Field Of Electric Mobility Research Articles

Scalable Innovative Factors for Shaping Consumer Intentions on Electric Two-Wheelers Adoptions

Electric two-wheelers (ETWs) have emerged as a dominant choice over traditional counterparts in global consumer markets, prompting a shift in consumer behaviour. While existing research has delved into the adoption of ETWs, there remains a notable gap in understanding the intricate factors driving consumer adoption, particularly their inclination toward innovation. This study investigates the landscape of ETWs in India, focusing on facilitating conditions, pricing dynamics, personal innovativeness, and behavioral intentions. Utilizing the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework, 220 Indian ETW users were surveyed to elucidate the interplay between facilitating conditions, price, and behavioral intentions, mediated by personal innovativeness. The findings underscore the significant impact of facilitating conditions and price on behavioral intentions, with personal innovativeness serving as a pivotal mediator in this relationship. Moreover, this study underscores the importance for ETW businesses to prioritize user-friendly designs, ensuring a seamless and enjoyable experience for consumers. Furthermore, targeting highly innovative consumers emerges as a strategic imperative for businesses in devising effective marketing strategies. By shedding light on facilitating conditions, price dynamics, personal innovation, and behavioral intentions, this study contributes valuable insights to the existing literature. In terms of environmental sustainability, the scalability of electric twowheelers contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating air pollution in urban areas. As more individuals switch from gasoline-powered vehicles to electric two-wheelers, the collective impact on reducing carbon emissions and improving air quality becomes increasingly significant, especially in densely populated regions where transportation-related pollution is a major concern. Additionally, it offers a nuanced understanding of the mediating role of personal innovation in the context of ETWs, thereby informing future research and strategic initiatives in the field of electric mobility.

Reliability of SiC MOSFETs in the High Cycle Fatigue Regime under Fast Power Pulses

Device reliability is an important factor in application, especially in the field of electric mobility. In this paper high cycle fatigue power cycling results of SiC devices in baseplate free modules are presented. To minimize testing time, the devices were stressed with load pulses corresponding to a 50 Hz load. The reliability results are the first fatigue results for temperature swings below 30 K for SiC devices. The lifetime in the high cycle fatigue area is limited by solder fatigue for high virtual junction temperatures of 150 °C. In theory, the reliability should increase exponential since the elastic-plastic transition area is reached. The experiment revealed that the lifetime can still be described by the Coffin-Manson approach also in the high cycle fatigue area. It can be observed that the high junction temperatures weaken the stability of the solder layer, so no major lifetime increase can develop. The measured temperature data are additionally corrected by a three-dimensional (3D) simulation to ensure a validity of the results.

Enhancing passive cell balancing techniques for electric vehicles

This research endeavors to enhance the efficiency and functionality of electric vehicle (EV) energy storage systems by scrutinizing the state of charge (SOC) across three batteries. Utilizing Matlab Simulink, a comprehensive battery management system (BMS) integrating passive cell balancing techniques has been meticulously devised. Additionally, a pioneering protective mechanism has been proposed to prevent undue discharges and overcharges, thus ensuring the longevity and reliability of EV battery systems. The study's findings underline the significance and applicability of the developed model in facilitating prospective enhancements within the realm of EV energy storage systems. By meticulously analyzing SOC dynamics across multiple batteries, the study offers valuable insights into optimizing battery utilization, prolonging battery lifespan, and enhancing overall system performance. Moreover, the integration of passive cell balancing techniques within the BMS framework represents a noteworthy advancement in battery management strategies. This approach not only promotes uniformity in SOC distribution among battery cells but also minimizes energy losses and mitigates the risk of cell degradation, thereby bolstering the operational efficiency and durability of EV energy storage systems. Furthermore, the proposed protective mechanism serves as a proactive measure to safeguard against potential damage caused by extreme operating conditions, such as overdischarge and overcharge events. By implementing real-time monitoring and control mechanisms, the protective system ensures the safe and reliable operation of EV batteries under varying driving conditions, thereby enhancing both safety and performance aspects. In conclusion, this research contributes to the ongoing efforts aimed at advancing the state-of-the-art in EV energy storage systems, holding immense potential for fostering innovation and driving sustainable progress in the field of electric mobility.

