Direction Of Field Research Articles

A potential optical approach for diagnosis of the local magnetic field near the surface of the first wall/divertor tiles by Zeeman effect using polarization-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Magnetic field measurement is the basic diagnosis to obtain the physical engineering parameters of magnetic confinement fusion device and the macro information of plasma discharge. The real-time diagnosis of magnetic field distribution near the plasma-facing components (PFCs) surface provides the important information on the migration and transport model of key elements. In this work, a remote, in-situ approach for the magnetic field measurement near the surface of PFCs by the polarization-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) based on Zeeman effect is proposed and implemented. The Zeeman characteristics of the emission spectra of laser-induced W, Mo and C plasmas were verified in the laboratory by using different magnetic field configurations. According to the polarization characteristics of the Zeeman sublines of the LIBS spectrum, the intensity and direction of the external local magnetic field were successively identified by using a linear polarizer. Subsequently, a linear array fiber was utilized to determine the polarity of the external magnetic field. And finally, the magnetic field intensity near the lower edge surface of the tungsten baffle of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) upper divertor was measured when the field coils were demagnetized. This method can supplement the experimental data near the PFCs for the magnetic field configuration of the magnetic confinement fusion device and provide a reference for the wall element analysis model diagnosed by LIBS.

Computational Polarization Imaging In Vivo through Surgical Smoke Using Refined Polarization Difference.

In surgery, the surgical smoke generated during tissue dissection and hemostasis can degrade the image quality, affecting tissue visibility and interfering with the further image processing. Developing reliable and interpretable computational imaging methods for restoring smoke-affected surgical images is crucial, as typical image restoration methods relying on color-texture information are insufficient. Here a computational polarization imaging method through surgical smoke is demonstrated, including a refined polarization difference estimation based on the discrete electric field direction, and a corresponding prior-based estimation method, for better parameter estimation and image restoration performance. Results and analyses for ex vivo, the first in vivo animal experiments, and human oral cavity tests show that the proposed method achieves visibility restoration and color recovery of higher quality, and exhibits good generalization across diverse imaging scenarios with interpretability. The method is expected to enhance the precision, safety, and efficiency of advanced image-guided and robotic surgery.

Influence of external electric field on molecular microscopic descriptors of non-polar insulating gases

Molecular microscopic descriptors without external electric field are commonly used for the prediction of insulating strength in gaseous medium. However, insulating gases are subjected to external electric field in electrical equipment, and the molecular microscopic descriptors are affected. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the influence of external electric field on molecular microscopic descriptors. The Gaussian 16 software is employed to calculate the global parameter with the M06-2X functional and the 6–311++G (d, p) basis set. The wavefunction analysis software Multiwfn is used to obtain electrostatic potential parameter. In this paper, three directions of external electric field with magnitude ranging from 0 to 0.03 a.u. have been set to 10 non-polar insulating gas molecules. According to the type of molecular point group, the effect of direction and magnitude of external electric field on the molecular microscopic descriptors has been analyzed. The results indicate that the molecular microscopic descriptors are affected by the direction and magnitude of external electric field. The change rate of microscopic descriptors increases with the increase of external electric field magnitude. And the influence of the direction of external electric field is associated with the molecular symmetry. In conclusion, the effect of direction and magnitude of external electric field is needed to be considered when analyzing the effect of external electric field on molecular microscopic descriptors.

Self-similarity of the magnetic field at different scales: The case of G31.41+0.31

