Field Of Ukraine Research Articles

THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN BUILDING

Green construction is a key element of Ukraine's sustainable development, as it contributes to reducing the impact on the environment and increasing the energy efficiency of buildings, which is critically important in the face of global climate change and modern challenges. Green construction also supports Ukraine's integration into the international economy through the implementation of environmental standards, which increases the competitiveness of domestic companies. The purpose of the article is to single out the theoretical basis of the formation and development of green construction, as well as to determine the main problems in this field in Ukraine and ways to solve them. The analysis of Ukrainian and foreign studies have showed that the development of green construction in Ukraine has significant potential, especially under the condition of effective implementation of international standards and their adaptation to local realities, which will contribute not only to the preservation of the environment, but also to economic development, improving the quality of life and health population. The theoretical basis of the formation and development of green construction is systematized. The legislative and regulatory framework for green construction aimed at supporting ecologically sustainable development and construction in Ukraine has been analyzed. The main problems faced by green construction on the way to its development in Ukraine (insufficient regulatory framework, high cost of implementing ecological technologies, low level of public awareness and environmental culture, lack of qualified specialists, technical limitations and infrastructure challenges) are identified, and also given possible solutions to these problems. It is noted that for the further development of green construction, it is necessary to implement comprehensive strategies, which include stimulating investments in the green sector, developing and implementing new technologies, raising quality standards, and promoting environmental education. It is emphasized that government support through financial instruments, such as tax incentives and subsidies, can also contribute to increasing the number of green buildings.

Теоретичне підґрунтя публічного управління у сфері водопостачання та водовідведення

The sphere of water supply and drainage is a critically important component of the socio-economic mechanism, which is characterized by numerous challenges that were actualized in wartime. Aim of this paper is to analyze the main theoretical approaches of public management in the field of water supply and drainage in order to identify the main principles and tools that affect the efficiency and sustainability of the field. The tools of strategic planning, operational management and emergency response are considered as key components of successful management in this area. Emphasis is placed on the special role of developing fair tariff policies and financial support for infrastructure investments. The importance of the legal framework that regulates the sphere, ensuring compliance with environmental standards and protection of consumer rights is highlighted. The environmental aspect of resource management in the field, which includes modern methods of wastewater treatment and minimizing the negative impact on natural water bodies, is considered. It was emphasized that state intervention is a key factor in ensuring equal access to clean water, which is a basic human right according to the United Nations. The problem of natural monopoly in the field is considered through the prism of high capital investments and low elasticity of demand, which limit market competition. Strategies to stimulate competition and improve service quality are explored, including regulating tariffs and encouraging innovation. The example of Scotland, where water supply management is centralized through the creation of a single national company Scottish Water, reveals the effectiveness of such an approach in improving infrastructure and ensuring high quality services with public participation. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach to management in the field is emphasized, with a special emphasis on the stability of the service in wartime. The research may be useful to researchers, state and local authorities, and international organizations. Further perspectives of research include the study of the peculiarities of the application of the theoretical base in the solution of scientific and practical problems in the field in Ukraine during the war.

Universal mental health training for frontline professionals: evaluation of pilot trial in Ukraine.

Increasing accessibility of mental health services and expanding universal health coverage is possible worldwide by using a task-shifting approach as partial delegation of some mental health support tasks to trained non-mental health service providers in order to use the available workforce more efficiently. The Universal Mental Health Training (UMHT), which is dedicated to this aim, was developed and piloted in Ukraine. The UMHT is an educational program for frontline professionals on high-quality and evidence-based responses to the mental health needs of the population they serve. The pilot trial of UMHTs' effectiveness was conducted with 307 frontline professionals divided into 24 training groups. The control group included 211 persons with the same occupation background who participated in training later (waiting list). All the groups took part in eight-hour training, which includes one introductory module that introduces the mental health topic alongside a five-step model of UMHT, two disorders-focused modules with the steps adjusted to work with specific disorders, and the final module that considers possible difficulties frontline professionals might experience. Three effectiveness measurements were used in the outcome assessment: readiness to interact with people with mental health issues at work, mental health awareness and mental health proficiency. Analysis of the outcome data for the frontline professionals who underwent the UMHT revealed a moderate effect size related to the knowledge of mental health conditions, mental health awareness, and increasing the readiness to interact with people with mental health issues in comparison to the control group. High-level utilisation of the UMHT at work by trained professionals confirms the effectiveness of the developed intervention. Obtained results favour the continuation of the development of the UMHT and future implementation research in this field in Ukraine and potentially in other low- and middle-income countries.