Computer Vision Applications in Intelligent Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

The study examines the use of computer vision technologies into intelligent electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. The objective is to increase station capabilities, maximize resource usage, and enhance user experiences. An examination of the data from charging stations indicates that there are differences in their capacities and capabilities. Certain stations can handle a greater number of cars at the same time because they have higher power outputs and numerous charging connections. The vehicle identification data illustrates the efficacy of computer vision in precisely recognizing various electric vehicle types, hence optimizing authentication procedures for efficient charging. An analysis of charging session data reveals variations in energy use and durations across sessions, underscoring the impact of charging practices on the utilization of charging stations. An examination of use reveals discrepancies in the number of sessions and energy usage among stations, highlighting the need for adaptive infrastructure. Percentage change study management solutions for demonstrates the fluctuating patterns of resource usage, emphasizing the need for flexible resource allocation techniques. The results emphasize the significant impact that computer vision may have on improving the efficiency and flexibility of electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The research highlights the significance of optimizing the allocation of resources, improving algorithms for various contexts, and applying adaptive solutions for optimal management of charging infrastructure. In essence, the study helps to further our knowledge of how computer vision contributes to the development of intelligent EV charging systems. It provides valuable insights into improving the efficiency of infrastructure and enriching user experiences in the field of electric mobility.

Improving Electric Vehicle Performance Through Analyzing and Applying PI Control for Torque Regulation

Efficient control of torque in Electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial for achieving optimal performance, enhancing energy efficiency, and ensuring a smooth driving experience. The development of effective control strategies for electric vehicle torque control has become an active area of research and development in the field of electric mobility. This paper explores the theory and application of PI control in the context of electric vehicle torque control. The design and simulation of a control system using Falstad software are presented, along with the corresponding circuit diagrams and output waveforms. The study investigates the impact of different proportional ( ) and integral ( ) control parameters on the performance of the control system. The results demonstrate the trade-off between control accuracy, overshoot, and steady-state error elimination. Furthermore, the paper discusses the limitations of proportional-integral (PI) control in electric vehicle applications and provides an outlook on potential alternatives such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, neural networks, and fuzzy control. The findings of this study contribute to advancing the understanding of torque control in electric vehicles.

Multi-functional SMC-aluminum battery tray to drive lightweight design

Functional integration and lightweight design are important tasks especially for modern electric vehicles. Development of multi-functional assemblies for the battery box of the future is one of the challenges in the field of electric mobility. The housing must perform many tasks: structural stiffening and sealing (waterproofness) as well as crash protection and thermal management for the batteries. In this paper results from a new developed multi-functional assembly of a SMC-aluminum battery tray will be presented and discussed. The outer housing shell is manufactured by forming SMC directly on an aluminum sandwich component in one stroke compression molding. Furthermore, passive temperature control functions are integrated into the core of the aluminum sandwich realized with switchable air-cooling and phase-change-material integrated into the foam. Additionally, sensors for structural health monitoring, temperature and humidity are integrated. Finally the process design and manufacturing tests will be explained.

Self-Tuning Multiport Resonant DC/DC Converter Based on Actively-Controlled Inductors for Hybrid Storage System Integration

In the field of electric mobility, in particular heavy-duty electric vehicles and long-haul trucks, the energy systems are susceptible to transients with different amplitudes and dynamics due to the high power demand. With the combination of high power and long distances, the available battery technologies become insufficient as a single energy source for such a system. Thus, the integration of hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) with different energy capabilities, such as fuel cells, battery packs, and supercapacitors, is highly required. In this context, for leveraging HESSs in an efficient way, a resonant multiwinding transformer-based converter is proposed to interconnect these different energy storage systems (ESSs) since the resonant converters are able to operate at a wider range of switching frequencies and, hence, a wider soft-switching range. However, due to the multiple resonant circuits and possible parameter deviations, the control capability might be compromised. Thus, a multiport resonant dc/dc converter embedded with variable inductors is proposed to enhance the power flow management among these different ESSs with reduced conversion stages. Further, the proposed concept can also improve the immunity to parameter deviations on the resonant by compensating for possible variations at the resonant frequencies. Finally, simulations and experimental results of a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{20} \;\text{kW}$</tex-math></inline-formula> four-port resonant dc/dc converter embedded with variable inductors are shown to prove the effectiveness of the proposed concept.

