Field Of Reverse Engineering Research Articles

Design and analysis of pump casing and impeller using reverse engineering technique

Abstract Advances in three-dimensional (3D) laser measurement technology have resulted in progress in the field of Reverse Engineering. This study introduces a Reverse Engineering technique utilized to restore the initial design of a Pump Casing and its Impeller. This study provides a detailed understanding of the creation of the casing and its impeller 3D model by using the scanned model and its detailed steps, and a 3D deviation report is plotted in order to get a complete deviation idea between the scan data and the design extracted. The Casing and Impeller both have a range of upper and lower is +/− 0.75 mm for the deviation measurement. The Casing is that all points are within its limit, and it’s 100% for most points within its limit and the impeller is 90.9% for most points is in its limit.

Implementation of AHP Methodology for the Evaluation and Selection Process of a Reverse Engineering Scanning System

Generally speaking, the proper selection of a suitable system for various uses is key to its full use in practice. In all areas, there is a large number of technologies, equipment, and systems to choose from, so it is necessary to determine the individual parameters and their weight, which are important for selection. In the field of reverse engineering, several technological devices are particularly expensive, and the selection of one will influence the long-term functioning of the system. Reverse engineering systems are widely used for the registration and documentation of historical objects in the sense of cultural heritage, and the presented scanning systems are suitable for this purpose. In this case, the selection of a scanning system is discussed. This paper deals with the methodology of selecting the most suitable reverse engineering system by the method of pairwise comparison of expert evaluation criteria (analytical hierarchical process (AHP)). This paper contains a comparison of several systems and the selection of the most suitable solution for the particular company.

Application of reverse engineering in the field of pharmaceutical tablets using Raman mapping and chemometrics

Raman micro-spectroscopy technique offers a combination of relatively high spatial resolution with identification of components or mixtures of components in different sample areas, e.g. on the surface or the cross-section of a sample. This study is focused on the analysis of the tablets from pharmaceutical development with different technological parameters: (1) the manufacturing technology, (2) the particle size of the input API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) and (3) the quantitative composition of the individual excipients.These three mentioned parameters represent the most frequently solved problems in the field of reverse engineering in pharmacy. The investigation aims to distinguish tablets with the above-described technological parameters with limited subjective steps by Raman microscopy. Furthermore, non-subjective methods of Raman data analysis using advanced statistical analysis have been proposed, namely Principal Component Analysis, Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy and Linear Discriminant Analysis. The methods successfully distinguished and identified even very small differences in the analysed tablets within our study and provided objective statistic evaluation of Raman maps. The information on component and particle size distribution including their small differences, which is the critical parameter in the development of the original and generic products, was obtained due to combination of these methods. Even though each of these chemometric methods evaluates the data set from a different perspective, their mutual application on the problem of Raman maps evaluation confirmed and specified results on level that would be unattainable with the use of only one them.

Utilizing the technique of industrial computed tomography (iCT) in reverse engineering field for industrial products

Utilizing the technique of industrial computed tomography (iCT) in reverse engineering field for industrial products

Utilizing the technique of industrial computed tomography (iCT) in reverse engineering field for industrial products

Reverse engineering plays a significant role in the industrial design field by assisting industrial companies through identifying competing products within markets and clarifying the strengths and weaknesses, it also helps industrial designers and provides them with necessary knowledge and information about the nature of these products by analyzing their different parts besides the relationship of each part to the other, which helps the designers to develop either enhance their products to increase its ability to compete for other products within markets. Reverse engineering also helps significantly in the process of spreading knowledge and science between different countries by analyzing products and manufacturing methods then to study the geometrical relationship in different parts of the product, which leads to development and modernization in engineering and industrial sciences within these countries were to help them in enhancing their products thus many institutions and research centers start searching about how to develop and update methods and trials of reverse engineering then to take advantage of modern and promising techniques where these countries and institutions may reach out to maximum possible benefit through analyzing these products and revealing their engineering and industrial secrets. Therefore this research aims to shed light on industrial computed tomography (iCT) as it is the most promising technology in the reverse engineering field with its unique features rather than other used techniques. ICT technology is characterized by being non-destructive to the examined and photographed sample. Moreover, it reveals the internal and external engineering details of any shape, color, surface or material regardless of their thickness or density. The mentioned technology also assists engineers and designers in getting a wealth of information of the examined and photographed body by determining the type of material, the shape of the fibers and the areas of stress in that body ....etc. In the research process, the researcher relies upon the descriptive approach to provide accurate scientific research on what that technology is and how to take its advantages in the reverse engineering field besides providing information to industrial designers to recognize the modern and promising methods in the reverse engineering field to serve the filed of industrial product design.