Context. Dust polarization observations of the massive protocluster G31.41+0.31 carried out at ~1″ (~3750 au) resolution with the SMA at 870 µm have revealed one of the clearest examples to date of an hourglass-shaped magnetic field morphology in the high-mass regime. Additionally, ~O.″24 (~900 au) resolution observations with ALMA at 1.3 mm have confirmed these results. The next step is to investigate whether the magnetic field maintains its hourglass-shaped morphology down to circumstellar scales. Aims. To study the magnetic field morphology toward the four (proto)stars A, B, C, and D contained in G31.41+0.31 and examine whether the self-similarity observed at core scales (1″ and 0.″ 24 resolution) still holds at circumstellar scales, we carried out ALMA observations of the polarized dust continuum emission at 1.3 mm and 3.1 mm at an angular resolution of ~0.″068 (~250 au), sufficient to resolve the envelope emission of the embedded protostars. Methods. We used ALMA to perform full polarization observations at 233 GHz (Band 6) and 97.5 GHz (Band 3) with a synthesized beam of 0.″072 × 0.″064. We carried out polarization observations at two different wavelengths to confirm that the polarization traces magnetically aligned dust grains and is not due to dust self-scattering. Results. The polarized emission and the direction of the magnetic field obtained at the two wavelengths are basically the same, except for an area between the embedded sources C and B. In such an area, the emission at 1.3 mm could be optically thick and affected by dichroic extinction. In the rest of the core, the similarity of the emission at the two wavelengths suggests that the polarized emission is due to magnetically aligned grains. The polarized emission has been successfully modeled with a poloidal field with a small toroidal component on the order of 10% of the poloidal component, with a position angle ϕ = −63°, an inclination i = 50°, and a mass-to-flux ratio λ = 2.66. The magnetic field axis is oriented perpendicular to the NE-SW velocity gradient detected in the core. The strength of the plane-of-the-sky component of the mean magnetic field, estimated using both the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi and the polarization-intensity gradient methods, is in the range ~10−80 mG, for a density range 1.4 × 107−5 × 108 cm−3. The mass-to-flux ratio is in the range λ~1.9−3.0, which suggests that the core is “supercritical”. The polarization-intensity gradient method indicates that the magnetic field cannot prevent gravitational collapse inside the massive core. The collapse in the external part of the core is (slightly) sub-Alfvénic and becomes super-Alfvénic close to the center. Conclusions. Dust polarization measurements from large core scales to small circumstellar scales, in the hot molecular core G31.41+0.31 have confirmed the presence of a strong magnetic field with an hourglass-shaped morphology. This result suggests that the magnetic field could have a relevant role in regulating the star-forming process of massive stars at all scales, although it cannot prevent the collapse. However, it cannot be ruled out that the large opacity of the central region of the core may hinder the study of the magnetic field at circumstellar scales. Therefore, high-angular resolution observations at longer wavelengths, tracing optically thinner emission, are needed to confirm this self-similarity.

The transition from indirect band gap to direct band gap and effectively separating of electron-hole pairs in h-BC2N / MoSi2N4 heterojunction for photocatalytic water splitting

To improve the photocatalytic efficiency of MoSi2N4, we decided to use the organic material h-BC2N to form a new photocatalytic heterojunction, h-BC2N/MoSi2N4. Firstly, we calculated the phonon spectra of h-BC2N, MoSi2N4, and h-BC2N/MoSi2N4 heterojunction to determine their dynamical stability. Next, using the HSE06 density functional theory method, we calculated the band structures and DOS of h-BC2N, MoSi2N4, and h-BC2N/MoSi2N4 heterojunction to determine their band structures and types. To analyze the electron transfer in the h-BC2N/MoSi2N4 heterojunction, we calculated the work function and differential charge density to determine the direction of the built-in electric field and the electron transfer between h-BC2N and MoSi2N4. Furthermore, we discussed the interaction between h-BC2N and MoSi2N4, and the results showed that the VBM and CBM of h-BC2N and MoSi2N4 changed with the formation of the heterojunction. Then, we analyzed the reaction mechanism of the h-BC2N/MoSi2N4 heterojunction and found that the built-in electric field promotes the electron transition from the CBM of MoSi2N4 to the VBM of h-BC2N, effectively separating the photo-generated electron-hole pairs of MoSi2N4 in space, making h-BC2N/MoSi2N4 heterojunction a classical Type Z heterojunction. These results suggest that h-BC2N/MoSi2N4 heterojunction can improve the photocatalytic efficiency of MoSi2N4.

Boosting the Efficiency of Photoactive Rod-Shaped Nanomotors via Magnetic Field-Induced Charge Separation.