Combination of Eulerian and ray-tracing approaches for copper laser welding simulation

Laser welding of pure copper and its alloys is a challenging process with a growing industrial interest due to the latest development in the field of electric mobility. The difficulties are mainly related to the material's high thermal conductivity and a poor absorptivity of few percent at the classical IR laser (YAG). It is also well known that such a configuration can lead to the formation of undesirable defects, such as pores or spatters as a consequence of melt pool instabilities. It has been observed experimentally that the usage of a laser at both high speed and high power tends to limit those instabilities. Although this positive influence has already been observed for equivalent materials, a physical explanation is not yet available. In this perspective, a multiphysical simulation of the process at the melt pool scale is currently being developed by using comsol Multiphysics® software. The latter includes an Eulerian interface tracking method for the liquid-gas interface (phase field) and a ray-tracing description of the laser beam to take into account the well-known beam trapping effect under a keyhole regime. For the sake of time computation, the numerical model is first developed in an axisymmetric coordinate system (r,z) to be representative of a laser spot welding process and to validate the numerical coupling methodology. The model will then be extended to a 3D welding case and used as a predictive tool to make appropriate choices on welding parameters to obtain good quality welds (stable melt pool, low porosity rate, etc.).

Field-configuring projects: How projects shape the public reflection of electric mobility in Germany

Organising in the context of projects has been extensively investigated with a focus on project-level processes. However, the industry and market impact, i.e. the field influencing potential of this temporary form of organizing, is still poorly understood. By using concepts derived from the literature on field-configuring events (FCE), we analyse the influence of two projects on the field of electric mobility in Germany. To capture the role of projects within fields, we apply a longitudinal mixed-methods approach combining interpretative qualitative methods with a topic modeling machine learning research strategy. The results highlight how projects can shape fields by opening and closing public debates and narratives in the sense of discursive institutional work. Additionally, we offer concepts that enable a more complete understanding of the sequential entanglement between projects and events, based on three scenarios: the project-by-itself, project-follows-event, and event-follows-project scenarios. With these insights, our empirical study contributes to the project management and institutional literature.

Effective business models for electric vehicles

Abstract The proposed study aims to use asyncretic and synthetic approach of two elements that have an intrinsic efficiency value: business models and electric vehicles. Our approach seeks to circumscribe more widespread concerns globally - on the one hand, to oil shortages and climate change - and on the other hand, economic efficiency to business models customized to new types of mobility. New “electric” cars projects besiege the traditional position of the conventional car. In the current economy context the concept of efficiency of business models is quite different from what it meant in a traditional sense, particularly because of new technological fields. The arguments put forward by us will be both factual and emotional. Therefore, we rely on interviews and questionnaires designed to fit significantly to the point of the study. Research in the field of new propulsion systems for vehicles has been exploring various possibilities lately, such as: electricity, hydrogen, compressed air, biogas, etc. Theoretically or in principle, it is possible for tomorrow’s vehicles to be driven by the widest variety if resources. A primary goal of our study would be to theoretically reconsider some of the contemporary entrepreneurship coordinates and secondly to provide minimum guidance for decision-making of businesses that will operate in the field of electric mobility. To achieve this, we shall specifically analyze an electric mobility system but in parallel we will address business models that lend themselves effectively on aspects of this field. With a methodology based on questionnaires that had to overcome the conventional mechanism using some of the most unusual ingredients, we hope that the results of our research will successfully constitute a contribution to the goals and especially as a means of managerial orientation for entrepreneurs in the Romanian market.

