Field Of Development Economics Research Articles

GREEN ECONOMY WITH ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PER CAPITA INCOME IN VIETNAM

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the green economy with economic growth and per capita income in Vietnam, to analyze the quantitative relationship among those factors, and to improve long-term green economic development in Vietnam towards sustainable national economic growth. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented. The inverted U-shaped model of Kuznets; Green economy concept and regression model stand out, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises desk research methods to clarify the theoretical basis of green economy, economic growth, and per capita income; qualitative research methods; and quantitative research methods. Data collection was carried out through the collection of time-series data: Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPP), and CO2 emissions from 1995 to 2022 from the World Bank website. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed the positive relationship between economic growth, CO2 emissions, and per capita income in the short term; however, in the long term, when GDP as well as per capita income reach a certain threshold. The level of waste gradually decreases and environmental quality improves. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of development economics. These implications could encompass many sectors, especially the processing industry. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by Simon Kuznets - economic growth is not a threat, but rather a means to improve the environment in the future. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by contributing one more case in Vietnam which approves Kuznets curve on the environment and thus is the basis for future research on this urgent problem all over the world.

The Application of Institutional Economics Theory in Solving Developing Countries Market Problems - Taking Ethiopia Grain Market and China Tomato Market as Examples

Since the 1990s, when the new institutional economics was first introduced, many economists have been looking for a way to incorporate its ideas into the field of development economics. In this paper, we investigate the prospects of using development economics theory, which is grounded in institutional economics, to address the economic challenges faced by developing nations. In this paper, we conclude that institutional economics theory can be successfully applied to the problem of economic development in low-income countries. Developing nations shouldn't discount the harm caused by irrational trading decisions. When people act irrationally in the market, it can have a negative impact on the economy as a whole. As such, developing countries could benefit from implementing brokerage institutions to lessen the blow of irrational behavior on economic growth.

A dialogue between innovation studies of economic development and transition studies: an illustration from Argentina’s agriculture sector

ABSTRACT A dominant perspective within the field of development economics is that structural change away from the industries that developing countries traditionally specialize in, such as agriculture and mining, is necessary to support a broad process of development. In this paper, we ask whether and how structural change within, as well as away from, such industries might help create more economically successful, socially just and environmentally benign trajectories of progress. Combining insights from innovation studies of economic development with ideas from socio-technical transitions studies, we analyse two cases of alternative, potentially transformative agricultural ventures in Argentina. We explore their practices, relative to mainstream ventures, and reflect on their potential to contribute to more sustainable trajectories of change within and out of the mainstream agricultural sector, and the ways in which they can be supported to do so.

Gurli Jakobsen and Jens Erik Torp (ed.). Understanding Business Systems in Developing Countries. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001. Paperback. 260 pages. Indian Rs 225.00.

Edited by Gurli Jakobsen and Jens Erik Torp, Understanding Business Systems in Developing Countries strives to do just that by presenting the views of scholars in the field of development economics. Analyses of developing business systems at the international, national, and sector levels provide the reader with significant insight into how economies actually function. The dominant paradigm within which these analyses take place is that of growth-oriented capitalistic development. Richard Whitley’s study of emerging capitalistic economies and Henrik Schaumburg-Mueller’s study of firms in the developing world represent the international level studies. Their overviews provide some interesting perspectives on the response of the private sector to structures at the national and international levels.

Does Horizontal‐Paradigm Aid Weaken the Governance of Recipient Countries? Evidence from China

AbstractChina's aid has always been an interesting topic in the field of development economics, and the effectiveness of aid is also a controversial subject in the literature. This paper explores the relationship between China's aid and the governance of its recipient countries from 2000 to 2014. We found that, compared with the “vertical paradigm” of traditional donors, China's “horizontal paradigm” has unique features, promoting the governance of recipient countries. We employed a cross‐sectional estimation and panel analysis with several regression methods. While our cross‐sectional findings did not yield robust evidence to support a relationship between Chinese aid and its recipients' governance, our panel data regressions found a significant and positive relationship. The results were robust in a dynamic panel, even after correcting for endogeneity. Thus, China's aid has a positive influence on governance with the inclusion of time series. The relationship was found to vary according to aid types.

Prinsip Kebersamaan Dalam Hukum Investasi Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja: Politik Hukum Kepentingan Investasi Ataukah Kesejahteraan Masyarakat

Introductioan: Investment is a necessity that cannot be denied in development activities, especially economic development. This can be seen in studies or in the field of development economics, investment is one of the important factors to obtain capital for the economic development of a country. The goal of development in Indonesia is to realize social justice for all Indonesian people. So that the principle of togetherness is the basis and effort to realize the ideals of welfare and social justice for all Indonesian people.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of writing this article is to identify and analyze the principle of togetherness as a legal politics of the Job Creation Act in an interdisciplinary manner.Methods of the Research: The method used in this article uses a normative juridical research method with a multidisciplinary approach.Findings of the Research: One of the regulations in the investment sector is the Job Creation Law, the principle of togetherness in legal politics that underlies and focuses only on investment interests, so that the goal of realizing social justice is a very long goal. This can be seen from a number of articles in the Job Creation Law, both explicitly and implicitly, indicating several provisions that must be regulated in investment law according to various investment theories.