A Medical Staff Protective Isolation Suit Pattern to Confront Corona Pandemic (COVID-19) using Reverse Engineering

Reverse engineering has been applied throughout the ages to various economic activities, especially in the industrial fields. Many countries have tended to reverse engineering to study the products of other countries. The pace of this industrial phenomenon escalated during the Second World War, and since the mid-nineties reverse engineering has approached the field of software and the scope of work in the field of reverse engineering has expanded on information, communication and computer technologies, as well as the fields of mechanical and chemical applications in all countries of the world. Reverse engineering is a technique concerned with discovering the technical principles of a machine or a system by analyzing its structure, function and method of work, and this process is often completed by analyzing a system (a mechanical machine, a computer program, an electronic piece, a product) into parts or trying to remanufacture a similar one that performs the same function Carried out by the original system. And with what the country is going through in terms of surprising and new circumstances (Corona pandemic - COVID19) that swept the whole world, and with what it imposed of different types of Protective clothes for the medical staff in Isolation hospitals, and due to the importance of patterns and their impact on the quality of the clothing product and its efficiency in terms of good control and Physical and psychological comfort, the current research aims to study Protective Isolation suit pattern for the medical staff to confront Corona pandemic, and to analyze the method of preparing it using the reverse engineering in an attempt to evaluate the pattern that has been prepared and set on the European body and others In order to fit the Egyptian body with its different sizes, in addition to trying to extracting the standardized scientific foundations to reach fully-controlling patterns for Protective Isolation suit. Methodology: This research followed the experimental approach for its suitability to achieve the objectives of the research and to verify the validity of its hypotheses. The current research used two evaluation scales to evaluate both (dimensions of samples "patterns", control and matching of the executed samples). Each of them included four axes (front, back, sleeve, and head cover "coupon"). The researcher executed (4) samples of Protective Isolation suit drawn according to the extracted pattern using the reverse engineering for the sizes (M, L, XL, XXL). The most important results include: There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the specialists for the executed pattern for Protective Isolation suit using the reverse engineering in terms of controlling and conformity of the basic samples on the sizes ((M, L, XL, XXL). There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the specialists for the executed samples for Protective Isolation suit using the reverse engineering in terms of controlling and conformity the basic samples on the sizes ((M, L, XL, XXL). Extracting the standardized scientific foundations to reach fully-controlling patterns for Protective Isolation suit to suit the different bodies of the medical staff.

Development of A Computerized Multi-Measurement System for Fine Measurements.(Dept.M)

Microscopic instruments have been widely used in many applications for the purpose of inspection and measurement. Measurescopes are one of these microscopic instruments, which are used in micro measurements. Old 2-D measurescopes are limited to producing X and Y coordinates for individual points according to the movement of attached IWO micrometers. In has been developed using a this paper, a computerized 2-D measurement system Measurescope, personal computer and developed software. The software, named MScope, is 6.0 and is ready to run on any Windows fully written in lab using Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 environment. The system is capable of performing various types of measurements such as linear, angular, circular and radial measurements. In addition, the system is capable of tracing contours and freeform shapes in a manner, which could simulate a 2-D Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). This facility may help in the field of reverse engineering to measure small and complex products. The information of both the traced contours and the freeform shapes are calculated automatically and could be exported to AutoCAD as drawing files for further editing and modifications.