Decentering technology in technology assessment: prospects for socio-technical transitions in electric mobility in Germany

Sustainability transitions of sectors like energy, transport or water have become explicit goals of national policy programs in several parts of the world. The governance of associated innovation and transformation processes requires an integrated assessment on how new and seemingly superior technologies will interact with manifold societal, economic, industrial and political contexts. Failing to do so is likely to quickly undermine political support for these ambitious and long term projects. Part of the program of technology assessment is to anticipate the impacts of new technologies on society and the environment. However, in order to address the challenge of sustainability transitions, institutional dynamics have not been considered explicitly enough in existing approaches. We elaborate a methodological proposal on how to analyze the interaction between technological and institutional developments in specific technology fields. We identify potential future variations of core institutional structures of a socio-technical regime, construct matching regime constellations, and elaborate on interactions with technological design alternatives. The framework will be applied to recent developments in the field of electric mobility in the context of the German Energiewende. The results provide some fresh perspectives for academics and policy makers on how to better consider interactive dynamics in socio-technical systems.

Technological distance measures: new perspectives on nearby and far away

Understanding the competitive environment of one's company is crucial for every manager. One tool to quantify the technological relationships between companies, evaluate industry landscapes and knowledge transfer potential in collaborations is the technological distance. There are different methods and many different factors that impact the results and thus the conclusions that are drawn from distance calculation. Therefore, the present study derives guidelines for calculating and evaluating technological distances for three common methods, i.e. the Euclidean distance, the cosine angle and the min-complement distance. For this purpose, we identify factors that influence the results of technological distance calculation using simulation. Subsequently, we analyze technological distances of cross-industry collaborations in the field of electric mobility. Our findings show that a high level of detail is necessary to achieve insightful results. If the topic in scope of the analysis does not represent the core business of the companies, we recommend filters to focus on the respective topic. Another key suggestion is to compare the calculated results to a peer group in order to evaluate if a distance can be evaluated as `near' or `far'.

GO4SEM Recommendations to Support Innovation Links for Entering Global e-Mobility Markets

GO4SEM (Global Opportunities for Small/medium enterprises in Electro-Mobility) aims to support the European small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in assessing emerging global markets by creating a framework that informs and advices on the business opportunities and market requirements for selected countries in Asia and America.The main goal of the EU coordination GO4SEM was two folded: on the one hand it aimed to support the European SMEs for their entry in global emerging e-mobility markets with a focus on Brazil, India and China. On the other hand it also assessed the business opportunities in more mature markets, with a known or renewed interest in e-mobility, such as Japan, South Korea and the USA. The objective was to spread awareness of global market trends and opportunities and to trigger the creation of dedicated professional networks in the field of electric mobility. Moreover, policy advice, e.g. on standardization or education, is given. The project identified specific product-, service- and technology-needs of emerging e-mobility supply chains. As a result a set of guidelines and recommendations were developed, targeting feasible business models for European SMEs aiming to enter the aforementioned value chains on a global platform.This contribution presents first the innovation capabilities of the European SME community with respect to the development of e-mobility. Then based on that analysis and the global market needs, a European action plan is proposed for strengthening the competitive position of EU SMEs. And finally the recommendations towards the European Commission, which would facilitate the entering of European SMEs the global markets, are introduced.

Electric Vehicle Use and Energy Consumption Based on Realworld Electric Vehicle Fleet Trip and Charge Data and Its Impact on Existing EV Research Models

This paper presents the results of an analysis of real-world trip and charge data from an electric vehicle (EV) fleet, deployed in the Flanders’ Living Labs. The Flanders’ Living Labs are life test environments for electric mobility in which companies and organizations can test innovative technologies, products, services and concept and consists of 5 EV platforms, each differing in technology, scope, size and usage [1]. These platforms have produced a large amount of data on numerous topics in the field of electric mobility. This paper focuses on available trip and charge data to analyze user behavior and EV energy consumption. It presents descriptive statistics of trips and charges, as well as EV energy consumption. By obtaining these results from real-world data on electrical vehicles, the authors are able to update statistical figures of fleet use and energy consumption, specifically for electric vehicles. Using specific electric vehicle figures has consequences on the results of (calculation) models of other research branches in electric mobility like total cost of ownership (TCO), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), etc. The potential effect of these real-world data on these models is investigated and recommendations regarding the use of these data are formulated.