Universal mental health training for frontline professionals: evaluation of pilot trial in Ukraine

Background Increasing accessibility of mental health services and expanding universal health coverage is possible worldwide by using a task-shifting approach and delegating elements of mental health support to trained non-mental health service providers. The Universal Mental Health Training (UMHT), dedicated to this aim, was developed and piloted in Ukraine. The UMHT is a specialised program for training frontline professionals on high-quality and evidence-based responses to the mental health needs of the population they serve. Methods The controlled pilot trial of UMHTs’ efficacy was conducted with 307 frontline professionals divided into 24 training groups. The control group included 211 persons with the same occupation background who participated in training later (waiting list). All the groups took part in eight-hour training which includes one introductory module that introduces the mental health topic alongside a five-step model, two disorders-focused modules with the steps adjusted to work with specific disorders and the final module that considers possible difficulties and ways of their solving. Three efficacy measurements were used in the outcome assessment: Readiness to interact with people with mental health issues at work, mental health awareness and mental health proficiency. Results Analysis of the outcome data revealed middle-level effect size related to the knowledge of mental health conditions, mental health awareness, and increasing the readiness to interact with people with mental health issues at work in first-line professionals that underwent the UMHT. Conclusions High-level utilisation of the UMHT at work by trained professionals confirms our hypothesis on the efficacy and feasibility of the developed intervention. Results obtained favour the continuation of the development of the UMHT and future implementation research in this field in Ukraine and potentially in other low- and middle-income countries.

The impact of war on the fields of Ukraine

ABSTRACT The devastation of war cuts cultivated areas and crop yields, destroys infrastructure, and contaminates the soil and water. Assessment of these impacts on Ukraine’s agricultural land helps to grasp the scale of the issue, develop recovery and risk management strategies, and informs decision-making. Regional differences in agricultural productivity are apparent but the fledgeling land market still operates, albeit hesitatingly.

Медіація як альтернативний спосіб вирішення сімейних спорів

The article examines and analyzes family conflicts and the importance of mediation as an alternative way to resolve them. The nature of family conflicts, the peculiarities of family relations and the importance of a constructive resolution of this type of conflict are considered. It was determined that family mediation allows to take into account the high emotionality of family conflicts and is therefore very effective in confusing life situations. The history of the emergence of family mediation, as well as its development in different countries, including Ukraine, is studied. The article examines the effectiveness of new legislation in this field in Ukraine. The principles and stages of family mediation are discussed in detail, including preparation for mediation, gathering information, finding solutions and concluding the procedure. The possibility of including children in the family mediation process and the feedback stage after the mediation is also considered. The advantages of mediation in comparison with other methods of conflict resolution are determined. Mediation helps to create constructive solutions and compromises, taking into account the interests of all parties to the conflict. An important aspect is the ability to take into account the opinion and needs of children in family conflicts. Also, mediation is less expensive and time-consuming compared to court proceedings. The introduction of mediation into the legal system contributes to the reform of justice, ensuring a more effective and peaceful resolution of family disputes, and the Law of Ukraine «On Mediation» creates a legal basis for regulating this process. Voluntary participation and the role of neutral mediators make mediation a promising and humane tool for conflict resolution.

GENERALIZATION OF PROSPECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASING HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION FROM NATURAL GAS FIELDS

The vast majority of hydrocarbon fields in Ukraine are at the final stage of development, characterized by complicated conditions for hydrocarbon production. The difficulty of extracting residual hydrocarbon reserves is associated with low reservoir pressures, high water cut, destruction of the bottomhole formation zone, and corrosion of underground and surface equipment. The depletion of the main fields in terms of production and reserves leads to a decrease in hydrocarbon production levels. The fields discovered in recent years are characterized by a complex structure, large depths of productive reservoirs, insignificant reserves and cannot significantly affect the maintenance of hydrocarbon production. Therefore, the main potential reserve for increasing production levels is the residual reserves of depleted fields. The raw material base of such reservoirsis characterized by a deterioration in the quality and structure of reserves over time and is accompanied by an increase in the share of hard-to-extract reserves. To increase the efficiency of development of proven hydrocarbon reserves, existing approaches have been improved and new approaches have been developed for the extraction of hydrocarbons from watered formations, the extraction of retrograde condensate that fell during the development of gas condensate fields for depletion, and the cleaning of bottomhole zones of gas and gas condensate wells and wells. Negative influence of complicating factors during their operation. However, increasing the efficiency of oil and gas field development is possible by investing in the implementation of developed technologies, which will increase their production capabilities in conditions of a significant shortage of hydrocarbon raw materials in Ukraine. Due to the high technological efficiency of secondary technologies for the development of hydrocarbon fields, which is also confirmed by industrial data, their implementation in the fields of Ukraine is recommended.

