Field Of Electronic Communication Research Articles

Services in the field of electronic communications and their impact on the income accounting system

Services in the field of electronic communications and their impact on the income accounting system

STATE REGULATION OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR (FOR EXAMPLE ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SERVICES MARKET)

The purpose of the article is to systematize and generalize the features of state regulation of the market of electronic communication services under martial law. It is noted that the needs for regulation during the war may change depending on market conditions and the structure of the legal framework, shelling of critical infrastructure, cyber attacks, but the key components for effective regulation are the functional aspects of the regulatory body, its subordination, the analysis of the preventive and operational regulatory impact at decision-making, protection of the industry and protection of consumer rights, etc. The article presents the regulatory framework of the state regulation of the market of electronic communication services in modern and historical aspects. It was determined that the national regulator of the market of electronic communication services in Ukraine is the National Commission, which carries out state regulation in the fields of electronic communications, radio frequency spectrum and the provision of postal services (NСEС), the main functions of the regulator are given. The main directions of state regulation of the market of electronic communication services in Ukraine are considered. It is substantiated that the trends towards liberalization in the field of electronic communications are related to global processes and opportunities that regulatory bodies face as services expand, platforms and network operators converge. It was noted that responding to market behavior and the growing need to ensure the safety of critical infrastructure and protect consumer rights determines the use of appropriate regulatory tools, the choice and adoption of which is complicated for the industry regulator in the modern convergent environment due to military actions. The corresponding institutional structure is described. It was concluded that the institutional structure in the field of electronic communications is complex, it includes relations of industry regulation between the state and international institutions, relations between the industry regulator and the antimonopoly authority, during the years of independence, the regulatory system in the field of electronic communications of Ukraine has gone through many stages and, accordingly the object of regulation changed (electrical communications, telecommunications, electronic communications). In conclusion, it is stated that a certain dualism of the need for state regulation can be traced due to the inefficient functioning of market mechanisms, which, in turn, is due to the lack of the necessary institutional structure that would fully satisfy the needs of the national economy in wartime. It is emphasized that usually the state regulation of electronic communications is aimed at ensuring a competitive market structure in order to achieve advantages from such a structure, from the point of view of the consumer, lower tariffs, better quality and an expanded range of services, and from the point of view of the state and business entities – to achieve maximum market growth with an increase in volume, lower costs, development of new services. However, in wartime, aspects of security, preservation of infrastructure and protection against cyberattacks come to the fore. It was concluded that in the field of electronic communications, in the presence of significant network effects, important areas of state regulation appear in wartime, which are related to standardization and compatibility, which shape the nature of innovation and price competition, as well as ensuring the stable functioning of networks after shelling of critical infrastructure. In the absence of compatibility of security and market aspects, the benefits for consumers and the provision of competition in the relevant market are reduced, as well as the fulfillment of social functions historically inherent in the communications industry is impossible.

Feature extraction algorithm of anti-jamming cyclic frequency of electronic communication signal

Abstract Anti-jamming cyclic frequency feature extraction is an important link in identifying communication interference signals, which is of great significance for eliminating electronic communication interference factors and improving the security of electronic communication environment. However, when the traditional feature extraction technology faces a large number of data samples, the processing capacity is low, and it cannot solve the multi-classification problems. For this type of problem, a method of electronic communication signal anti-jamming cyclic frequency feature extraction based on particle swarm optimization-support vector machines (PSO-SVM) algorithm is proposed. First, the SVM signal feature extraction model is proposed, and then the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used. Optimize the kernel function parameter settings of SVM to raise the classifying quality of the SVM model. Finally, the function of the PSO-SVM signal feature extraction model is tested. The results verify that the PSO-SVM model begins to converge after 60 iterations, and the loss value remains at about 0.2, which is 0.2 lower than that of the SVM technique. The exactitude of signal feature extraction is 90.4%, and the recognition effect of binary phase shift keying signal is the best. The complete rate of signal feature extraction is 85%. This shows that the PSO-SVM model enhances the sensitivity of the anti-jamming cyclic frequency feature, improves the accuracy of the anti-jamming cyclic frequency feature recognition, reduces the running process, reduces the time cost, and greatly increases the performance of the SVM method. The good model performance also improves the application value of the method in the field of electronic communication.