Photocatalytic nanomotors have attracted a lot of attention because of their unique capacity to simultaneously convert light and chemical energy into mechanical motion with a fast photoresponse. Recent discoveries demonstrate that the integration of optical and magnetic components within a single nanomotor platform offers novel advantages for precise motion control and enhanced photocatalytic performance. Despite these advancements, the impact of magnetic fields on energy transfer dynamics in photocatalytic nanomotors remains unexplored. Here, we introduce dual-responsive rod-like nanomotors, made of a TiO2/NiFe heterojunction, able to (i) self-propel upon irradiation, (ii) align with the direction of an external magnetic field, and (iii) exhibit enhanced photocatalytic performance. Consequently, when combining light irradiation with a homogeneous magnetic field, these nanomotors exhibit increased velocities attributed to their improved photoactivity. As a proof-of-concept, we investigated the ability of these nanomotors to generate phenol, a valuable chemical feedstock, from benzene under combined optical and magnetic fields. Remarkably, the application of an external magnetic field led to a 100% increase in the photocatalytic phenol generation in comparison with light activation alone. By using various state-of-the-art techniques such as photoelectrochemistry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and electron paramagnetic resonance, we characterized the charge transfer between the semiconductor and the alloy component, revealing that the magnetic field significantly improved charge pair separation and enhanced hydroxyl radical generation. Consequently, our work provides valuable insights into the role of magnetic fields in the mechanisms of light-driven photocatalytic nanomotors for designing more effective light-driven nanodevices for selective oxidations.

Design of a high-resolution magneto-plasmonic biosensor for analyte detection

This paper introduces the design of a magneto-plasmonic refractometric sensor aimed at achieving high resolution. This sensor consists of arrays of gold nanowires and layers of SiO2 and Co6Ag94, where the analyte is placed on the gold nanowires. A p-polarized optical field with a wavelength of 631 nm is used to excite the structure, which is applied in the range of 1° to 45°. A magnetic field is applied to z-axis to create the magneto-optical effect. The reflected optical field of the samples is used to calculate the signal of the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect, which shows significant changes in the refractive index of the samples and the direction of the magnetic field. The highest displacement is 4°. The highest value of the figure of merit is 3611 RIU−1, and the maximum sensitivity is obtained as 71 °/RIU.

Semi-classical origin of the extreme magnetoresistance in PtSn4

The so-called “extreme magnetoresistance” (XMR) found in few conductors poses interesting conceptual challenges which address needs in technology. In contrast to the more common XMR in semi-metals, PtSn4 stands out as a rare example of a high carrier density multi-band metal exhibiting XMR, sparking an active debate about its microscopic origin. Here we report a sharp sensitivity of its XMR upon the field angle, with an almost complete collapse only for one specific current and field direction (B//b, I//a). Corroborated by band-structure calculations, we identify a singular open orbit on one of its Fermi surface sheets as the origin of this collapse. This remarkably switchable XMR resolves the puzzle in PtSn4 as a semi-classical effect of an ultra-pure, compensated carrier metal. It further showcases the importance of Ockham’s razor in uncommon magnetotransport phenomena and demonstrates the remarkable physical properties conventional metals can exhibit given they are superbly clean.

High performance few-mode fiber-based light field direction sensing system using deep convolutional neural network: fiber speckle demodulation network (FSDNET)

Precisely sensing the light field direction information plays the essential role in the fields of three-dimensional (3D) imaging, light field sensing, target positioning and tracking, remote sensing, etc. It is thrilling to find that the optical fiber can be used as a sensing component due to its high sensitivity, compact size, and strong resistance to electromagnetic interference. According to the core principle that the few-mode fiber output speckle pattern is sensitive to the change of incident light field direction, the variation characteristics is further investigated in this research study. Based on the simulation and analysis of the fiber transmission characteristics, the output speckle corresponding to the incident light field with the direction in the range of ±6° horizontally and vertically are calculated. Furthermore, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN): fiber speckle demodulation network (FSDNET) is proposed and constructed to establish what we believe to be a novel way to reveal and identify the mapping relationship between the light field direction and the output speckle. The theoretical simulation shows that the mean absolute error (MAE) between the perceived light field directions and the true directions is 0.01°. Then, a light field direction sensing system based on the few-mode fiber is developed. Regarding to the performance of the sensing system, the MAE of the FSDNET for the light field directions that have appeared in the training set is 0.0389°, and for testing set of the unknown directions that have not appeared in the training set, the MAE is 0.0570°. Therefore, the simulation and experimental results prove that high performance sensing of light field direction can be achieved by the proposed few-mode fiber sensing system and the FSDNET.