Priorities for the development of the social field in Ukraine and its legal regulation in the context of adaptation to European standards

A functioning democratic regime that can meet the basic needs of citizens and guarantee material security for the vulnerable and most vulnerable segments of the population is the primary foundation of the European path of development of Ukraine. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the key goals of the state social policy of Ukraine in the context of the implementation of European Union standards and examine the current state of implementation of declared social and legal principles on the territory of the Ukrainian state. The leading methods of the study were methods of analysis and generalisation, through which the existing conflicts of the normative foundation in the field of social protection were identified, and a comparison method, the use of which demonstrated the existing shortcomings of the development strategy. investigating social priorities, the authors identify the main strategic goals of state social regulation, the main omissions of modern social policy, and the primary causes of the current social crisis. Therewith, the current state of the legislative social framework is investigated and an objective assessment of the implementation of European legislation in the national regulatory field of Ukraine is provided. Therewith, positive trends in establishing social justice by declaring gender equality and overcoming discrimination and integrating information systems into the provision of social services were analysed, and practical recommendations for successful euro adaptation, the decisive task of which is to improve the quality of life of Ukrainian citizens, were provided

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE SPHERE OF SCIENCE IN UKRAINE DURING THE WAR

The article reveals the problems public administration faced in the science field in Ukraine during martial law. In particular, the problems associated with the decrease in the funding of scientific research and the insufficient distribution of funds were investigated. It was analyzed that the instability and lack of coordination of management structures responsible for the scientific sector during hostilities lead to the lack of a clear strategy and appropriate management mechanisms, unclear procedures, and conflicts of interest. War and related restrictions have been found to make it difficult for scientists and scientific information to move, which can lead to a loss of contact with the international scientific community and limit access to the latest research and the exchange of ideas. Military actions on the territory of our country lead to a large outflow of the able­bodied population, including scientists, in search of safety and better opportunities. However, against the background of obvious problems, we proposed several actions regarding the prospects for the development of science during martial law. They relate to strengthening coordination and cooperation between various structures to ensure the effectiveness of scientific research and the implementation of military needs. We have proven that increasing the level of managerial competence and professionalism in this area is an important task since war requires quick and effective decision­making and the implementation of scientific can contribute to developing the scientific base and using the latest technologies. It is recommended to pay attention to transparency and openness in the process of public management of science to ensure public trust, efficient use of resources and prevent corruption.

Analysis of biogas production and prospects for the development of biogas technologies in Ukraine

The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that over the years the trend of finding new types of raw materials and technologies for their processing into biogas is growing rapidly. Not only people in European countries but all over the world tend towards the advantages of its production. For Ukraine, the development of infrastructure and a detailed study of this industry will later become a necessary stimulus for the reconstruction of the economy in the post-war period. The aim of the work is to analyze the biomass potential of fallen leaves for biogas production, taking into account the possibilities of technological development of this field in Ukraine. Several methods and approaches were used to achieve the goal. In particular, the physicochemical basis of the process of anaerobic fermentation of organic matter to obtain biogas was studied. A mathematical model of the process of obtaining biogas in a reactor from fallen leaves was also developed. And at the very end, the calculation of the economic efficiency of using a biogas plant for utilization of fallen leaves in a bioreactor was carried out. Summarizing the main results, it is possible to highlight the development of the patent-protected design of the bioreactor, the engineering methodology and the mathematical model for calculating the methane tank for the production of biogas from fallen leaves. First of all, the potential of biomass of plant origin for biogas production was analyzed and this led to the conclusion that the use of fallen leaves is a promising direction, but the significant advantages of using the raw material base are ignored. One of the main environmental problems of Ukraine remains the utilization of fallen leaves and other organic matter of plant origin. At the same time, the conducted research produces not only a number of solutions to this issue, but also turns the problem into an economically profitable solution and eliminates all ecologically unjustified processing methods