On design-based empirical research and its interpretation and ethics in sustainability science

Generating credible answers to key policy questions is crucial but difficult in most coupled human and natural systems because complex feedback mechanisms can confound identification of the causal mechanisms behind observed phenomena. By using explicit research designs intended to isolate the causal effects of specific interventions on community monitoring of common property resources, and on the well-being of those resources and their human neighbors, the papers in this Special Feature offer an important advance in empirical sustainability science research. Like earlier advances in my own field of development economics, however, they suffer some avoidable interpretive and ethical errors. This essay celebrates the powerful potential of design-based sustainability science studies, much of it admirably reflected in this set of papers, while simultaneously flagging opportunities to improve future work in this tradition.

Contribution of Agriculture Sector in Economic Growth of Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis

There has been controversy in the field of development economics about the significance of the role of agriculture sector in economic growth. Going through the data, it indicates that agriculture sector is significant contributor to the economy of Pakistan as it contributes about 19% in national GDP. This study was designed to statistically test the contribution of agriculture sector in economic growth of Pakistan through estimation of relationship between agriculture sector and Pakistan’s economic growth using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test and Error Correction Model (ECM). Time series data on selected variables was utilized from 1961-2018. Study found that real agricultural value added has a significant positive impact on real GDP per capita in the long-run where one percent increase in real agricultural value added increases the real GDP/capita by 0.35%. This indicated that the promotion of agriculture sector leaves far reaching effects with respect to economic growth of the country. These results advocated for the development of agriculture sector in line with the long-term goals of economic growth and emphasized in investing in agriculture sector. Coefficient of error correction term (ECT) is -0.62 meaning that if there is any disequilibrium, it will restore @ 62 percent in the first period. Results also proved the importance of capital formation both the physical capital and human capital. Finding suggested that we should investment in human health to enhance the economic growth as suggested by exogenous growth theory. Moreover, it can also be suggested to create conducive environment and economic opportunities to reap the benefits of demographic dividends of decreased mortality in the long-run. As per analysis, maintaining stability is critically important for economic growth. Moreover, literature hypothesize the positive effect of TOT for economic growth, but analysis indicated that TOT has not been able to put any significant impact on economic growth. Further, trend analysis also pointed out that TOT has been fluctuating over the time. It can be inferred from the analysis that there is need to stabilize TOT and restructure the exports of the country to generate the significant positive impact.

Banerjee, Duflo, Kremer, and the Rise of Modern Development Economics*

AbstractIn 2019, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer received the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. These three scholars were recognized “for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty”. This paper reviews the contributions of these three scholars in the field of development economics, to put this contribution in perspective. I highlight how the experimental approach helped to break down the challenges of understanding economic development into a number of component pieces, and I contrast this to understanding development using macroeconomic aggregates. I discuss pioneering contributions in understanding the challenges of education, service delivery, and credit markets in developing countries, as well as how the experimental approach has spread to virtually all aspects of development economics.

On the Origins and Legacies of Really Existing Capitalism: In Conversation with Kari Polanyi Levitt

On the Origins and Legacies of Really Existing Capitalism: In Conversation with Kari Polanyi Levitt

Applying astronomy tools in the field of development economics

AbstractAstronomy has largely relied on imagery and innovative data mining techniques. This article briefly illustrates the use of machine learning to create agricultural production data sets from satellite imagery to answer different development questions. Of late, astronomy has also relied on citizen science in the identification of new galaxies (a case in point is the Galaxy Zoo project). The use of citizen science in the examination of changes in urban informality patterns in developing countries (another development question) is also discussed.

‘A More Receptive Crowd than Before’: Explaining the World Bank’s Gender Turn in the 2000s

In the mid-2000s, the gender work of the World Bank took a different turn with a new Gender Action Plan. Up until then, gender equality had been on the margins of the World Bank, concentrated around a small number of advocates. This particular articulation of gender took as its tagline ‘gender equality as smart economics’. The Plan attracted three times the original budget of US$24.5 million, and moved gender analysis into new fields of work: labour, work, land and agriculture rather than the more usual areas of health and education. It emerged at a time when gender work was becoming more legitimate in the field of development economics; where World Bank economists were ‘a more receptive crowd than before’. The mid-2000s was also a time when the World Bank was becoming more conscious of its use of media technologies. The article draws on these two elements—economics and the use of media—to suggest the broader environment against which gender agendas take on meaning. Structural shifts in the field of development economics—the dominant discipline at the World Bank—made work on gender more legitimate and credible, and made World Bank staff ‘a more receptive crowd than before’, while the increasing use of media technologies meant the World Bank was conscious of how its work looked to outside audiences. These elements, only loosely related to what we might think of ‘gender’ as a normative agenda, nonetheless, changed what gender meant to many people working within the World Bank.