The Application and Research of Internet of Things Technology in the Field of Electronic Communication

The Application and Research of Internet of Things Technology in the Field of Electronic Communication

MODEL OF ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP IN THE NETWORK ECONOMY

Significant changes in the development of new interdependencies between companies, the development of the value chain concept, and technological progress in the field of electronic communications between companies are the main prerequisites for the significant interest of theorists in network structures. Some scholars believe that the study of two-way relationships reflects the popularity of the concept of affiliate marketing, while the focus on networks is a higher level of marketing development. Given that the achievement of long-term cooperative trade relations primarily depends on the will and capacity of both partner parties (bilateral control), it is clear that their nature can be explored in more detail only through mutual considerations. Significant changes in the development of new interdependencies between companies, the development of the value chain concept, and technological progress in the field of electronic communications between companies are the main prerequisites for the significant interest of theorists in network structures. Some scholars believe that the study of two-way relationships reflects the popularity of the concept of affiliate marketing, while the focus on networks is a higher level of marketing development. Given that the achievement of long-term cooperative trade relations primarily depends on the will and capacity of both partner parties (bilateral control), it is clear that their nature can be explored in more detail only through mutual considerations.

The right to secrecy of telephone conversations in the information society (private law aspects)

The article examines the issues of civil law protection of the secrecy of telephone conversations. It was found that at the level of civil law, as well as legislation governing relations in the field of electronic communications, the right to secrecy of telephone conversations is insufficiently protected. In the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine, the right to secrecy of telephone conversations is erroneously considered as an integral part of the right to secrecy of correspondence and is not mentioned as an independent civil right. The norms of special legislation do not directly enshrine the right to secrecy of telephone conversations; in some cases, the protection of this right is brought to the secondary level, which reduces the level of guarantees of this right. An important deviation of the legislator from the idea of constitutional and legal protection of the right to secrecy of telephone conversations is revealed. Which is manifested in the fact that in special legislation (both at the level of laws and at the level of bylaws) this constitutional right is not related to secrecy and is protected by the protection of confidential information about the subscriber and the services he received or ordered. It is proved that the current civil legislation needs to be improved with the direct consolidation of the right to secrecy of telephone conversations as an independent civil right and appropriate means of its protection. It is proposed to define the content of a person's subjective civil right to secrecy of telephone conversations as a set of powers: the right to keep the content of telephone conversations secret: the right to maintain secrecy regarding other information about the subscriber and his telephone conversations; the right to demand that the necessary measures be taken to ensure the secrecy of telephone conversations; the right to claim the passive conduct of third parties for not violating the secrecy of telephone conversations; the right to protection of the violated secrecy of telephone conversations.

IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION ON THE EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The article reveals the essence and meaning of digitization. It was established that the list of the most promising digital technologies according to the results of the World Economic Forum in Davos includes: artificial intelligence, mobile, biometric and cloud technologies, virtualization, blockchain, augmented reality, additive technologies (3D printing). The Concept of Development of the Digital Economy and Society of Ukraine for 2018-2020 noted the need for digitalization of agricultural enterprises, which depends on the competitiveness of agricultural producers. Digitization enables agricultural enterprises to share information, establish cooperation and peer review, compare their production with others, and develop informal information systems that can complement more formal information systems. The most long-awaited event in the field of electronic communications in Ukraine is the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On Electronic Communications", which should ensure the dynamic development of the electronic communications market according to European standards and at the same time improve the quality of services in this area. It is figured out that at the current stage of development of Ukraine, a powerful digital strategy for managing agricultural enterprises is gradually being formed, based on the use of computer technologies, geo-information systems, management of business processes of production, SMART equipment, logistics, marketing, which will allow differentiated and clear consideration of technical, technological and management decisions. It was considered how digitization affects the efficiency of agricultural producers, and the system of information and communication technologies was developed, which contributes to ensuring the process of digitization of agricultural enterprises. The step-by-step algorithm for the introduction of digitalization processes into the activities of agricultural enterprises and the mechanism of digitalization of agricultural enterprises are proposed. Keywords: digitization, efficiency, agricultural enterprise, digital technologies, electronic communications, profit, competitive advantage.