The modern nature of changes in the average monthly air temperature during 2006-2020

The proposed article is devoted to the study and analysis of changes in the field of average monthly air temperature on the territory of Ukraine over the past fifteen years (2006-2020) of the period 1991-2020 to determine the trends that have emerged as a result of changes in global circulation over the Atlantic-European sector of the Northern Hemisphere and the possible occurrence of frequent drought events on the territory of Ukraine. Тaking into account the drastic climate changes that have occurred during the last decades, there is a problem in adapting a number of branches of the production complex to such changes in order to prevent economic losses and develop a new strategy in this direction. Connection with research tasks. The presented study is related to the implementation of a number of state-ordered research works dedicated to the study of the peculiarities of modern climate changes in Ukraine and the identification of climate-vulnerable areas on its territory. Problems to be solved in the article. Taking into account the accumulated material regarding the features of the distribution of the air temperature field in Ukraine and the probabilistic scenarios for its change under the influence of general warming in the Northern Hemisphere, for the territory of Ukraine it is necessary to find out the mechanism of its current changes and determine their direction on a temporal and territorial scale. The main purpose of the presented article was to investigate and establish the main trends in the current field of average monthly air temperature in Ukraine over the past 15 years (2006-2020) and show the nature of the spatial and temporal distribution of these changes. Materials and methods. The data of the average monthly air temperature at 55 stations of Ukraine during all months of the year for the fifteen-year periods 1991-2005 and 2006-2020 served as the research materials. The main research methods were physical and statistical to determine the deviations of two 15-year periods and cartographic to determine spatio-temporal differentiation of detected cells. Main results. It was established that on the territory of Ukraine in January 2006-2020 there was a certain decrease in the average monthly air temperature due to lower temperatures. In the rest of the winter months, its growth is observed, especially in the territory of the northwestern, northern, and northeastern regions and in some central and southern regions.. In the spring, the increase in the average monthly air temperature in 2006-2020 occurred more intensively in the northern regions and in a number of regions of the western region (Peredkarpattia). In the summer, the increase in air temperature was observed throughout the territory of Ukraine, but most intensively in July. Territorially, the greatest increase in the average monthly air temperature was expressed in the north, northeast and south. In autumn, the increase in the average monthly air temperature was most intense in November 2006-2020 in the regions of the northern and central regions, as well as in the Carpathian region. In the last 15 years, the average monthly air temperature in Ukraine has increased, but in January it decreased in the north, northeast, in some places in the center and south. This trend is new for today's climate. The results of the study for the territory of Ukraine are presented for the first time and can be used for planning agricultural works.

ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ ТА ІНСТИТУЦІЙНІ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ СИСТЕМИ МІСЦЕВИХ ФІНАНСІВ УКРАЇНИ

