Field Battle Research Articles

Explanation and comparison of the security position of castles in the development of the Zandiyeh period (with emphasis on Kermanshah Castle)

During the Zand period (1751-1794), the spread of firearms, especially cannons, did not have much impact on the conquest of strong fortresses. Given the lack of comprehensive research on fortresses during the Zandiyeh period, the research findings indicate that urban and rural fortresses were the most important sites for the accumulation of resources and political power, attracting pretenders to the throne. Kermanshah Fortress was considered the most valuable fortress in the country due to its rich military stores, which led to the longest period of siege and field battles.

Последняя победа Крымского юрта: Бой у урочища Мигея 7 (18) июня 1769 г.

The article is devoted to one remarkable and dramatic, but still completely unknown combat episode from the history of the initial period of the Russo-Turkish war of 1768–1774, the battle at Migeya Tract in the summer of 1769 between two regiments of light cavalry of the Russian 2nd army and the vastly superior cavalry forces of the Crimean Khanate. As a result of the mistakes of their command and the fatal coincidence of a number of circumstances, the Russian regiments were surrounded by Tatars on the banks of the Southern Bug and tried to defend themselves in wagenburg. Despite of their fierce resistance, it was taken by storm, and most of the Russian detachment was destroyed. This was the last victory in history of the armed forces of the Crimean Khanate in a field battle. The tragedy at Migeya led to an official investigation of the surviving officers and lower ranks of the two defeated Russian regiments. The materials of their interrogations contain valuable factual and psychological details related to the events of that battle. The circumstances of the fighting at Migeya reflected both: some of the strengths of the armed forces of the Crimean Khanate in the last period of its existence, and natural shortcomings of semi-regular cavalry units guarding the borders of Russian Ukraine – Company Cossacks and settled lancers regiments. Also, the events at Migeya are a remarkable episode from the history of the command of General Count P.A. Rumyantsev of the Russian 2nd army in Ukraine in the campaign of 1769, and his reaction to what happened adds new details to his portrait as a commander and a human. The article is based on previously unpublished documents from the collections of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA). The most important of them, Rumyantsev’s report and an extract from the interrogations of the participants of that battle, are published in the appendix to the article.

The Russian Army on the Eve of the Crimean War: Between Myth and Reality

The article is devoted to the problems of the military system of the Russian Empire in the years of the reign of Nicholas I. The subject of the study is the military organization of the Russian Empire in the middle of the XIX century. The object of the study is the Russian army in the Crimean War (1853-1856). The focus is on the organization of the armed forces of the Empire, the training of enlisted and officers, logistics and pensions, as well as military production in the middle of the XIX century. Traditionally, in Russian historiography, the main drawbacks of the military system were called the technical lag of the Russian Empire from the European armies and the serfdom structure of the domestic power During the study of the topic, it was revealed that the issue of armament was not the fundamental reason for the defeat of the empire in the conflict. Soldiers recruited according to the recruitment system could not equivalently resist European armies based on a system of consription or voluntary recruitment. The difficult conditions of service in the army of the Russian Empire in the XIX century, led to the complete depletion of the reserve stock, which was clearly manifested in the years. The Crimean War (1853-1856). In combination with significant shortcomings in the training of private and officer, this led to the absolute hegemony of the Allied army in field battles. Many of these problems were known to the highest military and political leadership of the country, which initiated a number of military reforms to correct them. Nicholas I failed to implement these changes before the outbreak of the Crimean War. Already after the conflict, under the leadership of the Minister of War Milyutin D.A., within the framework of the "Great Reforms of the 1860s", many of these problems were resolved to one degree or another. The study is of a general nature, and this topic requires further detailed study of each of the aspects mentioned in the work.

A History of Military Engagements: The Contrasting Warfare Tactics of Frankish and Turkic-Syrian Field Armies

The purpose of this study is to showcase the Battle of Dorylaeum, fought between the invading Frankish forces of the First Crusade and the defending Turkic-Syrian armies of the late eleventh-century in Anatolia, as a unique case study to explore the maladapted nature of the opposing factions’ modes of warfare. While the Frankish armies naturally favoured western tactics such as heavy cavalry charges and thus developed their entire marching and fighting system to protect the knightly core of their forces, their Turkic-Syrian opponents entered the battlefield in a rapid and erratic way which had led to their dominance in oriental warfare for decades prior. Upon a survey of the tactics used by both Frankish and Turkic-Syrian, based solely on the information evident through the relevant primary sources of the Battle of Dorylaeum, a twofold proof becomes apparent. Firstly, the maladapted nature of the two forces becomes incredibly apparent, stemming from the pitting of the heavily armed Frankish forces and the nomadic way of warfare utilized by their Turkic-Syrian opponents. Secondly, Dorylaeum comes to the forefront as the battle most representative of this maladapted nature; while the First Crusade is largely composed of sieges with remarkably few field battles, Dorylaeum is the first instance of both factions wielding their respective modes of warfare in a way which decided the fate of the following years of the First Crusade.