International legal aspects of internet regulation in the European Union

The purpose of the article is to provide a list and briefly analyze international legal mechanisms, as well as legal sources and acts of the EU aimed at regulating the use of the Internet and electronic communication technologies within the organization; identify areas, status and directions of internal and external harmonization of the described regulatory mechanisms. Scientific novelty of the work is to consider the mechanisms and basic regulations of the European Union in the process of their creation and in terms of their role in the formation of a single digital space of the organization. Specific works of domestic scientists in the relevant field were generalized and supplemented, as well as the basis for further research was established. In the early 2000s, EU lawmakers focused on the develop-ment of basic regulations in the field of telecommunications, digital networks and Internet services. As a result, a number of Directives and decisions have been adopted since 2002; at the same time, the development of regulatory mechanisms that would operate within the digital space of the EU actively lasts since 2009. This new stage in the process of developing harmonized mechanisms for regulating electronic communications services and the Internet culminated in the adoption in 2009 of a number of legal documents, including Regulation (EU) 1211/2009, which established the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (hereinafter – BEREC), which took over the role of the national regulatory authority (hereinafter – NRA). In 2018, as part of the creation of a single digital space in the EU, an updated BEREC Regulation was adopted, as well as the Electronic Communications Code (hereinafter – the Code).Now the field of electronic communications and the Internet is undergoing numerous stages of development and reform. The research identified the main directions of EU policies, which include measures to harmonize and unify legislation for more effective interaction within both the EU and external partners: cybersecurity, copyright and personal data, and telecommunications services. These areas, since 2013, have been the focus of efforts, given the complexity of regulation and a rapid development of technologies. In the article, the author covers come theoretical and practical aspects of the European Commission’s activities on Internet regulation and describes the creation of the EU single digital space in terms of the process as a whole.Thus, the result of the study was a descriptive analysis of the process of formation of the EU’s legal framework, roles of organizations and institutions and the status of electronic communications and the Internet regulatory mechanisms.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЯ УКРАЇНИ ДО ЄДИНОГО ЦИФРОВОГО РИНКУ ЄС У ГАЛУЗІ ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙ

The article examines the state of the telecommunications market in Ukraine and the world. Analyzed the forecasts of the worldʼs leading companies specializing in identifying and researching strategic technological trends that contribute to the development of digitalization and innovation. It was found that in Ukraine, in addition to the introduction of the latest technological solutions, the issues of state regulation of the telecommunication services sector, strengthening the role of the national regulatory body in the field of electronic communications, development and adoption of by-laws provided for by the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Communications» the like. The comparative analysis of Ukraineʼs place with the countries of the nearest geographical neighbors in separate indices of research of the level of development of informatization in the country, namely: Global Innovation Index (GII), Digitization Acceptance Index (DAI) and Information and Communication Technology Development Index (IDI). The main problematic aspects that hinder the effective development of the domestic telecommunications industry are highlighted. The main priority directions and prospects for the development of the telecommunications market in Ukraine are considered. The influence of the instruments of state regulation of the telecommunication services market on the level of development of the competitive environment is analyzed. The key processes and challenges for determining the current state of telecommunications have been studied. It is determined that Ukraineʼs path to the Single Digital Market of the European Union should be based on coordinated actions of the government to form an effective state policy in the development of digitalization of all industries and create a reliable digital infrastructure. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the telecommunications industry is in constant dynamics and trends are growing. In this aspect, the analysis of the current state of the telecommunications market in Ukraine is of great importance for determining its place in the world market and establishing further directions of its development.