B a c k g r o u n d . Strengthening the financial basis of local self-government takes on archival importance, considering the economic circumstances of the wartime and post-war reconstruction of the territories of Ukraine. In this regard there is a need to improve the local finance management system and develop its institutional support in conditions of financial decentralization. Theoretical and practical aspects of management in the field of local finances, inter-budgetary relations, financial relations of local self-government bodies in the context of decentralization are considered in the works of domestic scientists: V. Bodrov, V. Vakulenko, I. Volokhova, N. Honcharuk, V. Gornyk, A. Degtyar. The strengthening of the financial basis of local selfgovernment in the process of the post-war recovery of the economy of Ukraine is studied in the works of Z. Varnalij, I. Vertsiuk, Ya. Zhalilo, M. Kosheliuk, I. Ozymok, O. Sokolova, U. Thomann and others. Implementation of financial decentralization, management of local finances is considered by such foreign scientists as: J. Buchanan, A. Wagner, R. Musgrave, W. Oates, P. Samuelson, J. Stiglitz, H. Zimmerman, F. Fukuyama, J. Schumpeter and others. It remains expedient to search for institutional mechanisms for further reforming the financial relations of local self-government bodies, models for managing inter-budgetary relations, sources of financing local budget expenditures, and expanding public control mechanisms in the process of managing local finances under conditions of decentralization. The purpose of the article is the scientific and theoretical justification of the institutional transformations of the local finance system of Ukraine and the development of practical recommendations regarding the mechanisms of its development in the context of the decentralization of state administration. The tasks of the article are to consider the existing problems and outline the prospects for ensuring the processes of financial decentralization, to propose mechanisms for the necessary institutional transformations in the system of local finance of Ukraine and tools for their implementation. M e t h o d s . The article was carried out with the help of modern theoretical and cognitive methods, the dialectics of the processes of public administration and local self-government in the conditions of financial decentralization and reforming of local finances. Methods of system analysis, synthesis and comparisons, historical, logical, deductive methods and modeling were also used. The research used the theory of public choice, public goods and the structural-functional approach to improve the management of budget funds in conditions of decentralization. R e s u l t s . It is claimed that the pre-war experience of active implementation of the decentralization reform in Ukraine gave positive results, from which it is necessary to move on, and further develop and improve this vector. It was determined that institutional transformations should take place within the framework of financial support system structural elements of local self-government – budgets of different levels. The mechanisms of the necessary institutional transformations in the local finances system in Ukraine and the tools for their implementation are proposed. In particular, such a method of improving the local finances system as budget cooperation is proposed. The Law of Ukraine norms "On Cooperation of Territorial Communities" have been analyzed and proposals have been made to expand the regulatory influence of the specified law regarding budget cooperation procedures. Attention was focused on the importance of training modern personnel of local self-government bodies that implement policies in the sphere of budget, finance and prices. The importance of the development of the institution of civil society is also emphasized. Emphasis is placed on the expansion of models and forms of self-organization bodies cooperation of the population in the processes of control and supervision of the local self-government bodies activities in the local finances field in Ukraine. C o n c l u s i o n s . Therefore, the goal of institutional transformations of the local finance system of Ukraine in the context of decentralization is to significantly expand the capabilities of local self-government bodies to independently manage all socio-economic processes at the level of territorial communities and to establish connections between regions, the symbiosis of which can bring the desired effect for the economy of the entire country. Such changes should be synchronized with the changes envisaged by the plan for Ukraine to acquire the status of an EU member state. Our proposals are designed to improve the quality of local self-government and encourage further scientific research in the field of local finance management in Ukraine.

ГЕЛІЄНОСНІСТЬ НАДР УКРАЇНИ

HELIUM CAPACITY OF THE SUBSOILS OF UKRAINE Purpose. Study of distribution of helium content in hydrocarbon deposits of deposits of Ukraine and their spatial location in oil and gas basins of Ukraine. Methodology. The work used: data from directories on the composition of gases in the fields of Ukraine, MapInfo programs for constructing SQL queries and displaying the results on maps.. Results. According to the directories, a database of deposits of hydrocarbon deposits of Ukraine with helium content in each deposit was created. Spatial mapping of the database of deposits to hydrocarbon deposits has been carried out. Special studies were conducted on the helium content in various types of hydrocarbon deposits. The spatial distribution of the deposits in which helium was determined was studied and their ranking by helium concentration was performed. It was established that the content of helium in the deposits is decreasing in the East-West-South oil and gas basins of Ukraine, and in marine water areas, helium in the deposits of hydrocarbon deposits has not been established. Scientific novelty. For the first time, maps with a ranking of helium content in deposits of Ukraine are given. The number of helium-containing deposits on the territory of Ukraine was analyzed. The prospects of the oil and gas bearing basins of Ukraine for the search for helium-containing deposits have been determined. Practical significance. The established features make it possible to zone the territory of oil and gas-bearing basins according to helium capacity. The main questions for the continuation of scientific and research studies have been determined. Key words: helium, hydrocarbon deposits, deposits, oil and gas basins, database.

Fonaryuk O.Yu., Bondar P.P. Transition to a new form of relationship between the state and the person in the process of implementing the medical reform.