Notch Shear Cutting of Press Hardened Steels

Nowadays, lightweight design is a relevant issue in the automotive industry and in the field of electric mobility. The utilization of Press Hardened Components (PHC) made of manganese-boric steels enable weight saving through the reduction of the sheet metal thickness with sufficient component reliability. Because of the hard martensitic structure, by default, laser cutting is applied for piercing and trimming the contour after the Press Hardening Process (PHP). Due to the high energy consumption, in combination with long cycle times, this process is cost intensive.Instead of laser technology, shear cutting would be an interesting alternative for Press Hardened Steels (PHS) but this process poses substantial challenges for the industrial application. In order to cope with the difficulties of shear cutting operations of PHS, this work presents an alternative for processing PHS. This new method is called notch shear cutting.

Research on Electrocatalytic Centers in Gas Diffusion Electrodes By SECM

Due to the higher energy density, compared to state of the art lithium-ion-technology, lithium-air-batteries have raised hope for application, especially in the field of electric mobility. The functionality of lithium-air-batteries is based on the reduction of oxygen within a gas diffusion electrode. The ideal reaction product is lithium peroxide. This process is reversed when charging the battery and can be affected by catalysts. Due to the fact that organic electrolytes are used, different intermediates can be generated during the reduction of oxygen [1,2]. These intermediates are highly reactive and may lead to the degradation of the gas diffusion electrode and/or the organic electrolyte. Furthermore, lithium peroxide formed during discharge is known to clog the pores of gas diffusion electrodes before the discharge process is completed [3]. In order to avoid these effects, further research is essential.In our approach we developed a setup which allows monitoring the oxygen permeability of the gas diffusion electrode while discharging (oxygen reduction reaction). The process of clogging as well as the mechanisms of charging in gas diffusion electrodes in organic electrolytes are investigated using positionable microelectrodes in a SECM setup (scanning electrochemical microscopy).

Evaluation-method for a Station Based Urban-pedelec Sharing System

In the context of a national research project in the field of electric mobility, the University of the Federal Armed Forces in Munich, managed by the department of traffic engineering, cooperates with the German Railway Network (DB) to integrate pedal electrical bicycles (Pedelecs) into the existing scheme of the public bike sharing system in Munich, known as Call a Bike. The primary objectives investigated within this study are to find a strategy for a model-based distribution of charging-stations, to implement docking-stations and electric bicycles, and to analyze the mobility patterns of possible customers. A model to simulate bike traffic and the special needs for electrical bikes will be developed as well.

Low firing functional materials for application in power electronics

In the past significant effort has been obtained on the miniaturization of electronic devices, for example in the field of cellular phones or other portables devices. Mainspring of this process is the huge success that has been obtained with giant integration densities on chip level. In contrast passive components are actually the most important bottlenecks in the upcoming miniaturization process, first of all for applications in power electronics. Especially in the field of electric mobility and innovative lighting technologies an increasing demand arises for miniaturized transformers and converters. Miniaturization of power electronic devices concentrates however the dissipation heat in a smaller volume, leading in most cases to higher operation temperatures. LTCC (Low-Temperature-Cofiring-Ceramic) as a ceramic multilayer interconnection technology has been employed for the development of 3D-high integrated electronic modules, marked by an excellent thermal robustness. Actual integration of inductors or capacitors in LTCC-boards is restricted to SMD's, limiting further miniaturization in an important manner. Hence the monolithic integration of inductors and capacitors into ceramic multilayer circuit boards is a straightforward approach to gain higher integration levels in power electronics. We report on the preparation and processing of low sintering materials for the implementation of ferrite cores into LTCC multilayer boards. Different semi-finished products based on ferrite powders have been elaborated. Sintering behavior of these materials has been studied and material compatibility with different standard LTCC materials was tested.