Research on Divided Infringement Judgment of Patented Process in China

For patented process, there may be a problem of divided infringement caused by multiple parties performing part of the method steps separately, especially in the field of electronic communication. Because there are some obstacles in the law and the traditional patent infringement theories, it is quite difficult to deal with the issues of divided infringement in China, whether direct infringement theory or indirect infringement theory is adopted. Some relative China judicial cases had attempted to breakthrough these obstacles, however, the authority rule is still not established. This paper firstly introduced three China cases -Watchdata v. Hengbao, Xidian Jietong v. Sony, and Dunjun v. Jixiang Tenda, then tried to learn from U.S. cases. After years of judicial experience, the U.S. courts paid more attention to the actual behavior of dominant party and have gradually established “control or direction” rule under the direct infringement theory when meeting divided infringement. Based on the analysis of relevant theories and cases, this paper suggests to make an judicial interpretation for “use the patented process” in rule 11 of patent law of China, and construct “control or direction” rule in China by diluting the subjective requirement of conscious connection by parties, investigating the major party of the key steps in executing the patented process to solve the problem of divided infringement.

Information Technology in Tourism: Effective Strategies for Communication with Consumers

The study presents an analysis of studies on various aspects of the use of information technology in tourism. Based on an expert survey, the main directions of the development and implementation of information technologies in the field of tourism, as well as information interaction of tourism market entities using modern information technologies, are identified. A communication model is created for using modern information technologies in the tourism industry, operating in a specific system of communication interaction. The main trends in the field of electronic communications of the tourism industry are presented and recommendations for improving the effectiveness of communication strategies are developed.

Big data analytics in electronic communications: A reality in need of granular regulation (even if this includes an interim period of no regulation at all)

Over the past few years big data analytics have forcefully entered the mainstream. Admittedly, modern life would be inconceivable without the services afforded by this type of processing in the field of electronic communications. At the same time public administrations are increasingly discovering the benefits of big data analytics afforded to them by telecommunications operators. Nevertheless, despite public attention and high volumes of expert analyses, the majority of approaches on the challenges to personal data protection by this type of data processing remains theoretical; Tellingly, the EDPS speaks of the “black box” of big data analytics. However, the authors were able to open, and stare into, the “black box” of big data analytics in the electronic communications field in 2017 and 2018 in the context of GDPR compliance assessments. Their analysis first attempts to set the legal scene today, answering two crucial questions on scope and applicable law, before presenting a typology for a scalable and granular approach that the authors feel is necessary but nevertheless is missing from the text of the draft ePrivacy Regulation. The authors therefore conclude that processing requirements and particularities, as evidenced under the big data analytics paradigm, make necessary a much more detailed approach than the one afforded by the draft ePrivacy Regulation today. Until these needs are met, through the introduction of a new, fundamentally amended text, the authors suggest that the current regulatory framework and the mechanisms afforded by it be extended for an interim period, so as to afford legislators with the necessary space and time to revise their work.

Peculiarities of legal protection of personal data of minors in the field of electronic communication in the European Union

The paper considers the peculiarities of the legal protection of personal data of minors in the field of electronic communications in the European Union. The reasons for the expediency of introducing differentiated rules for minors in the context of the realization of the right to protection of personal data are substantiated. In addition, the article analyzes the provisions of Regulation (EC) 2016/679 on the protection of individuals in the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data which entered into force in May 2018. The author reflects its innovations regarding the conditions for applying to the minors the concept of informed consent for processing and measures to verify the age of data, including the provision of services in electronic communications.

