controlled subsurface drainage (CS) with open ditch damming (CD) to manage the water table depth (WTD) and field water balance in Nordic conditions. Simulations with and without controlled drainage were run using a hydrological model that had been set up for a flat loamy field in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland, for the period 2010–2021. All CRD scenarios reduced the probability of deep WTDs during growing seasons (May–Sep). The impact of CS on WTDs was greater and more uniform than CD. The CRD effects on water balance were seen in water outflow pathways, as CS reduced drain discharge while CD had the opposite effect. When both methods were applied simultaneously, annual evapotranspiration increased 5–12% compared with the free drainage scenario. The effects of CRD on evapotranspiration were greatest during the dry years indicating that CRD has potential to reduce drought in food production areas. None of the CRD scenarios could maintain optimal WTDs during the entire growing season, highlighting the complexity of optimizing field water management using CRD alone.

ArduHydro: a low-cost device for water level measurement and monitoring

In this paper, we present ArduHydro, a low-cost device for water level measurement and monitoring designed for employment in controlled and outdoor environments. It measures the water level through an ultrasonic sensor and elaborates the signals through an Arduino microcontroller. The small size of this device, its robustness and accuracy make ArduHydro properly versatile for different applications in the field of water control and management. This article describes the design, the components, the costs, and the performance of ArduHydro. The performance was assessed with a laboratory test inside an open-channel flume and comparing ArduHydro measurements with those obtained with a traditional ultrasonic sensor. Furthermore, an example of ArduHydro application for detecting the wavefront evolution during surface irrigation of a maize crop is presented. The results revealed that ArduHydro measurements were, on average, very consistent with those obtained by the traditional ultrasonic sensor in all different flow conditions. The application of ArduHydro during a surface watering of an agricultural field allowed us to obtain important spatiotemporal information about the water depth along the longitudinal direction of the field, paying the way for a real comprehension of the dynamics of wavefront evolution in a real-world case study.

Integrated Operational System Enterprise Architec-ture Designing Using TOGAF-ADM Method Case Study at PT. XYZ (Construction Company)

XYZ is a construction company that belongs to the civil sector of construction, especially in the field of water management and waterwaste management in private and public projects. In its journey, PT XYZ continues to grow following the development of existing technology. However, in its development in the implementation of information systems, it turns out that some of the main processes at PT XYZ are still carried out manually. So that problems arise and disrupt the business processes of PT. XYZ. These problems include problems with data integration, communication and loss of information due to certain things. Especially in processes that are still done manually such as warehouse and project management. From this problem, an analysis will be made that will identify the problem in detail with company XYZ. So the idea of developing an integrated operational system emerged that would be built according to the Enterprise Architecture (EA) method. EA can be analogous to when building a building, a model, design and design of the building is needed. These things are needed as models and foundations for the design. Similar to the implementation of information systems, before its development, the basis and foundation of the design are needed in the form of information system models or architectures. In this research, the EA method that will be used is TOGAF-ADM. This method was chosen because TOGAF ADM is a complex method that can meet all EA development needs, so it is used based on organizational needs.

Study of Physical and Chemical Properties of Drinking Water Sources on the Citarum River Irrigation Area in Karawang, West Java, Indonesia

Citarum River in West Java has been named as the most polluted river in the world. The irrigation stream plays an important role in society as the source of agricultural and drinking water. However, the increasing number of industries and population density along the river have made this river dirtier. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of water in the Citarum River irrigation area. There were 33 samples that were taken for every 1,5 km. The physical chemical water parameters were tested at DLHK Karawang Water Laboratory. The water surface has a sharper color and smell when entering the industrial areas. This finding indicates that several chemical wastes are dumped directly into the water. The turbid color of the river water exceeds the set threshold. In addition, the dissolved iron content was above the standard. The results of this research can be implemented in the fields of water management, environment, and public health. Moreover, the results can be used as a basis for the government to make regulations. In addition, this can be used for other researchers in the development of science.

