Field Of Play Research Articles

THE TAXATION OF IMAGE RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA: VALIDITY OF TAX MINIMISATION SCHEMES

Sport undeniably plays a major role in society today. Over the years, ithas developed into n free-standing industry and its players have becomeincreasingly valuable and earn income both on and off the field. Thisarticle addresses the income generated by sport stars off the field ofplay through the exploitation of their ‘image rights’. The use ofsomeone’s image rights can be explained as the practice ofappropriating someone’s personality. In modern society, people havebecome transfixed by sport stars. This has led to the image rights ofindividual sport stars such as Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo tobecome commodities exploited by their clubs and other third parties toenhance brand images and promote the sale of products.1 This use ofthe image rights of celebrities generates a whole new source of incomefor these sport stars. Due to the relatively high amounts of incomereceived for the use of a sport star’s image, these stars may be temptedto enter into creative schemes in an attempt to reduce high taxes leviedagainst these streams of income. The practice of the commercialexploitation of a sport star’s image rights is a relatively new development in South Africa and is not yet recognised to the same extent as in other jurisdictions, such as the UK and Spain. This article examines the existing South African sport, intellectual property, andtax laws governing image rights and specifically analyses whether SouthAfrica is sufficiently equipped, under tax legislation, to address theseminimisation schemes aimed at reducing the tax liability arising from aSouth African sport star’s image rights.

Thermal performance of stadium’s Field of Play in hot climates

The stadium Field of Play (FoP) is a large area of grass that affects the stadiums overall thermal performance. This paper experimentally and numerically investigates the thermal performance of stadiums FoP in hot and arid climates. For a period of one year, the temperature readings of the FoP natural grass surface, subsoil at a depth of 200mm and the surrounding running track were recorded for Khalifa stadium in Doha, Qatar. The temperature measurements were used to assess the accuracy of numerical predictions of the stadium FoP temperature distribution using two different numerical methods. First, a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) model was developed to simulate the unsteady heat transfer between the atmosphere and natural turf, and between the soil and turf. The DNS model accounts for radiative, convective, conductive and evaporating heat on the surface for different climates. Second, a prognostic three-dimensional ENVI-met climate model was utilized to simulate the stadium FoP microclimate system. Although the measured and simulated data showed good agreement, differences were noticed at the peak temperatures. In winter and spring seasons, the peak temperature predicted by the DNS model appeared one hour later than the measured peak temperature, while the ENVI-met predicted peak temperature was detected two hours later. The difference is attributed to the treatment of soil thermal capacity and its water content. Both of the numerical models considered the soil temperature as constant near the averaged measured soil data. For the grass surface and subsoil, the DNS model could better predict the temperature change during the day of the four seasons. The research results can be utilized to validate the thermal models proposed to simulate stadiums thermal performance.

‘Being’ in the coaching world: new insights on youth performance coaching from an interpretative phenomenological approach

ABSTRACTSince Heidegger's influential text; Being and time (1927/2005), the phenomenological question of what it means to ‘be’ has generated a vast body of work. This paper reports data from a phenomenological study that investigated what it means to ‘be’ a youth performance coach. An overview of the interpretive phenomenological methods used is followed by presentation of coaches and data. Data analysis resulted in the identification of three constituent ‘essences’ of youth performance coaching: (i) care; (ii) a commitment to educate athletes authentically for corporeal challenges to come; and (iii) working with others to achieve a specialised corporeal excellence. The three identified essences manifest themselves in a broad lifeworld that includes settings on and off the field of play (FOP). Given the very different insights into the practice of coaching that emerge from this study, we argue it would be useful for future studies of coaching practice and coach education to extend their focus to take into account coaches' wider lives both on and off the FOP. We also argue for further exploration of coaching by drawing on phenomenological concepts such as care and relationality.