The benefits of being late? – An empirical analysis on the validity of the concept of "Advantages of Backwardness"

The study investigates the validity of the so called concept of Advantages of Backwardness, which is a controversial theory within the field of Development Economics. It positively frames the opportunities of less developed countries and puts forward arguments reasoning why less developed countries benefit economically from their current status through foreign technology, R&D and foreign markets accessible for trade. This study places this concept into the context of established economic theories, such as the Solow Growth model and the concept of Export-led Growth. Further, it attempts to find empirical support from a multivariable regression analysis on cross-sectional macroeconomic data from developing countries. It was concluded that neither advantages of backwardness nor its weaker version of limited advantages of backwardness could be observed. Nevertheless, globalized nations, which presumable use newest technologies developed in other parts of the world, experience a smaller degree of economic drawbacks. This tendency ultimately follows the notion of “advantages of backwardness” but is not capable to explain “growth miracles”, which have taken place in past decades.

THE LIMITATIONS OF A HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH TO CORRUPTION

AbstractInternational human rights law may serve as a language through which lawyers and others describe the harms resulting from corruption, but this approach has significant limitations as a legal framework. Despite a growing emphasis among scholars and practitioners on a human rights approach to the problem of corruption, this body of law does not provide a strong basis for addressing such conduct. International human rights treaties make no mention of corruption, and human rights treaty bodies have not brought conceptual clarity to the question of how corruption violates or undermines human rights. Given that human rights law binds States alone, it is also ill-suited to a phenomenon that typically occurs at the intersection of the public and private sectors. Even as a language for describing how corruption harms social and economic rights, human rights law has its limitations, some of which come into relief when compared with the field of development economics.

Not a Knowledge Bank: The Divided History of Development Economics and Development Organizations

Development economics was born as a distinct disciplinary field in the aftermath of World War II, when the development of so-called Third World countries, due to the dynamics of decolonization and the Cold War, became an international priority. At the institutional level, the birth of development economics was paralleled by the reorientation of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (so-called the World Bank) from the support of European reconstruction to funding development policies worldwide. Not surprisingly, the paths of the Bank and of pioneers of development economics often crossed, and it is fair to say that the Bank and the new discipline—from the perspective of the history and sociology of social sciences—are part of the same story. Indeed, one would think that the Bank was the natural place for the breeding of development economics. This seems coherent with the image we have of the Bank today: the reign of economists. Yet, for most of the years when development theory was shaped, the Bank, although very active in development policies worldwide, was remarkably silent in the field of development economics. This paper will connect the study of economic ideas and economists in international organizations with the history of economic policies. Based on previously untapped archival sources, it will discuss how the history of development economics and of development organizations—and especially the largest among them, that is, the World Bank—proceeded separated for a long stretch of time, and how they later converged.

The Fountain of Knowledge: The Role of Universities in Economic Development by Shiri M. Breznitz