Bir Savaş İki Kardeş: Büyük Taarruz’da Görev Alan Kurmay Binbaşı Mustafa Şemsettin (Taner) ve Kurmay Binbaşı Cemil Tahir (Taner)’in Meslek Hayatlarından Bazı Kesitler

The main purpose of the study was to examine the biographies of Mustafa Şemsettin (Taner) Bey and his brother Cemil Tahir (Taner) Bey serving as staff majors during the Great Offensive and the Field Battle of the Commander-in-Chief. Mustafa Şemsettin was born in 1890 and his brother Cemil Tahir was born in 1892 as the children of Cavalry First Lieutenant Tahir Bey and Emine Hanım in Uzunköprü (Ergene) district of Edirne. Of the two brothers serving as staff majors during the Great Offensive and the Field Battle of the Commander-in-Chief, Mustafa Şemsettin Bey successfully performed his duty as the Chief of the 1st Section (Operations Section) and Cemil Tahir Bey successfully carried out his duty as the Chief of the 1st Army Operations Section. Mustafa Şemsettin Bey who served at various ranks in the army and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general after the Turkish War of Independence served as the Commander of War Academies between the years of 1943-1945. He passed away on 22 June 1945 due to his illness. The younger brother Cemil Tahir Bey was appointed as the General Director of Physical Training in 1938 while he was serving at the rank of major general after promoting to this rank by undertaking important duties in the army after the Great Offensive. Cemil Tahir Bey who carried out his duty successfully until 1945 passed away on 28 December 1946 due to his illness. In the article, it was tried to present the biographies of the two brothers who served with a high sense of responsibility and achieved significant successes until the last days of their lives by undertaking important duties both during and after the National Struggle. The primary sources of the research were the Archive of the Ministry of National Defence, the Republic Archive of the Presidency, periodicals, and memoirs.

Büyük Taarruz’un Kazanılmasının İngiliz Prestij Faktörüne Etkileri

The purpose of the study is defined as to examine the effects of the winning of the Great Offensive and the Field Battle of the Commander-in-Chief by the Turks on the prestige factor of England in the Near East. England’s prestige and superiority in the Near East were severely shaken following the Turkish-Greek War. The reason is that the Turkish victory was not just a military success. It also reflected a mentality change in the context of nation-building of Middle Eastern or Asian societies. The defeat of the Greek side and the diplomatic difficulties that England fell into after the Great Offensive not only caused England’s material and spiritual superiority being questioned but also shook its position of being the most important power of the world. After the Great Offensive and the Field Battle of the Commander-in-Chief, attitude of world public opinion towards the English changed. In order not to lose its political superiority, England took action to shake the prestige of Türkiye in the world public opinion by exaggerating some of the events experienced during the evacuation of the Greek forces.
 The Turkish government’s attitude towards the English government in return for England’s attitude towards Türkiye after the winning of the Great Offensive make it essential to evaluate the English prestige factor. The research evaluated the reasons of why the English prestige factor was shaken, the impact of the winning the Great Offensive, and the effect of the winning of the Great Offensive on England’s power in the region. Moreover, it assessed the diplomatic attitude undertaken by England to prevent its prestige from being shaken and differences of opinion that England had with its allies after the Great Offensive. The article benefited basically from English periodicals of the period including The Daily Herald, Daily News, Evening Telegraph, The Westminster Gazette, Sunday Mirror, and The New Statesman and the documents of the Ottoman Archive of the Presidency.

Design and application method of a rapid cooling device for burns in field battle training

At present, there is no special rapid cooling device for burn injury site in field battle training environment. To solve this problem, our research team designed a rapid cooling device for burns in field battle training. Based on the principle of rapid cooling of liquid nitrogen, the device monitors the temperature of the wound surface to regulate the release of liquid nitrogen so as to reduce the wound temperature. The device is simple in design, light in material, small in size, easy to carry, and can be used in various parts of the body. In addition, it is easy to operate and is expected to deliver a rapid cooling effect on the burn injury site to avoid the secondary damage caused by heat conduction to deep tissue.