Big Data Analytics in Electronic Communications: A Reality in Need of Granular Regulation (Even if This Includes An Interim Period of No Regulation at All)

Over the past few years big data analytics have forcefully entered the mainstream. Admittedly, mod- ern life would be inconceivable without the services afforded by this type of processing in the field of electronic communications. At the same time public administrations are increasingly discovering the benefits of big data analytics afforded to them by telecommunications operators. Nevertheless, despite public attention and high volumes of expert analyses, the majority of approaches on the challenges to personal data protection by this type of data processing remains theoretical; Tellingly, the EDPS speaks of the “black box” of big data analytics. However, the authors were able to open, and stare into, the “black box” of big data analytics in the electronic communications field in 2017 and 2018 in the context of GDPR compliance assessments. Their analysis first attempts to set the legal scene today, answering two crucial questions on scope and applicable law, before presenting a typology for a scalable and granular approach that the authors feel is necessary but nevertheless is missing from the text of the draft ePrivacy Regulation. The authors therefore conclude that processing requirements and particularities, as evidenced under the big data analytics paradigm, make necessary a much more detailed approach than the one afforded by the draft ePrivacy Regulation today. Until these needs are met, through the introduction of a new, fundamentally amended text, the authors suggest that the current regulatory framework and the mechanisms afforded by it be extended for an interim period, so as to afford legislators with the necessary space and time to revise their work.

154. PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF THE END USERS’ RIGHTS OF PUBLIC ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SERVICES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Telecommunications are one of the fastest growing information and communication technology (ICT) industries in the world. Republic of Macedonia follows this trend and the growing development of the electronic communications services market has led to the initiation of a need for greater protection of consumers rights and promotion of the quality of services. Due to the lack of information about their rights, users are often subject to manipulation and abuse by providers of electronic communication services. The users of electronic communications services should be protected from the unfair practices of the companies that provide these services. Therefore, the EU has specific policies to protect consumers of telecommunications services, which include the right to free access to services and fair prices, and protection of the privacy of personal data. The EU Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications is a series of rules that apply in the EU Member States. They encourage competition, improve market functioning and guarantee the basic rights of the user. The main goal is for European consumers to benefit from market liberalization that results in low prices, high quality and innovation in services. The results presented in this paper lead to a conclusion that by specifying the legal regulation in Macedonia and the mutual cooperation with the bodies that take care of the consumers rights in the field of electronic communications will contribute to faster, cost-effective legal procedures that will strengthen the legal safety of consumers.

Digital privacy

In 1963, Chief Justice Earl Warren called the 'fantastic advances in the field of electronic communication' a danger to the privacy of the individual. If we use the privacy torts as developed in American law --- intrusion, disclosure, false light, appropriation --- we can see how dangerous those advances have been regarding our privacy. We will see how readily so many can do so much more to invade the privacy of so many more. We will also see a thread running through the privacy torts that was not readily visible before: invasions of privacy treat us as objects to be observed, revealed, manipulated, and used.

Interoperability in the Digital Economy

Interoperability has become a buzzword in European policy debates on the future of the digital economy. In its Digital Agenda, the EU Commission has identified a lack of interoperability as one of the significant obstacles for the thriving of the digital economy. The EU Commission and a number of other actors have advocated far-reaching policies for ensuring the interoperability of digital goods, services, platforms and communication networks. In this paper, we present a systematic framework for discussing interoperability problems from an economic and legal perspective and apply it to several interoperability issues, as, e.g., standardization, interoperability regulation in the field of electronic communication, duties of dominant firms (including platforms) to ensure horizontal and vertical interoperability and IP law exceptions in favour of interoperability. The complex trade-offs between benefits and costs of a higher degree of interoperability suggest the need for a careful and separate analysis of each specific interoperability issue, caution regarding a (top down) imposition of mandatory standards and interoperability obligations, and a greater focus on unilateral solutions of interoperability problems, like adapters or converters. EU competition law may be better advised to develop, within the framework of Art. 102 TFEU, a workable test to address hurdles for unilateral interoperability solutions created by dominant firms, than to continue focusing on the essential facilities doctrine to mandate interoperability.