Reviewed by: The Fountain of Knowledge: The Role of Universities in Economic Development by Shiri M. Breznitz James J. Harrington, PH.D. Shiri M. Breznitz. The Fountain of Knowledge: The Role of Universities in Economic Development. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014. 181 pp. Cloth: $60.00. ISBN: 978-0-8047-8961-5. The Fountain of Knowledge is described as “the story of the university in a changing world, and in particular its role in economic development” (p. xiii) with the added note that policy makers have started to view the universities as the pathways to a region becoming a successful part of the global economy—what Breznitz describes as “universities and their role in the global economy: how and why they are contributing to their local economies” (p. xiv). This is a small book filled with insight and data. A well written and clear statement of the issues surrounding technology transfer and local economic growth, it is appropriate for the beginner seeking to develop a foundation, as well as the practitioner seeking to understand and improve their knowledge and performance. It has proven very helpful to me as a scholar working in the field of development economics and higher education history. My own work in the comparative, international history of higher education in the developing nations supports and affirms much of what she details in these case studies in the U.S. (Yale) and the U.K. (Cambridge). While I have a more regional economic focus, Breznitz emphasizes the internal processes and external environment of the institutions themselves as economic engines for their communities. It is a given that universities produce both the young minds and the research critical to economic growth and development. In the current technological age, value is often measured by the number of patents, licenses, and spin-out firms. Breznitz emphasizes that this success depends on the ability of the university to transfer knowledge into the public domain in conjunction with the ability of the region to absorb that information (p. 1). The case studies describe how it is done (and not done). The Fountain uses two internationally recognized universities, Yale and Cambridge, to test theory and practice. Breznitz’s model to guide this discussion notes two ways to assess an institution’s contribution to the annual flow of a regional economy. The classic, or ‘short run,’ method is to determine the institution’s contribution to the annual flow of regional economic activity. The ‘long run’ method focuses on the contribution to the continuing growth of human capital in the region …. Hence, the ability of a university to patent, license, and spin out firms has a direct impact on the long-run economic development of a region, which is the focus of this book. (p. 4) The research examines institutional differences as key elements, intertwined in social, economic, and political factors, and in combination with historical and environmental influences. While focusing on how the system of technology commercialization works, including investment and process, and the university’s skill in operating the process, Breznitz maintains a focus on the institution, history, and environment – the context: We have a public versus a private university, an institution that had a history of university-industry relationships and one that did not, one that has funding and allows [End Page 621] faculty to focus on research and one that focuses on teaching and has limited research funding. This provides the basis for the differentiation of the two universities, but it is also the basis from which we start out journey toward understanding the optimal formula for technology commercialization and knowledge transfer. (p. 14) Significant information is provided to explain the theory and the practical. Equally important are the issues and explanations of internal university operations and the linkages among the universities and the regional firms and local industry. It is a thorough and readable discussion. The era of the discussion, the 1990s, was a period of change in the economic and academic environments that Breznitz uses to compare Yale and Cambridge. The data is also judged against the commercialization experiences of Harvard and MIT. For this volume, it is the internal factors that produce the most significant lessons: the importance...

Long-Term Series of Data and Development Economics

This article deals with the many long time series databases that have been developed over the last two decades. These series cover a span of more than 100 years and allow us to compare the situation of current developed countries at a time when they were developing countries with that of present-day developing countries. Longitudinal econometric analyses are now feasible instead of cross-sectional analyses of recent data concerning developing and already developed countries. The field of development economics is thus significantly enlarged. This opens up new perspectives and allows us to test models and to understand the role of exogenous factors such as technology or institutions, which contribute to assessing the validity of models in two different periods. This article offers examples that show how useful such long time series, such as education data, can be to explaining variations in, for example, fertility rates.

James Buchanan's Contributions to Constitutional Political Economy, Institutional Analysis, and Self-Governance

We outline the work of James Buchanan and his influence and contributions to political economy, institutional analysis, and self-governance. In addition to pioneering the public choice movement, we argue that Buchanan’s greatest contribution to political economy was initiating the constitutional level of analysis in economics. In doing so, we highlight Buchanan's main emphasis on the elementary principles of economics and how they fit into the broader agenda of economist as teacher and enabler of improving the democratic process; the role of economists as studying exchange; the reconciliation of the economists’ zeal for reform with positive economic theory and how this notion advances the importance of constitutional-making from the bottom-up; and finally, the introduction of the main puzzle in political economy regarding constitutional constraint. We argue that it is in the broader field of development economics and self-governance research that his ideas concerning the “rules level of analysis” can have its deepest impact.

A Theoretical Critique of the Channels of Influence between Financial Liberalization and Poverty

The relationship between financial liberalization and poverty has been the subject of significant work and scrutiny in the field of development economics, however much of this criticism has been based upon empirical foundations and has rarely been extended to reconcile with the theory of financial liberalization. This paper seeks to explore and delineate the theoretical constructs that are posited in support of the argument for financial liberalization, breaking down the causal pathways between financial liberalization and poverty into direct and transitive ones and examining the assumptions inherent in their usage. This paper then assumes a socio-political perspective on the financial liberalization process and posits on the existence of a bi-direction slippery slope operating between the financial liberalization lobby and the state. At the highest level of abstraction and simplification possible, the paper serves as a foundational criticism of the neoclassical framework erected in support of financial liberalization.

ANALISIS PENYERAPAN TENAGA KERJA SEKTOR PRIMER, SEKUNDER DAN TERSIER DI PROVINSI MALUKU

One of the important basic requirements in the field of development economics in order to thrive and flourish in the long run is located on human resources in Indonesia, enough can be a potential, so that these resources have the capability and morale is quite large, which moves in an integrated and harmonious all activities, in order to cultivate and utilize other resources in the economic process. From the point of economy, social and political, areas that have experienced political and social instability such as the province of Maluku, the expansion of employment opportunities in the domestic absolutely necessary as a primary strategy. Thus analysis needed employment in the primary sector, secondary, tertiary Eden in Maluku province in 1997-2007 using qualitative research methods. The results showed that: First, there is a change of economic structure and employment. Second, the productivity of labor in the Province of Maluku is still low and there is potential for increased well-educated workforce. Third, economic conditions and growth rates of employment after the economic crisis and the regional autonomy is better than in times of crisis and before the regional autonomy.