Determination of historical graves by ground penetrating radar method: Sakarya Field Battle (August 23 – September 13, 1921, Turkey)

ABSTRACT The Sakarya Field Battle was the last phase of the forward operation of the Greek Asia Minor Army, which started at the end of March 1921. Although there are contradictory numbers regarding the losses of the parties in the Sakarya Field Battle in the literature, it is generally accepted that the Turkish Army lost 5,713 martyrs. The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method was applied to determine the accuracy of findings observed on the surface and to determine burial sites. Geophysical anomalies were detected in 2D profiles from the obtained results. It was determined that the Turkish side buried the martyrs in east-west direction, depending on their religious traditions. The detected anomalies were evaluated in two and three dimensions and the boundaries of the burial areas and the approximate depths of the burials were obtained. The results obtained from data processing techniques showed that the GPR method is suitable for determining the locations of historical graves on battlefields. The new martyrs found as a result of the studies are thought to be soldiers whose fate was unknown, recorded as ‘missing’ in the records.

ARCHITECTURE AND FORMATION OF UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE

The way to change is imaginative innovation, and the future power will be made out of a group of frameworks that systems propelled air and ground resources, both kept an eye on and unmanned, to accomplish predominance in field battle. Unmanned vehicles, both air and ground, will assume an imperative job in such a power structure. There are numerous undertakings that unmanned frameworks could achieve more promptly than people, and both non-military personnel and military networks are presently creating automated frameworks to the point that they have adequate self-sufficiency to supplant people in hazardous errands, expand human capacities for symbiotic impacts, and perform difficult and redundant obligations. Unmanned ground vehicles can possibly give a progressive jump ahead in military abilities. On the off chance that UGVs are created to their maximum capacity, their utilization will diminish losses and unfathomably increment battle adequacy. This paper depicts structure and advancement of an unmanned ground vehicle that can move urban condition.

КОМПАРАТИВНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ СЕВЕРНОЙ ВОЙНЫ (1700-1721 ГГ.) И ВОЙНЫ ЗА ИСПАНСКОЕ НАСЛЕДСТВО (1701-1714 ГГ.): КУЛЬТУРНО-ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИОННЫЙ И ВОЕННО-ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТЫ

The article considers the military history of Russia and Western Europe through the lenses of the comparative approach. The paper focuses on two wars of the beginning of the XVIII century: the Great Northern War (1700-1721) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). The analysis of military art of the mentioned period emphasizes a cultural-civilization aspect rather than a utilitarian professional one. Strategy, tactics, military logistics, military campaigns, field battles and besiegement are analysed in the comparative aspect and in relation to original culture and peculiar local conditions. The elements and branches of military theory are analysed through the prism of traditional discourse on borrowed or original nature of Peter the Great’s military reforms and on autonomy of domestic military science of the mentioned period.

Research progress in topical hemostatic agents for war injury

Effective and rapid hemostasis is the key to reduce the mortality of war injuries and has been the focus of tactical war injury treatment (TCCC) in recent years. With the changes of battlefield and trauma, the higher demand for trauma hemostasis promotes the fast development of new hemostasis concept and methods. At present, there are a wide variety of topical hemostasis materials or products with different mechanisms of action, all of which are aimed at first aid, self rescue, and rapid treatment of wounds in wartime. Efficient topical hemostasis materials or products can quickly promote coagulation, prevent serious bleeding, and reduce the death of war injuries, thus being suitable for the field battle. Therefore, it is an inevitable trend to develop highly efficient hemostatic products catering to diverse needs. In this article, we briefly review the mechanism, efficiency, and some deficiencies of several novel hemostatic agents such as chitosan and zeolite, and provide new outlook for the research of current rapid hemostatic products. It provides a theoretical basis for development of hemostasis medical materials and instruments for severe combat trauma, especially penetrating injury or high-energy explosive injury. Key words: Hemostasis; Wounds and injuries; Tactical combat casualty care