The Naked Text: Chaucer’s Legend of Good Women by Sheila Delany

STUDIES IN THE AGE OF CHAUCER the appendix could have been profitably applied to a bibliography which more fully represented the extensive documentation of the notes of the introduction. The present select bibliography is superficial and sometimes redundant, as in the case ofNicholas Davis's Cambridge dissertation on the Tretise, which is cited on three successive pages. These problems are, however, minor and are balanced by the altogether more attractive presentation ofthis new edition. Davidson's expert updat­ ing ofthis essential drama text, reflecting more than a decade ofimportant scholarship on art, drama, Lollardy, and dialect studies, has given us a worthy continuation of the series with which he has been centrally involved. STEPHEN PAGE University of Hawaii SHEILA DELANY. The Naked Text: Chaucer's Legend of Good Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. Pp. xi, 259. $42.00. The Naked Text offers extremely bold and, as such, vulnerable commen­ taries on Chaucer's LegendofGood Women. In a brief"Prolocutionary," Sheila Delany proposes several metaphorical extensions of Chaucer's image ofthe naked text (LGW G86) which will serve as her interpretive filters ofthe Legend. Without apology Delany then presents highly opportunistic read­ ings ofone of Chaucer's most problematic compositions. Her driving con­ viction throughout the book is that "to open the poem to irony-the play oflanguage-is to open it to the play ofcritical theory" (p. 150). Delany would have us address the Legend as a field ofplay for a number of critical inquiries, umpired by Jacques Derrida, Harold Bloom, Edward Said, Mi­ chel Foucault, and Susan Gubar. Delany's book is a very fashionable study, attractive as such to poststructuralists, New Historicists, and feminists, as well as Chaucerians. Nevertheless, Delany finally reaffirms Chaucer's com­ fort with the ready-to-wear doctrines ofSt. Augustine. As a sequel (p. 229) to her Chaucer's House ofFame (1972), Delany again asserts the poet's the­ matic recourse to The Poetics ofSkeptical Fideism. Ultimately Delany reads the Legendas the product ofa political "conservative" and a moral "rigorist" because the aporia ofhis own fictions mandated, for Chaucer, a final leap of faith. 192 REVIEWS The Naked Text conjoins several ofDelany's previously published articles about sections of the Legend into one interpretive whole. Most intriguing are her very close readings of the Prologue, especially its "gender-blind" balade; of Chaucer's strategies for naming himself in several works; of the double entendre that submerges the Battle of Actium scene in the Legend of Cleopatra; of the subversive wordplay of the Legend ofThisbe; and of obscene puns that hold "in equilibrium two lines of interpretation" (p. 73) throughout the Legend. Delany's first chapter explores how the Legend functions as "a work 'tran­ sitional' in several ways" (p. 13); it bridges Chaucer's dominant focus on reading in The House of Fame and his prevailing concerns with writing throughout The Canterbury Tales. The first chapter thus continues to ap­ proach the Legend's Prologue as a key statement in Chaucer's poetic theory, an appreciation initiated by R. 0. Payne and more recently elaborated by Lisa Kiser andDonald Rowe. By bracketing the Legendbetween the inter­ pretive extremes of both post-Ockhamist skepticism and hagiographic piety, however,Delany discloses the profound ambivalence and inherent sophistication of the Legend: "It is possible to write about the Legend of Good Women as a series of negatives, absences, or denials" (p. 59). Chapter 2 continues this exploration of the "issues of language, nature, and women, and their imbricated relations" (p. 71) in terms of the inter­ pretive space created byDerrida's aifferance (p. 75). Goodness itself is prob­ lematized.The nine extant legends-excepting perhaps a subsequent in­ terpretation of the Legend of Phyllis as "genuinely exemplary" (p. 224}­ "asserr not unitary faith and goodness, but contradiction" (p. 114) as prac­ tical manifestations of an aesthetic proposed in the Prologue. Chapter 3 offers a far more nuts-and-bolts analysis of the Legend's use of "rhetorical devices such as wit, wordplay, and obscenity," which "have, like any stylistic device, a logic of their own, an aesthetic reason for being" (p. 139). That reason is to propose a more natural, non-utopian, indeed anti-idealized...