Digital Privacy: Leibniz 2.0

In 1963, Chief Justice Earl Warren called the ‘fantastic advances in the field of electronic communication’ a danger to the privacy of the individual. If we use the privacy torts as developed in American law — intrusion, disclosure, false light, appropriation — we can see how dangerous those advances have been regarding our privacy. We will see how readily so many can do so much more to invade the privacy of so many more. We will also see a thread running through the privacy torts that was not readily visible before: invasions of privacy treat us as objects to be observed, revealed, manipulated, and used.

Euro Commitments: An Analysis of ICC Arbitration of ‘Fair, Reasonable and Non‐Discriminatory’ Royalties

Standards Setting Organizations, or SSOs, arose in various industries to promote interoperability and competition. Increasingly, standards have been established in the field of electronic communications by SSOs, such as the nonprofit Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, a professional group that advocates for technology innovations, which has adopted standards for Wi‐Fi, for example.

The European Approach to Privacy

This paper critically assesses the character of European (Union’s) privacy law and policy in the field of online media and electronic communications. Contrary to current understanding, this field of law is more fragmented and ill-developed than is often assumed, in particular by those discussing privacy law and policy in an international and transatlantic context. In fact, some of the most challenging regulatory issues in the field of online media and electronic communications still lack a well-developed common European approach and remain the subject of regulation at the level of the different member states of the European Union. Drawing on historic insights, the paper shows how EU policy making in the field of privacy and data protection is and remains strongly influenced by the EU institutional setting. In particular, the paper shows that the specific substantive outcome of European privacy law and policy is strongly influenced by and can only be understood properly through the lens of the ongoing project of European integration more generally. The paper will develop its main thesis by focusing on three important and current privacy issues and their treatment by EU lawmakers and the EU legal system. These are: (I.) the question of retention of communications meta-data (e.g. traffic and location data) in the field of electronic communications; (II.) the legal framework for liability of search engines for privacy and reputational harms in the online environment, including a 'right to be forgotten', and (III.) the question of the security of and the potential lawful access by foreign governments to data in the cloud. After discussing these substantive privacy policy issues and the legal frameworks that have developed (and are developing) to address them at the EU level, the paper will analyze these frameworks in view of the apparent interplay of the substance of privacy law and policy at the EU level on the one hand and the broader constitutional and institutional dynamics related to EU competency and integration. The paper starts with a discussion of the basic underlying motivations, rationales and competences for addressing privacy issues at the European level, which until recently were predominantly economic in nature. The implication of this is that some of the most pressing data privacy issues which are primarily non-economic in character, have been addressed at the fringes of what could be called the European approach to data privacy, in which the establishment of a functioning European internal market and the free flow of personal data under sufficient safeguards relating to data privacy are the dominant concerns. More recently, the adoption of the Lisbon treaty, the establishment of a binding right to data protection and privacy in the EU Charter and a new legal basis for the establishment of data protection rules at the EU level, EU privacy law and policy has become increasingly connected to the furtherance of the protection of privacy and data protection as fundamental rights more generally. Through the case studies in the paper, this dynamic of how policy rationales end up playing out at the EU level and inform the substance of privacy policies adopted, is illustrated in detail. In particular, the analysis shows how EU policy making tends to strive towards a common and comprehensive European approach, but typically fails to take account of some of the leading concerns, and is often simply not equipped or even allowed to include them in the process. For instance, there is significant disagreement about the weight that should be attributed to freedom of expression concerns in the online environment and the role of the EU with respect to media and the proper balancing of freedom and privacy in the media remains limited. With respect to national security concerns there are no European harmonization of national approaches at all. The result is that important policy concerns from the perspective of privacy in electronic communications end up being addressed indirectly, inefficiently and incompletely, through the European data privacy frameworks that may aspire to be comprehensive but would need significant reforms to achieve this aim. The article will discuss possible reforms but will warn against aspirations of further harmonization and unification of European Privacy Law. In the absence of fundamental institutional reform of the EU, further harmonization could end up being detrimental to other important policy goals currently addressed largely outside of the EU legal framework, including the issues of media freedom, criminal procedural justice and the protection of privacy and information security in relation to foreign intelligence agencies specifically discussed in this paper.