Regulatory and legal regulation of hydraulic structures and their impact on water safety of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article discusses the issues of regulatory regulation and control of hydraulic structures (hereinafter referred to as GTS), as well as the current system of public administration. The purpose is to identify the problems of legal regulation of ensuring the safe management of GTS and to develop proposals for improving the current legislation and the mechanism of state regulation. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: – to determine the regulatory framework governing the system for ensuring the safe operation of GTS; – to identify responsible state bodies whose powers include the implementation of state policy in the field of water management, including regulation and control over the activities of GTS owners; – to identify conflicts in the norms of national law that impede the safe operation of GTS and problems of public administration in the field of GTS. The GTS is a complex mechanism that performs several tasks simultaneously to meet the needs of the country's economy and population. Consequently, the GTS system needs not only clear legislative regulation, but also effective public management. Every year, the state spends billions of budget funds within the framework of national projects and state programs aimed at reforming the GTS system, which currently represents materially worn-out water management facilities erected during the Soviet era. Currently, there are about 1,700 GTS in Kazakhstan, which, instead of developing the country's energy and agriculture sectors, are a burden on the country's budget. The lack of proper state control over the activities of GTS owners, combined with the lack of clear legislative regulation, creates a risk of emergency situations that can negatively affect the ecosystem of the region, as well as hydropower and irrigation in general. The results of the study made it possible to identify current problems of a legislative nature, the public administration system and develop proposals for their solution.

Нормативно-правовое регулирование гидротехнических сооружений и их влияние на водную безопасность Республики Казахстан

The article discusses the issues of regulatory regulation and control of hydraulic structures (hereinafter referred to as GTS), as well as the current system of public administration. The purpose is to identify the problems of legal regulation of ensuring the safe management of GTS and to develop proposals for improving the current legislation and the mechanism of state regulation. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:– to determine the regulatory framework governing the system for ensuring the safe operation of GTS;– to identify responsible state bodies whose powers include the implementation of state policy in the field of water management, including regulation and control over the activities of GTS owners;– to identify conflicts in the norms of national law that impede the safe operation of GTS and problems of public administration in the field of GTS. The GTS is a complex mechanism that performs several tasks simultaneously to meet the needs of the country's economy and population. Consequently, the GTS system needs not only clear legislative regulation, but also effective public management.Every year, the state spends billions of budget funds within the framework of national projects and state programs aimed at reforming the GTS system, which currently represents materially worn-out water management facilities erected during the Soviet era.Currently, there are about 1,700 GTS in Kazakhstan, which, instead of developing the country's energy and agriculture sectors, are a burden on the country's budget. The lack of proper state control over the activities of GTS owners, combined with the lack of clear legislative regulation, creates a risk of emergency situations that can negatively affect the ecosystem of the region, as well as hydropower and irrigation in general. The results of the study made it possible to identify current problems of a legislative nature, the public administration system and develop proposals for their solution.

Selected organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment

Recently, an increasing number of research in the field of water and sewage management concerns issues related to the increasing pollution of the aquatic environment with micropollutants from the groups of endocrine-active EDA/EDC compounds and those referred to as "emerging contaminants ECs or CECs (contaminants of emerging concern) - as pollutants" newly appearing in the environment or causing concern". These groups are not mutually exclusive and it is possible to distinguish among them such chemical compounds, which due to their properties are classified into the three mentioned groups. This paper presents an overview of literature data concerning newly identified organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment. The problem of the occurrence of pollutants of anthropogenic origin in waters is valid due to an increase in the number of identified compounds, which so far did not identified or there were no analytical possibilities to detect them. This is important from the point of view of the impact on the biocenosis of the aquatic environment as well as due to the potential contamination of the population's drinking water supply.

Development of environmental costs in mining company after implementation of innovation - cyclone separator

This article summarizes the scientific discussion on the environmental costs of mining companies. Reducing environmental pollution in mining companies is focused on three strategies. The raw material intensity decrease is the first strategy. The second strategy is orientated to changes in the production of environmental products. The third strategy is directed at the consumption of products and liquidation after their lifetime. The priority goal of this paper was to demonstrate the development of environmental costs after the implementation of cyclone separators focusing on the expenses in the field of water management. Methods of research were focused on using index analysis and structure analysis. Base index and chain index were used in the analysis of the index. The object of the article was the mining company focused on mining limestone in Slovakia. The priority problem is the dust of the mining process. The research brings new solving a cyclone separator in the mining process for reducing dust. The goal "Operational Program Environment" is to invest in the water sector, creating mining companies' problems. Mining companies use water resources for their mining activities. The results of the study show decreasing in environmental costs. Water and sewerage fees eliminate by 11.1 %, air pollution charges by 11.5 %, disposal fees by about 5.2 %, and towing the sump by 1.5 %. The purpose of the mining company is to address environmental costs as a priority issue related to environmental protection. Competitive advantage for the mining industry introduces efficient and acceptable solutions - innovations.