Prywatne zamki polskich dowódców z czasów wojny trzynastoletniej

In the second half of the fifteenth century there was a dynamic development in firearms. Improvements were made both to the artillery and firearms, as well as to the technique of using this type of weapon. In Central Europe, the war between the Kingdom of Poland and the Confederation of Prussian states with the Teutonic Or�der, known as the Thirteen Years War, served as a training ground for the development of firearms. The use of fire�arms and artillery in this conflict, during both field battles and, above all, during the numerous sieges of cities and castles, draws closer attention to the influence that these struggles have had on the defensive architecture of the Kingdom of Poland. This article analyses the defences of the headquarters of the most important Polish military commanders (such as Piotr Szamotulski, Piotr Dunin, Paweł Jasieński), created during the war and immediately after the war. The study demonstrated that the experiences of the Thirteen Years War were not fully exploited by its most important combatants on the Polish side. The majority of Polish noblemen (who were jointly commanders of mercenaries, state armies or mass levées) in the formulation or reconstruction of their headquarters emphasised prestige, so these often appear archaic from the military point of view, but with a representative form – the residen�tial tower. Perhaps the reasons were economic considerations, or the belief that large military forces with strong artillery made small concentrations of resistance futile, so it was not worth investing in their excessive fortification. Only in the architecture of Peter Dunin’s castle in Ujazd are there visible attempts at the modernization of its de�fences, however, alongside the simultaneous development of the residential and representative zone.

The Eighty Years' War, the Spanish Tax Lease System and Other Netherlands/Spanish Sea and Field Battles

The author, in this article, discusses State aid in the context of the Spanish Tax Lease regime; a similar Netherlands tax structure that combined temporary random depreciation, a tonnage tax regime and what is referred to as the Netherlands shipping CV; as well as the Spanish Tax Lease 2 (STL2), developed in response to Commission actions taken against the original regime.

Localization and Recognition of Different Vertebra Tissues Based on Eddy Current Detection Method

The spine, which is throughout the trunk, is of great importance to the skeleton structure of human beings. For spine is vulnerable, the rate of spine incident trauma injury is relatively high. In the contemporary technology, the internal fixation prosthetics with implanting pedicle screws is the most efficient way in clinical treatment. However spine internal fixation surgery has many disadvantages like complex in the operation, the high penetration rate and inability to be used in the field battle. As a result, according to the magnetic property difference of different vertebra tissues, an eddy current detection method which is used in localization and recognition of different vertebra tissues to realize the navigation of spine internal fixation surgery is proposed in this paper. A set of improved series-reverse-three coils eddy current sensor is used to test the NaCl solution which electrical conductivity matches that of biological tissue. And the result of several experiments indicates this method can detect the biological tissue with the electrical conductivity no less than 0.5 S/m, which lays a solid foundation to further study of recognition different vertebra tissues.

Ian McKellen's Richard III: Sexual Fantasy and Its Failure

Shakespeare’s Richard Ⅲ has been generally regarded as a history play which supports the political ideology of the Elizabethan period called “Tudor myth.” Tudor myth, in a way or another, has formed every aspect of Richard's deformed body and character. But Richard's history is a fiction and it is deformed from the outset. This might testify that his history has been calling forth a desire for reconstruction from anyone who has interest in him, and Ian McKellen is one of them. In his film Richard Ⅲ, adapted from Shakespeare’ original play, setting its historical background in 1930s fascist England, he chooses to anchor his filmic interpretation on the psychological and sexual cause of Richard’s evil doings. McKellen places his Richard in the middle between his wishful sexual self-image and undeniable sexual impotence, and lets him fill the empty space with will for power. The opening scene in which Richard's tank with its giant gun breaks through the wall of Henry Ⅵ’s headquarters seems to display his hyper-masculinity with the symbolic phallus of warlike soldier. Iin the following scene of the royal ball his withered left hand hidden in the pocket also seems to arouse an expectation for a fantasy of a giant phallus. In his public address of the “summer of York,” however, the camera closes up his face that is distinguished with exaggerated deep circles and tarnished uneven teeth which underscore his pass over the age of sexual virility. In men’s room scene, while looking down at his urinating penis, he comments on his frustration with “Love.” His frustration with love has come from disfunction of his sexual organ as he has no sex with Anne to whom once he approached in a fantasy of romantic lover. He is a man of political ambition who is not able to produce and continue linear royal line. Richard's fascist ideology and exclusive devotion to his career as a full-time soldier are associated with homosexuality which prevents him from enjoying heterosexual relationship with women. While endeavoring to display his masculinity in sexual fantasy, his sexual incapacity threatens the patriarchal order of royal reproduction. The film proposes Richmond as Richard’s opposition in possession of masculine sexuality, as seen in the scene of the first night of the newly married couple of Richmond and Prince Elizabeth. The final victory of Rivers over Richard in the Bosworth field battle is the victory of one who authorizes himself to be worthy of throne since he can make royal succession possible.