Geological fingerprints of deep slow earthquakes: A review of field constraints and directions for future research

Slow earthquakes, including low-frequency earthquakes, tremor, and geodetically detected slow-slip events, have been widely detected, most commonly at depths of 40–60 km in active subduction zones around the Pacific Ocean Basin. Rocks exhumed from these depths allow us to search for structures that may initiate slow earthquakes. The evidence for high pore-fluid pressures in subduction zones suggests that they may be associated with hydraulic fractures (e.g., veins) and with metamorphic reactions that release or consume water. Loss of continuity and resulting slip at rates exceeding 10−4 m s–1 are required to produce the quasi-seismic signature of low-frequency earthquakes, but the subseismic displacement rates require that the slip rate is slowed by a viscous process, such as low permeability, limiting the rate at which fluid can access a propagating fracture. Displacements during individual low-frequency earthquakes are unlikely to exceed 1 mm, but they need to be more than 0.1 mm and act over an area of ~105 m2 to produce a detectable effective seismic moment. This limits candidate structures to those that have lateral dimensions of ~300 m and move in increments of <1 mm. Possible candidates include arrays of sheeted shear veins showing crack-seal structures; dilational arcs in microfold hinges that form crenulation cleavages; brittle-ductile shear zones in which the viscous component of deformation can limit the displacement rate during slow-slip events; slip surfaces coated with materials, such as chlorite or serpentine, that exhibit a transition from velocity-weakening to velocity-strengthening behavior with increasing slip velocity; and block-in-matrix mélanges.

Magnetic Helicity Signs and Flaring Propensity: Comparing the Force-free Parameter with the Helicity Signs of Hα Filaments and X-Ray Sigmoids

Sigmoids produce strong eruptive events. Earlier studies have shown that the ICME axial magnetic field Bz can be predicted with some credibility by observing the corresponding filament or the polarity inversion line in the region of eruption and deriving the magnetic field direction from that. Sigmoids are coronal structures often associated with filaments in the sigmoidal region. In this study, we compare filament chirality with sigmoid handedness to observe their correlation. Second, we perform nonlinear force-free approximations of the coronal magnetic connectivity using photospheric vector magnetograms underneath sigmoids to obtain a weighted-average value of the force-free parameter and to correlate it with filament chirality and the observed coronal sigmoid handedness. Importantly, we find that the sigmoids and their filament counterparts do not always have the same helicity signs. Production of eruptive events by regions that do not have the same signs of helicities is ∼3.5 times higher than when they do. A case study of magnetic energy/ helicity evolution in NOAA AR 12473 is also presented.

On the optimality of the radical-pair quantum compass

Quantum sensing enables the ultimate precision attainable in parameter estimation. Circumstantial evidence suggests that certain organisms, most notably migratory songbirds, also harness quantum-enhanced magnetic field sensing via a radical-pair-based chemical compass for the precise detection of the weak geomagnetic field. However, what underpins the acuity of such a compass operating in a noisy biological setting, at physiological temperatures, remains an open question. Here, we address the fundamental limits of inferring geomagnetic field directions from radical-pair spin dynamics. Specifically, we compare the compass precision, as derived from the directional dependence of the radical-pair recombination yield, to the ultimate precision potentially realisable by a quantum measurement on the spin system under steady-state conditions. To this end, we probe the quantum Fisher information and associated Cramér–Rao bound in spin models of realistic complexity, accounting for complex inter-radical interactions, a multitude of hyperfine couplings, and asymmetric recombination kinetics, as characteristic for the magnetosensory protein cryptochrome. We compare several models implicated in cryptochrome magnetoreception and unveil their optimality through the precision of measurements ostensibly accessible to nature. Overall, the comparison provides insight into processes honed by nature to realise optimality whilst constrained to operating with mere reaction yields. Generally, the inference of compass orientation from recombination yields approaches optimality in the limits of complexity, yet levels off short of the theoretical optimal precision bounds by up to one or two orders of magnitude, thus underscoring the potential for improving on design principles inherent to natural systems.

Structural characterization and attempted displacement interpretation of the Baishuihe landslide using integrated geophysical methods