Geometric Modeling and 3D Printing Using Recursively Generated Point Cloud

Previous studies have reported that a recursive process called the point cloud creation algorithm (PCA) that generates a point cloud is useful for reverse engineering a planner shape. This study elucidates the characteristics of the parameters used in the recursive process as well as its ability in geometric modeling and 3D printing of 3D shapes. In the recursive process, three constants (center point, initial distance, and initial angle) and two variables (instantaneous distance and instantaneous rotational angle) are employed. The shape-modeling characteristics of the constants and variables are elucidated using some commonly used shapes (straight-line, circle, ellipses, spiral, astroid, S-shape, and leaf-shape). In addition, the shape-modeling capability of the recursive process as a whole is quantified using two parameters called the radius of curvature and aesthetic value. Moreover, an illustrative example that shows the efficacy of the recursive process in virtual and physical prototyping of a relatively complex 3D object is presented. The results show that reverse engineering performed by the recursive-process-created point cloud is free from computational complexity compared to reverse engineering performed by the 3D-scanner-created point cloud. As such, the outcomes of this study enrich the field of reverse engineering.

Reverse Engineering Field Isolates of Myxoma Virus Demonstrates that Some Gene Disruptions or Losses of Function Do Not Explain Virulence Changes Observed in the Field.

The coevolution of myxoma virus (MYXV) and wild European rabbits in Australia and Europe is a paradigm for the evolution of a pathogen in a new host species. Genomic analyses have identified the mutations that have characterized this evolutionary process, but defining causal mutations in the pathways from virulence to attenuation and back to virulence has not been possible. Using reverse genetics, we examined the roles of six selected mutations found in Australian field isolates of MYXV that fall in known or potential virulence genes. Several of these mutations occurred in genes previously identified as virulence genes in whole-gene knockout studies. Strikingly, no single or double mutation among the mutations tested had an appreciable impact on virulence. This suggests either that virulence evolution was defined by amino acid changes other than those analyzed here or that combinations of multiple mutations, possibly involving epistatic interactions or noncoding sequences, have been critical in the ongoing evolution of MYXV virulence. In sum, our results show that single-gene knockout studies of a progenitor virus can have little power to predict the impact of individual mutations seen in the field. The genetic determinants responsible for this canonical case of virulence evolution remain to be determined.IMPORTANCE The species jump of myxoma virus (MYXV) from the South American tapeti to the European rabbit populations of Australia and Europe is a canonical example of host-pathogen coevolution. Detailed molecular studies have identified multiple genes in MYXV that are critical for virulence, and genome sequencing has revealed the evolutionary history of MYXV in Australia and Europe. However, it has not been possible to categorically identify the key mutations responsible for the attenuation of or reversion to virulence during this evolutionary process. Here we use reverse genetics to examine the role of mutations in viruses isolated early and late in the Australian radiation of MYXV. Surprisingly, none of the candidate mutations that we identified as likely having roles in attenuation proved to be important for virulence. This indicates that considerable caution is warranted when interpreting the possible role of individual mutations during virulence evolution.

Determining image base of firmware for ARM devices by matching literal pools

In the field of reverse engineering, the correct image base of firmware has very important significance for the reverse engineers to understand the firmware by building accurate cross references. Furthermore, patching firmware needs to insert some instructions that references absolute addresses depending on the correct image base. However, for a large number of embedded system firmwares, the format is nonstandard and the image base is unknown. In this paper, we present a two-step method to determine the image base of firmwares for ARM-based devices. First, based on the storage characteristic of string in the firmware files and the encoding feature of literal pools that contain string addresses, we propose an algorithm called FIND-LP to recognize all possible literal pools in firmware. Second, we propose an algorithm called Determining image Base by Matching Literal Pools (DBMLP) to determine the image base. DBMLP can obtain the relationship between absolute addresses of strings and their corresponding offsets in a firmware file, thereby a candidate list for image base value is obtained. If the number of matched literal pools corresponding to a certain candidate image base is far greater than the others, this candidate is considered as the correct image base of the firmware. The experimental result indicates that the proposed method can effectively determine image base for a lot of firmwares that use the literal pools to store the string addresses.

