Field Of Photovoltaic Systems Research Articles

Analysis and Evaluation of Photovoltaic Cell Defects and Their Impact on Electricity Generation

Many problems arise in the operation of photovoltaic systems. Each of these problems affects the operation of photovoltaic systems by reducing the power of the entire system. Some problems can be avoided during the design of photovoltaic systems. For example, when designing photovoltaic systems, it is possible to eliminate the shading of photovoltaic panels from surrounding objects. It is also necessary to look at the shading from neighboring photovoltaic panels when designing photovoltaic systems. It is necessary to calculate the inclination of the sunlight based on the position of the sun and calculate the distance between the two panels accordingly. However, some problems appear during the operation of photovoltaic systems. These problems can be partially eliminated. The magnitude of the series resistance can be eliminated by reducing the transition resistance throughout the system. The paper describes these problems and their possible solutions in practice. In the practical part, we focused on simulations and experiments in the field of photovoltaic systems (PV). The simulations focused on both the influence of temperature and the series resistance of photovoltaic panels on the production of electricity. The experiments were focused on the influence of various faults/defects on the power and V-A characteristics of photovoltaic panels connected in strings. The paper also discusses the impact of bypass diodes on the operation of photovoltaic systems and determines the need to use bypass diodes.

Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies Integrated with Storage Systems and Fuel Cell Vehicle

This paper presents a thorough review of state-of-the-art research and literature in the field of photovoltaic systems for the production of electrical energy, storage systems, and fuel cell vehicle. This paper mainly focuses on 1 axis tracking, 1.5 axes tracking, dual axes tracking, bi-facial and perovskite silicon tandem solar photovoltaic technologies, and the storage systems integrated with the mentioned solar technologies, include pumped hydropower, compressed air, and flywheel. This paper also comprises a detailed analysis of system integration with combinations of various solar photovoltaic technology and different electrolysis processes for generating green hydrogen, which can be further used for hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles.

Charge Dissipation Behavior on the Insulating Polyimide Backsheet in Photovoltaic System

Deterioration of electric properties will be generated by the accumulation of surface charge on photovoltaic backsheet in the insulating system of photovoltaic (PV) system. The phenomena of potential induced degradation (PID) could be verified in the insulating Polyimide (PI) backsheet of PV module. In the field of photovoltaic system, PI has been found a special insulating backsheet that work in a mild condition. If the dynamic behaviors of the charge in the insulating backsheet could be understand, unexpected flashover events will be avoided. Thus, the mechanism of surface charge decay of PI should be explored under steady condition. The effect of accumulation of surface charge was explored on PI dielectric under constant ambient temperatures in this paper. The present investigation will contribute greatly toward the early potential induced degradation phenomenon of PV system.

A State-of-Art-Review on Machine-Learning Based Methods for PV

In the current era, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly pervasive with applications in several applicative fields effectively changing our daily life. In this scenario, machine learning (ML), a subset of AI techniques, provides machines with the ability to programmatically learn from data to model a system while adapting to new situations as they learn more by data they are ingesting (on-line training). During the last several years, many papers have been published concerning ML applications in the field of solar systems. This paper presents the state of the art ML models applied in solar energy’s forecasting field i.e., for solar irradiance and power production forecasting (both point and interval or probabilistic forecasting), electricity price forecasting and energy demand forecasting. Other applications of ML into the photovoltaic (PV) field taken into account are the modelling of PV modules, PV design parameter extraction, tracking the maximum power point (MPP), PV systems efficiency optimization, PV/Thermal (PV/T) and Concentrating PV (CPV) system design parameters’ optimization and efficiency improvement, anomaly detection and energy management of PV’s storage systems. While many review papers already exist in this regard, they are usually focused only on one specific topic, while in this paper are gathered all the most relevant applications of ML for solar systems in many different fields. The paper gives an overview of the most recent and promising applications of machine learning used in the field of photovoltaic systems.

Power Electronic Converters for Single-Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic System: An Overview

The Solar photovoltaic (PV) power system have achieved meteoric rise through the years. The uptake is not difficult to explain – a drop in cost of PV systems and spiraling electricity cost, have encouraged the end-user to lessen their bills by producing cheaper electricity and can generate revenue by feeding excess power back to the grid. The solar PV is intermittent in nature so it dependent on irradiance and ambient temperature. Power electronics technologies plays an important part for optimizing the energy harvesting from PV system. In order to get maximum extracted power and ensure the load is supplied with a good quality voltage, different dc-dc converters topologies and inverters configurations are used. This paper provides an overview of PV inverter configurations and DC-DC topologies to offer a useful insight and reference point for the researchers working in the field of photovoltaic system.

Classification and Evaluation Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods

Photovoltaic (PV) systems have witnessed a rapid increment, the yield mainly relies on the working condition. In most cases, it is hard to obtain the optimal yield. Therefore, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers witness much attention as an important optimization field of PV systems. These controllers employ different algorithms and they vary in their efficiency, performance, modernity, complexity, and tracking speed. MPPT controllers have witnessed a rapid improvement, they can be generally classified as conventional and advanced methods. Conventional methods are relatively simple but they can't distinguish between the local and global peaks if partial shading occurs, therefore, their efficiency is relatively low. Advanced tracking methods are widely used due to their superior efficiency. Due to the limitation of the singular conventional and advanced methods, hybrid methods find their way to solve these limitations. Selecting the finest MPPT method is still an open issue, this issue can be solved by implementing a survey of the applied methods. This study gives a concise classification and evaluation review of all the applied MPPT methods. This study also provides an accessible reference to undertake mass research works in MPPT in the near future.