The Baishuihe landslide, a typical large-scale deposit landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, has attracted considerable societal and scholarly attention. Since 2003, 11 displacement monitoring points have been established on the landslide mass for monitoring displacement data. Displacement monitoring data from 14 years have been widely applied in landslide displacement prediction research. However, there is a lack of research involving interpretations of displacement data. To interpret landslide displacement from geological and hydrodynamic perspectives, we applied integrated geophysical methods, including electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), self-potential (SP), and surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR), to model the landslide structure and investigate groundwater activity. The results indicate that the landslide deposit is predominantly located at the foot of the landslide, with a total volume of approximately 7.7 × 106 cubic meters. The thickness gradually increases in the eastern direction of the landslide along the sliding direction, while in the western direction, it initially increases and then decreases. The SNMR results reveal that groundwater is primarily situated in the gravel soil layer, demonstrating a volumetric water content of approximately 2.8% per unit volume. The SP results suggest that below an elevation of 190 m, the groundwater flow field is turbulent and irregular. Above an elevation of 190 m, the general direction of the groundwater flow field tends to align roughly with the sliding direction. Through the integration of GPS displacement monitoring data and comprehensive geophysical analysis, we discerned that the thickness of the deposit layer, the morphology of the sliding surface, and the interaction with groundwater recharge collectively exert significant influences on the displacement of the Baishuihe landslide. Generally, the thickness of the deposit layer and the morphology of the sliding surface determine whether the landslide will exhibit significant displacement. At a more detailed level, the weight of the accumulated mass and the influence of groundwater play a significant role in determining the displacement velocity.

Systematic simulation of tumor cell invasion and migration in response to time-varying rotating magnetic field.

Cancer invasion and migration play a pivotal role in tumor malignancy, which is a major cause of most cancer deaths. Rotating magnetic field (RMF), one of the typical dynamic magnetic fields, can exert substantial mechanical influence on cells. However, studying the effects of RMF on cell is challenging due to its complex parameters, such as variation of magnetic field intensity and direction. Here, we developed a systematic simulation method to explore the influence of RMF on tumor invasion and migration, including a finite element method (FEM) model and a cell-based hybrid numerical model. Coupling with the data of magnetic field from FEM, the cell-based hybrid numerical model was established to simulate the tumor cell invasion and migration. This model employed partial differential equations (PDEs) and finite difference method to depict cellular activities and solve these equations in a discrete system. PDEs were used to depict cell activities, and finite difference method was used to solve the equations in discrete system. As a result, this study provides valuable insights into the potential applications of RMF in tumor treatment, and a series of in vitro experiments were performed to verify the simulation results, demonstrating the model's reliability and its capacity to predict experimental outcomes and identify pertinent factors. Furthermore, these findings shed new light on the mechanical and chemical interplay between cells and the ECM, offering new insights and providing a novel foundation for both experimental and theoretical advancements in tumor treatment by using RMF.

Impact of Magnetic Field Direction on Performance and Structure of Ni-Co-SiC Coatings Fabricated via Magnetic-Field-Induced Electrodeposition

This study reports the synthesis of Ni-Co-SiC coatings onto Q235A steel substrates through magnetic-field-induced electrodeposition to improve the surface performances of the machine parts. The microstructure, topology, roughness, corrosion, and wear resistances of the coatings were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), hardness testing, electrochemical analysis, and friction wear testing, respectively. The Ni-Co-SiC coating deposited at 0.4 T (MS1) with a perpendicular magnetic direction showed the maximum SiC content and NiCo grain size (86.5 nm). The surface topology was also fine, dense, and smooth. In addition to that, the images obtained from the AFM characterization showed that the surface roughness of the MS1 coating was 76 nm, which was significantly lower compared to the roughness observed in Ni-Co-SiC coatings fabricated under the magnetic induction of 0 T (MS0) and magnetic field applied in a parallel direction to 0.4 T (MS2). The XRD results revealed that the preferential growth direction of the NiCo grains was changed from the (200) crystal plane to the (111) plane with the introduction of a perpendicular magnetic field. Moreover, MS2, MS1, and MS0 had thickness values of 25.3, 26.7, and 26.3 μm, respectively. Among all the coatings, MS1 showed the lowest friction coefficient and the highest hardness value (914.8 HV), suggesting enhanced wear resistance. Moreover, the MS1 coating revealed a maximum corrosion potential of −257 mV, and the lowest corrosion current of 0.487 μA/cm2, suggesting its improved corrosion resistance.

Perspectives on Optimized Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Based on Spatial Electric Field Modeling in Humans.