Reconstructing time series GRN using a neuro-fuzzy system

As a reverse engineering field, reconstructing a Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) from time series gene data has been a challenging issue in bioinformatics. This paper proposes a novel engineering framework that infers and reconstructs a gene regulatory network in terms of regulatory accuracy. Different from other statistical methods, the proposed framework uses features that represent the characteristics of time series datasets and selects the appropriate features of the time series data by using a neuro-fuzzy system. The proposed framework for reconstruction is based on a Neuro Network with Weighted Fuzzy Membership Function (NEWFM), which not only simplifies fuzzy inference and regulation model complexity but also improves the regulatory accuracy of reconstructing the GRN without minimizing the dynamic regulatory cycle. Finally, the proposed framework is evaluated with experimental results that demonstrate higher regulatory accuracy than previous algorithms.

Optimization of the longitudinal resolution of a structured light shape reconstruction system, a DOE approach

Shape reconstruction using structured light has become one of the most widely used optical 3D scanning methods, especially in the field of reverse engineering. Longitudinal resolution is a main parameter in a shape reconstruction technique. An experimental assessment technique is proposed to evaluate the longitudinal resolution of a structured light measurement system. The proposed approach is based on incrementally moving a flat board, and reconstructing its shape at each position. The phase shift between the board wavefront at each position and the reference position wavefront is evaluated. The unwrapped phase is then used to evaluate the smallest board movement detectable by the measurement system. Taguchi method and ANOVA test are used to investigate the effect of various measurement system parameters on the estimated resolution.

Reverse engineering of free-form surface based on the closed-loop theory.

To seek better methods of measurement and more accurate model of reconstruction in the field of reverse engineering has been the focus of researchers. Based on this, a new method of adaptive measurement, real-time reconstruction, and online evaluation of free-form surface was presented in this paper. The coordinates and vectors of the prediction points are calculated according to a Bézier curve which is fitted by measured points. Final measured point cloud distribution is in agreement with the geometric characteristics of the free-form surfaces. Fitting the point cloud to a surface model by the nonuniform B-spline method, extracting some check points from the surface models based on grids and a feature on the surface, review the location of these check points on the surface with CMM and evaluate the model, and then update the surface model to meet the accuracy. Integrated measurement, reconstruction, and evaluation, with the closed-loop reverse process, established an accurate model. The results of example show that the measuring points are distributed over the surface according to curvature, and the reconstruction model can be completely expressed with micron level. Meanwhile, measurement, reconstruction and evaluation are integrated in forms of closed-loop reverse system.

Optimal Design and Structural Precision Analysis for a Spherical Coordinate System 3D Scanner Guiding Device

Recently, automatic 3D scanning devices are commonly researched and developed for better productivity of the reverse engineering fields. In this paper, a 3D scanner utilizing a spherical coordinate system was designed and analyzed using FEM analysis. The system was designed for optimal performance, high precision, minimal deflection, and speed of data collection. FEM analysis allowed us to properly design the system to achieve these goals, with focus on the deflection of the cantilever arm. Results of the FEM analysis and figures showing the apparatus design are provided. Successive prototypes are shown to increase in overall performance and reliability through improved design and analysis.

Comparative Analysis of the Status of the Network Protocol Reverse Engineering

In order to quickly grasp the actual situation of the current protocol reverse solution, commonly used terms first collection protocol reverse engineering field, to describe the protocol reverse engineering and the formal definition of the protocol reverse reference model; then summarizes the existing protocol reverse solution in the main analysis techniques and algorithms, and discusses the application fields of reverse technology protocol; finally describes between actual situation and the ideal current protocol reverse engineering of the gap, and points out the defects existing in the current scheme monk unsolved problems, explore new directions for future research.

A flexile and high precision calibration method for binocular structured light scanning system.