A self-prepared field battle “Windbreaker" stretcher for fixation of spinal cord injury and its application

Objective:To design and prepare a field battle "Windbreaker" stretcher for fixation of spinal cord injury using macromolecular material,and to determine its application index and assess its efficacy.Methods:Using shape memory waterborne polyurethaneurea/SiO2 nano-composite,we prepared a field battle "Windbreaker" stretcher for fixation of spinal cord injury according to the physique of the Chinese.The time spent to finish the fixation procedure under different conditions(raining,cold weather,land and rivers) was recorded,and the time of solidification was also observed.Results:The weight of a complete set of the field battle "Windbreaker" stretcher was(7.5±1.4) kg.The time to complete a fixation was(2.1±0.55) min in the water,(1.9±0.35) min under dry environment.The time of solidification was(7.7±1.45) min in the water and was(6.9±1.23) min under dry environment.The maximum strength the stretcher could bear was(80±5.7) kg.Conclusion:Our self-designed "Windbreaker" stretcher can be used for rapid and simple fixation of different spinal cord injuries,and the mechanics intensity meet the requirement for fixation.The stretcher can be used for fixation of spinal cord injury under different conditions of field battle.

Battle damage repair of a helicopter composite frame-to-skin junction – A sole external repair approach

Research was conducted to examine the effectiveness of a rapid repair to a helicopter composite frame-to-skin junction subjected to battlefield damage. The repair design consists of a laminate patch and aluminium angle bracket adhesively bonded and riveted, respectively, to the helicopter external surface. The assessment involved a relative comparison of three models, representing pristine, damaged and repaired configurations. Computational analyses were conducted to examine the stiffness and buckling onset load of the overall structure and the strengths of individual components (laminates, adhesive bondlines and rivets) under three typical load conditions, namely in-plane shear, axial compression and transverse compression. The results showed that the damage would cause significant stiffness and strength reduction. The repair could sufficiently restore the stiffness and static strength for the load cases considered. However, for the specimen without support from its adjacent helicopter structure, it is predicted that the failure mode under the transverse compression loading would be via buckling under a relatively low load. A compression test was conducted to further validate the repair design. The result agreed well with the prediction. It showed that compared with an un-repaired damaged specimen, the external repair increased the strength by 83%. The equivalent far field failure strain exceeded 3300 μe which is considered satisfactory for a rapid field battle damage repair (BDR).

War in the South: A First Look at Siege Warfare in the Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1218

The Albigensian crusade represents a classic but largely neglected example of the most common type of war in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the siege. An analysis of the sieges helps correct the current absence of work on the military aspects of the Albigensian crusade. Such an analysis places the crusade more firmly in the context of the siege warfare paradigm for the middle ages as well as in the historiography of warfare in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. The crusaders participated in at least 45 sieges but fought only four field battles between 1209 and 1218. Aside from the storming of Béziers in 1209, the outcome of most sieges in the crusade was the result of negotiation rather than of assault. Though siege machines could play an important role in the wearing down, capture or negotiated surrender of strong points, they sometimes played a small part or none at all. Most of the major sieges required the judicious use of siege devices or the threat of them to be successful, however. Luck, resolve, aggressiveness and Simon de Montfort’s military reputation were the most important factors, and it was these things that sustained the crusade in the south of France for nine years.

The making of a modern chiefdom state; The case of Tonga

Tonga has never been colonized by a foreign political system of government. However, never having been officially colonized does not mean it has been completely independent. In the nineteenth century, Tonga developed from a situation in which several groups of chiefs dominated the islands, to a centralized state power with a king: a modern chiefdom state. Tonga is a modern state with all the usual requirements: a government with a parliament, civil service, legislation, judges, police, army, school system, health care, post office, etc. At the same time, however, it has several characteristics of a chiefdom, although in an adapted form. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Tonga was involved in a civil war. There were political intrigues, political murders, and field battles in which hundreds and sometimes thousands of people participated. During this civil war, one of the competing chiefs, with the aid of European firearms and the moral support of European missionaries, was able to centralize political power in the Tongan archipelago. Following the western, or, to be more precise, British example, this chief, whose name was Taufa'ahau, was made King of Tonga in 1845. During the following decades his authority was legitimized by several codes of law. At the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, certain chiefs were given noble titles, nopele in Tongan, with corresponding land properties. Since then, beside the royal family these nopele have been the most important source of power in Tongan politics, although recently their influence has been challenged by members of the new middle class, such as hospital workers and school

The observation of time in historical field battles

A computer aided instruction (CAI) model is used to simulate field battles. This model requires that events comprising a field battle are to be ordered according to time. Reports on time observations made under operational conditions, are frequently vague and incomplete, making this sequencing difficult. This problem is solved by utilizing a time network algorithm, which transforms vague time references to more specific time values. The ordered events and other relevant information are entered into the database of a microcomputer system, which can then be used for instructional purposes.