Background: Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) generates an electric field (or current density) in the brain through surface electrodes attached to the scalp. Clinical significance has been demonstrated, although with moderate and heterogeneous results partly due to a lack of control of the delivered electric currents. In the last decade, computational electric field analysis has allowed the estimation and optimization of the electric field using accurate anatomical head models. This review examines recent tES computational studies, providing a comprehensive background on the technical aspects of adopting computational electric field analysis as a standardized procedure in medical applications. Methods: Specific search strategies were designed to retrieve papers from the Web of Science database. The papers were initially screened based on the soundness of the title and abstract and then on their full contents, resulting in a total of 57 studies. Results: Recent trends were identified in individual- and population-level analysis of the electric field, including head models from non-neurotypical individuals. Advanced optimization techniques that allow a high degree of control with the required focality and direction of the electric field were also summarized. There is also growing evidence of a correlation between the computationally estimated electric field and the observed responses in real experiments. Conclusions: Computational pipelines and optimization algorithms have reached a degree of maturity that provides a rationale to improve tES experimental design and a posteriori analysis of the responses for supporting clinical studies.

On the Application Limits of the Parameter in Studying Variations of the Ancient Geomagnetic Field

To describe secular geomagnetic variation on geological timescales, statistical models have been widely used in recent decades. Currently, the most popular among these is the TK03 model (Tauxe and Kent, 2004). As other statistical models, TK03 numerically characterizes the amplitude of secular geomagnetic variation and the shape of the distribution of paleomagnetic directions which are considered as directly reflecting the directions of the geomagnetic field on the considered interval of geological time. For this purpose, three main parameters are used: the scatter Sb (or S) of the virtual geomagnetic poles, the elongation E of the distribution of paleomagnetic directions, and the direction of elongation of the distribution of paleomagnetic directions. The correct application of these parameters to describe ancient secular variation requires the satisfaction of certain, sometimes rather strict conditions. These conditions for the Sb and E parameters were considered in a number of previous publications, while the limits and conditions of application of parameter have not been studied in detail so far. This paper presents the results of mathematical modeling that allow us to evaluate the stability of the calculated values of this parameter as a function of the latitude of sampling, the number of samples used for its determination, the length of the time series on which this parameter is determined, as well as inclination shallowing and the degree of averaging when is estimated in sedimentary rocks. We also consider the extent to which the parameter can be sensitive to the presence and characteristics of the equatorial dipole component in the total geomagnetic field.

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN FREE SHEAR FLOWS IN A DUCT UNDER UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD

We consider a mathematical model of two-dimensional electrically driven laminar free shear flows in a straight duct under action of an applied uniform homogeneous magnetic field. The mathematical approach is based on studies by J.C.R. Hunt and W.E. Williams [10], Yu. Kolesnikov and H. Kalis [22,23]. We solve the system of stationary partial differential equations (PDEs) with two unknown functions of velocity U and induced magnetic field H. The flows are generated as a result of the interaction of injected electric current in liquid and the applied field using one or two couples of linear electrodes located on duct walls: three cases are considered. In dependence on direction of current injection and uniform magnetic field, the flows between the end walls are realized. Distributions of velocities and induced magnetic fields, electric current density in dependence on the Hartmann number Ha are studied. The solution of this problem is obtained analytically and numerically, using the Fourier series method and Matlab.

Several nonlinear waves in spin quantum electron-positron plasmas

By using the reductive perturbation method, we obtained a nonlinear Schrödinger equation considering spin properties for a magnetized electron-positron plasmas. Several nonlinear wave were studied. The results indicate that various types of nonlinear waves exist in a magnetized electron-positron plasmas and they are spatially localized in both parallel and vertical directions to the external magnetized field direction. Additionally, the dependence of the wave amplitudes, wave width in both direction, group velocity of the envelop wave and the phase velocity of the background waves for these kinds of the nonlinear waves on the system parameters are all given in the present paper.

Mechanisms and Barriers in Nanomedicine: Progress in the Field and Future Directions.

In recent years, steady progress has been made in synthesizing and characterizing engineered nanoparticles, resulting in several approved drugs and multiple promising candidates in clinical trials. Regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency released important guidance documents facilitating nanoparticle-based drug product development, particularly in the context of liposomes and lipid-based carriers. Even with the progress achieved, it is clear that many barriers must still be overcome to accelerate translation into the clinic. At the recent conference workshop "Mechanisms and Barriers in Nanomedicine" in May 2023 in Colorado, U.S.A., leading experts discussed the formulation, physiological, immunological, regulatory, clinical, and educational barriers. This position paper invites open, unrestricted, nonproprietary discussion among senior faculty, young investigators, and students to trigger ideas and concepts to move the field forward.