In the article shows the need to transform rela- tions between the state and the individual for the full functioning of european-style medicine. At the same time, a person is aware of himself as an active participant in these relations. It is emphasized that these processes are natural consequences of so- cial development. This topic needs further scientific study for completely prosaic reasons. Because we do not set ourselves the goal of forming a negative image of the functioning of the soviet medical sys- tem in any way. On the contrary, such a system was very successful and gave good social results for its time, because any social phenomenon is a product of its epoch. Now we are only pointing out the scale of social transformations that soci- ety is already beginning to face. Undoubtedly, the medical field in Ukraine will undergo unprecedented transformations in the near future. These changes will be incompatible with old ideas about the role and place of a person in social life. However, they are fully compatible with Ukraine’s euro-atlantic aspirations. The main reasons for public distrust of the objec- tive necessity of introducing grandiose innovations in the medical field are also shown. The possibility of overcoming this mistrust lies in certain changes in the social activity of individual members of society.Openness and transparency – which in practice mean full awareness of the public about the activities of the medical field and the opportunity to actively influence its functioning – should contribute to the emergence of trust in the state apparatus on the path of reform.Both participants in the “state-person” relationship are active and, at the same time, responsible to each other. A person ceases to be «dependent» on the state in the soviet sense of the word. This circum- stance can ultimately lead us to one more useful con- sequence, namely, to a new qualitative understand- ing of the state. At least in the medical field, with a positive experience of reform, society will stop per- ceiving the state only as a certain administrative ap- paratus. If earlier the role of the state was to “force” and “give”, now it is to “develop” and “facilitate”.

РОЗВИТОК АРХІТЕКТУРИ ДУХОВНО-ГУМАНІТАРНИХ ОСВІТНІХ ЗАКЛАДІВ В УКРАЇНІ (на прикладі наукової діяльності навчально-пошукового проєктування кафедри дизайну ар- хітектурного середовища НУ “Львівська політехніка”)

The article highlights the results of special research and research development design of the Department of Architectural Environment Design (DAS) of a new educational institution type – spiritual and humanitarian, which may become a priority in determining the doctrine of higher education in Ukraine. The results are formed both from the scientific and practical experience of leading scientists in this field in Ukraine – R. Stotska, V. Proskuryakov, O. Zhovkva, etc., and educational and research design by the Department of AED of the Academy of PCU in Lutsk. As a comprehensive approach in the design of spiritual and humanitarian institutions in Ukraine, which has not yet been reflected in national regulations. For the presentation of the educational design, several students projects of IV–V courses were selected, the best of which were the works of V. Khyzhnyuk, K. Pidkostelna, U. Grechka, Y. Cholavyn, V. Volyanska. In the architecture of the Academy they designed, in addition to metaphors from regional and historical Ukrainian sacred architecture, the best ideas of modern world solutions were used.

Current issues of cybergrumming in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of topical issues of criminal liability for cybergrooming. A new composition of the criminal offense under Art. 156-1 - "Harassment of a child for sexual purposes." The article notes that criminal offenses against sexual freedom and sexual integrity of a person are characterized by a high level of latency and require high professionalism both from law enforcement officials (detection and response) and from other professionals involved in pre-trial investigation to prosecute persons for committing criminal offenses related to sexual violence against children. At the same time, children are the most vulnerable to criminogenic influence of the Internet group, in connection with which I want to consider such a socio-legal phenomenon as cybergrooming. On the basis of the conducted research the definition of cybergrooming is given, its purposes and phases, and also types of groomers are analyzed. The main purpose of cybergrooming is illegal, immoral acts that encroach on public relations protected by criminal law. Types of groomers such as "caregiver", "adapter" and "hypersexual" are distinguished and described. The phases of cybergrooming determine the following stages of development of the relationship between the child and the perpetrator: the formation of friendships and relationships, risk assessment, isolation phase, intimate phase. Against the background of the disastrous consequences of cybergruming, which is currently in the legal field in Ukraine, the state and society face the task of creating safe conditions for children and adolescents when using the Internet. The article concludes that the criminal law protection of children and adolescents from sexual exploitation in cyberspace, given the criminological situation in the country, needs increased attention.