Coyote optimization algorithm for parameters extraction of three-diode photovoltaic models of photovoltaic modules

This paper exhibits a novel application of the coyote optimization algorithm (COA) in order to extract the nine unknown parameters of the three-diode photovoltaic (PV) model of PV modules. The main target of this study is to obtain a very highly precise PV model, which can be efficiently applied to represent the PV system in the simulation of dynamic power systems. The optimization problem is formulated to take into consideration the root mean squared current error between the calculated model current and the experimental current of the PV module. The COA is applied to minimize this fitness function. In this study, the COA-PV model is validated by the numerical results which are performed at different environmental conditions such as temperature and irradiation variation conditions. Moreover, its effectiveness is executed by making a comparison between its numerical and experimental results for some commercial PV modules in the market like the KC200GT and MSX-60 modules. With the adoption of the COA, a highly precise three-diode PV model can be established. This represents a novel contribution to the field of PV systems and its modeling.

An Iterative Analytical Solution for Calculating Maximum Power Point in Photovoltaic Systems Under Partial Shading Conditions

Detection of maximum power point (MPP) is one of the most sought-after topics in the field of photovoltaic systems. There are many approaches to detecting MPP, amongst these are analytical methods. Analytical methods use mathematical functions to solve the given problem and therefore are one of the dominant strategies. However, their applications to detect MPP have been limited to study only uniform shading conditions. The use of analytical methods to detect MPP for more challenging cases like partial shading conditions is yet to be investigated. In this brief, an analytical solution to identify MPP under partial shading conditions is proposed. Equations describing photovoltaic panels and MPP conditions are derived by applying fundamental circuit laws. The derived equations are non-linear and can be solved using numerical techniques available in most of the simulation packages. The proposed model can theoretically detect the MPP amongst “N” peaks. The results from the simulation are verified by conducting experimentation with standard algorithms available in the literature. The results from simulation and experimentation are found to agree with each other.

Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Grid-connected Photo Voltaic System

The Photo-Voltaic (PV) system is designed to supply solar power through photo-voltaic. The PV generator exhibits non-linear voltage-current characteristics and its Maximum Power Point (MPP) varies with cell temperature and solar radiation. The MPP Tracking (MPPT) technique gains more attraction in the field of PV systems and it is considered as a vital part in photovoltaic system design to maximize the output power of a photovoltaic array. The conversion efficiency of PV arrays is typically low; it requires MPPT control techniques to enhance the efficiency. The MPPT technique has been proposed for PV systems to reach the MPP. The most common issues associated with MPPTs are low tracking efficiency, need more transient time and steady state oscillation. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the MPPT techniques and analyzed the merits and demerits with different factors such as MPP, tracking error and power estimation error.

New Methods for Reducing the Problems of Photovoltaic Systems

Increasing of demand in the energy sphere and also unprecedented proliferation of environmental pollutants in the air has pushed human toward the using of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems. Unfortunately, despite all the efforts made, in the field of photovoltaic systems, still the usability of this clean and renewable source is skeptical in the world. This paper examines some basic problems of photovoltaic systems and discusses a few new approaches to reduce some problems of photovoltaic systems. The proposed approaches have capabilities and difficulties which are investigated in this study.

New Methods for Reducing the Problems of Photovoltaic Systems

Increasing of demand in the energy sphere and also unprecedented proliferation of environmental pollutants in the air has pushed human toward the using of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems. Unfortunately, despite all the efforts made, in the field of photovoltaic systems, still the usability of this clean and renewable source is skeptical in the world. This paper examines some basic problems of photovoltaic systems and discusses a few new approaches to reduce some problems of photovoltaic systems. The proposed approaches have capabilities and difficulties which are investigated in this study.

Structural and electrical properties of AlN films deposited using reactive RF magnetron sputtering for solar concentrator application

AlN is an interesting material with some excellent properties like high hardness (>11GPa), high temperature stability (>2400°C), good electrical resistivity (>1010Ωcm), and good thermal conductivity (>100W/mK). These properties make it useful in the field of photo voltaic systems. Cooling of solar cells in solar concentrator application is of major concern because high temperature reduces their efficiency. In the present work we deposited AlN coating, with and without an Al interlayer, on various substrates like Si, quartz, and copper using RF magnetron sputtering. Deposition conditions such as Al interlayer (deposition time=5–20min), Ar:N2 ratio (N2%=0–75%) and substrate bias (0 and −50V) were changed in order to study their effect on coating properties. Coating surface roughness increased from 0.05 to 0.15μm with increase in Al interlayer thickness. The coating thickness decreased from 4.4 to 3.1μm with increase in N2 gas % and films grew in (002) orientation. Films deposited on copper using Al interlayer showed good electrical resistance of ∼1013Ω. Films deposited on copper without Al interlayer showed presence of voids or micro cracks and poor electrical properties. AlN films deposited at −50V bias show cracking and delamination.

An overview of system technology in Japan

The paper summarizes Japanese activities in the field of photovoltaic system R&D. Last year 1994 was just the 20th anniversary of the Sunshine Project, which started in July 1974. Although there have been a variety of R&D including stand-alone applications in the Project, the utility-connected, residential systems mounted on roofs have been able to indicate the largest possibility from an early stage of R&D. Through these efforts, it can be considered that the technologies have recently been established fundamentally and a series of new activities have been being introduced to promote the commercialization and diffusion of PV systems. To review those activities, several condensed tables are presented, e.g., the history of system R&D, recent deregulation and new institutional activities to spread PV systems. Possible R&D items from now on are also reviewed and listed, which are necessary for the support of these efforts as well as the global spread of PV systems.