3D (three-dimensional) structured light scanning system is widely used in the field of reverse engineering, quality inspection, and so forth. Camera calibration is the key for scanning precision. Currently, 2D (two-dimensional) or 3D fine processed calibration reference object is usually applied for high calibration precision, which is difficult to operate and the cost is high. In this paper, a novel calibration method is proposed with a scale bar and some artificial coded targets placed randomly in the measuring volume. The principle of the proposed method is based on hierarchical self-calibration and bundle adjustment. We get initial intrinsic parameters from images. Initial extrinsic parameters in projective space are estimated with the method of factorization and then upgraded to Euclidean space with orthogonality of rotation matrix and rank 3 of the absolute quadric as constraint. Last, all camera parameters are refined through bundle adjustment. Real experiments show that the proposed method is robust, and has the same precision level as the result using delicate artificial reference object, but the hardware cost is very low compared with the current calibration method used in 3D structured light scanning system.

Nurbs-Based Profile Reconstruction using Constrained Fitting Techniques

AbstractOrdered data point cloud obtained by laser-scanning, image processing or contact digitizing techniques is widely used for reconstructing a cross section profile in the field of reverse engineering. In this research, a comprehensive algorithm for reconstruction of 2D profile is developed based on NURBS parametric curve theory. In this regard, the line, arc and B-spline segments are firstly extracted from the set of ordered data points using a developed segment detection algorithm. Then, the final profile is reconstructed using the newly proposed algorithm of constrained local fitting which approximates these segments by NURBS curves with appropriate geometric continuity conditions. The validity, capability and functionality of the developed method are investigated by some practical case studies. Results show that developed algorithm can be integrated and improve the functionality of exiting reverse engineering systems.

Using Noise for Model-Testing

For realistic models in molecular biology, you need to consider the noise in the cellular and intracellular environments. In this article, we present a novel approach for testing the validity of nonlinear models representing a biological system affected by noise. Our approach is based on results by Kushner and Øksendal and uses computational techniques that rely on efficient solvers. By providing analytically upper bounds for the exit probability of solution trajectories of a system from a particular set in the phase space, we can compare measurement data with this prediction and try to invalidate models with certain parameter values or noise properties. Thus, our approach complements the usual methods that are based on deterministic models. It is particularly useful in the field of reverse engineering in systems biology, when one seeks to determine model parameters and noise properties as we show in the Results section, where we applied the approach to examples of increasing complexity and to the Hog1 signalling pathway.

Algorithms for mesh repairing to represent automobile parts

In representing automobile parts with mesh in the field of reverse engineering or finite element generation, the mesh reconstruction and data exchanging between different CAD/CAM systems often introduce many invisible topological and geometrical errors into mesh. These artifacts can cause serious problems in subsequent operations such as finite element analysis, reverse engineering, animation, and simulation. In this study we propose a practical method for repairing topological and geometrical errors on mesh. First, coincident vertices during mesh input are removed, followed by the identification of non-manifold vertices and edges. The non-manifold vertices are modified, and the facets having non-manifold edges are removed. Finally, faces that have the wrong orientations in the mesh are re-oriented. Experiments show that our methods can eliminate most common mesh errors quickly and effectively. The refined mesh can be properly used in subsequent operations.

Static Analysis to Model & Measure OO Paradigms

Object oriented development has proved its worth in today’s system because its design and development is better, reliable and easier to access than the traditional methodologies. Due to updated requirements and lack of documentation in old systems has provided a motivation to revamp the systems. Rebuilding or redesigning the same system is highly expensive. To overcome this problem reverse engineering of the system is used as most suitable alternative. Field of reverse engineering is expanding its horizon day by day; it requires reusability not only at code level but also at higher level which can measure the analysis results and original system. Reverse engineering, strategy has been developed to analyse and modeling the OO files by designing the translator. It models and measures the OO by using traditional metrics and new encapsulation metrics (Public Factor (PuF) & Private Factor (PrF)) essential for developing the good software. In this work we tried to refine metrics especially for object-oriented programming and set of these metrics has been defined.