THE RELEVANCE OF THE LIBERAL IDEA IN UKRAINE: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES

This study aims to highlight and analyze the liberal principles in the context of Ukrainian political parties’ activities in the early XXth century, clarifying the conditions under which the liberal idea found its expression in the Ukrainian reality of the time. The research methodology comprises general scientific methods (program document analysis, generalizations, systematic approach) as well as special-historical methods, in particular historical-genetic, anthropological, and comparative analyses. The scientific novelty is found in the role and significance of the liberal idea in the formation of Ukrainian political thought, which led to the emergence and development of political concepts that served as the foundation for various parties’ activities on the main stages of statehood. Conclusions. The liberal idea in Ukraine has undergone several stages of development, finding expression in the programs of newly formed Ukrainian parties and serving as a response to the challenges of political life and the requirements of progressive intellectuals in the early XXth century. The implementation of liberalism in the Ukrainian political sphere was also unique in that it was combined with socialist demands and the struggle for Ukrainian national rights. During the Ukrainian National Revolution and the establishment of Ukrainian statehood in 1917–1921, liberal ideas, manifested in a number of democratic demands, were renewed. Even though the liberal doctrine does not receive widespread support in Ukraine, we believe that combining elements that stimulate private initiative and the formation of civil society with moderate and well-defined state regulation can help Ukraine progress.
 Further research is required in order to study the psychological, cultural and mental aspects of the rejection of liberalism in its "pure" form, as well as the current political field of Ukraine and the presentation of liberal elements in the activities of Ukrainian governments, especially after 2004.

Conceptual series - virtual actives

The article conducts a study of the terminology apparatus, which is applied to the latest technologies that are currently actively used on the Internet as elements of «e-commerce», and have a common generalizing name – cryptocurrency. In order to comply with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Section VI of the Law 2074 and to implement the Law of Ukraine No. 2074-IX, the Supreme Rada of Ukraine on 13.03.2022 registered draft law No. 7150 with amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine. Currently, in Ukraine, the virtual asset market is actually already formed and exists for about five years, but is completely outside the legal framework of the state. primary financial monitoring of measures to combat the legalization of funds obtained by criminal means, terrorist financing and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The newest terminology apparatus is considered, in that case in the legal field of Ukraine, from the point of view of etymology and the content of their concept - thereby defining their suitability as a modern legal definition. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that in Law 2074 the leading legal definition of a «virtual asset», firstly, does not express the field of its application, as to a greater extent – financial; secondly, it does not correspond to the well-appointed definitions of the component word «asset»; Thirdly, in its natural essence has features inherent in the term – technology. In this regard, we consider it more expedient in Law 2074 to adopt the name of the main legal definition as virtual financial technologies or digital financial technologies.

The level of pension provision of the population is a guarantee of social security of the person

The level of pension provision of the population is a guarantee of social security of the person

Gas reserves calculation based on the results of reservoir pressure distribution modeling

The object of this study is the gas-bearing layer B-26 of the Zakhidne-Radchenkivsʹke gas condensate field (Ukraine). A bottleneck in the process of exploration and experimental and industrial operation of the Zakhidne-Radchenkivsʹke gas condensate field was the ambiguous data on extractive reserves (values that were calculated by different authors range from 14 thousand to 424 million m3). At present, the field is mothballed, which is why the use of a new approach to calculating the initial gas reserves could be useful for deciding to start developing a single productive layer B-26. During the study, such theoretical research methods were used as the system analysis of the information used, numerical modeling based on the combined finite-element-difference method, the methods of visual representation of the information received, as well as analytical methods. The method of calculating gas reserves proposed in this work combines a volumetric method and the simulation of filtration processes using a combined finite-element-difference method. The latter makes it possible to take into consideration the structure of the reservoir, which is heterogeneous in terms of permeability, and to adequately, at the quantitative level, to describe the distribution of non-stationary reservoir pressure around the extractive well. By applying an analytical formula based on the values of average reservoir and downhole pressures, the radii of the well's feed circuit at different stages of the reservoir development have been calculated. Thus, the active area (and volume) of the reservoir can be determined, according to which the extractive reserves of the deposit are calculated. The mining reserves of the Zakhidne-Radchenkivsʹke field, estimated in this way, amount to 174 million m3 of gas. The method for calculating reserves proposed in this study could prove useful for deciding on the further development of the Zakhidne-Radchenkivsʹke gas condensate field. Combining the volumetric method with the results of modeling filtration processes is an operational method for calculating the reserves of the reservoir, opened by one mining well. In this case, the application of the combined finite-element-difference method makes it possible to take into consideration the complex heterogeneous structure of the reservoir and predict the distribution of reservoir nonstationary pressures around the extractive well. The current study that used the Zakhidne-Radchenkivsʹke gas condensate field in Ukraine as an example is interesting when calculating the reserves of layers of complex structure all over the world, whereby the productive reservoir is opened by a single mining well.