Fiber Network Research Articles

Performance analysis of cyanoacrylate bonded optical fiber 2 × 2 acoustic couplers for sensing applications

In this paper the behavior of a cyanoacrylate (CA) bonded optical fiber acoustic signal coupler will be studied in detail. A stainless-steel mold was used to create a 2×2 CA coupler that transfers guided waves between two optical fibers. Four FBGs placed at each port were used to assess the repeatability, signal behavior, and performance of the coupler produced. Signal propagation through the network was mapped to determine how the initial acoustic signal traveled and subdivided through the fiber network. To examine the repeatability of the signal coupler interaction, the experiments were performed multiple times. Finally, the acoustic energy transferred through the coupler’s paths was calculated to assess the performance of the 2×2 coupler. The coupler successfully and repeatably transferred an acoustic signal from one optical fiber to another; however, the performance associated with the current coupler design was limited by relatively large excess and return losses. Improvements to the CA coupler design are then proposed from the results.

Rheology of Cellulosic Microfiber Suspensions Under Oscillatory and Rotational Shear for Biocomposite Applications

This study investigates the rheological behavior of cellulose microfiber suspensions derived from kahili ginger stems (Hedychium gardnerianum), an invasive species, in two adhesive matrices: a commercial water-based adhesive (Coplaseal®) and a casein-based adhesive made from non-food-grade milk, referred to as K and S samples, respectively. Rheological analyses were performed using oscillatory and rotational shear tests conducted at 25 °C, 50 °C, and 75 °C to assess the materials’ viscoelastic properties more comprehensively. Oscillatory tests across a frequency range of 1–100 rad/s assessed the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″), while rotational shear tests evaluated apparent viscosity and shear stress across shear rates from 0.1 to 1000 s−1. Fiber-free samples consistently showed lower moduli than fiber-containing samples at all frequencies. The incorporation of fibers increased the dynamic moduli in both K and S samples, with a quasi-plateau observed at lower frequencies, suggesting solid-like behavior. This trend was consistent in all tested temperatures. As frequencies increased, the fiber network was disrupted, transitioning the samples to fluid-like behavior, with a marked increase in G′ and G″. This transition was more pronounced in K samples, especially above 10 rad/s at 25 °C and 50 °C, but less evident at 75 °C. This shift from solid-like to fluid-like behavior reflects the transition from percolation effects at low frequencies to matrix-dominated responses at high frequencies. In contrast, S samples displayed a wider frequency range for the quasi-plateau, with less pronounced moduli changes at higher frequencies. At 75 °C, the moduli of fiber-containing and fiber-free S samples nearly converged at higher frequencies, indicating similar effects of the fiber and matrix components. Both fiber-reinforced and non-reinforced suspensions exhibited pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) behavior. Fiber-containing samples exhibited higher initial viscosity, with K samples displaying greater differences between fiber-reinforced and non-reinforced systems compared to S samples, where the gap was narrower. Interestingly, S samples exhibited overall higher viscosity than K samples, implying a reduced influence of fibers on the viscosity in the S matrix. This preliminary study highlights the complex interactions between cellulosic fiber networks, adhesive matrices, and rheological conditions. The findings provide a foundation for optimizing the development of sustainable biocomposites, particularly in applications requiring precise tuning of rheological properties.

Temperature-Dependent Characterization of Long-Range Conduction in Conductive Protein Fibers of Cable Bacteria.

Multicellular cable bacteria display an exceptional form of biological conduction, channeling electric currents across centimeter distances through a regular network of protein fibers embedded in the cell envelope. The fiber conductivity is among the highest recorded for biomaterials, but the underlying mechanism of electron transport remains elusive. Here, we performed detailed characterization of the conductance from room temperature down to liquid helium temperature to attain insight into the mechanism of long-range conduction. A consistent behavior is seen within and across individual filaments. The conductance near room temperature reveals thermally activated behavior, yet with a low activation energy. At cryogenic temperatures, the conductance at moderate electric fields becomes virtually independent of temperature, suggesting that quantum vibrations couple to the charge transport through nuclear tunneling. Our data support an incoherent multistep hopping model within parallel conduction channels with a low activation energy and high transfer efficiency between hopping sites. This model explains the capacity of cable bacteria to transport electrons across centimeter-scale distances, thus illustrating how electric currents can be guided through extremely long supramolecular protein structures.

Regulating Entanglement Networks of Fibrillatable Binders for Sub-20-µm Thick, Robust, Dry-Processed Solid Electrolyte Membranes in All-Solid-State Batteries.

Despite significant advancements in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), the reliance on thick solid electrolyte (SE) membranes hinders their commercial viability. Although the dry process using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder is proposed for thin SE membranes, a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between PTFE fibrillation and SE membrane quality remains lacking. Here an important guidance is provided for producing durable SE membranes that can be reduced to sub-20-µm thickness by regulating the entanglement networks of PTFE. While establishing fabrication parameters; shear time and shear temperature, a dominant effect of the number-average molecular weight (Mn) on PTFE fibrillation is revealed for the first time. Moreover, the degree of PTFE fibrillation is quantified using systematic X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The SE membrane utilizing the high-Mn PTFE binder that achieves a maximum fibrillation degree (≈98%) and thus forms highly entangled fibrous PTFE network interweaving SE particles, exhibited superior toughness. Consequently, the 18 µm thick SE membrane with 0.5wt% high-Mn PTFE shows a considerably higher areal conductance. The ASSB using this durable, ultrathin SE membrane outperforms its counterparts that used flimsy SE membranes or pure SE pellets. Finally, uniquely thin ASSBs demonstrate significantly improved cell-level energy densities, showcasing the promising potential for practical ASSB fabrication.

Cardiac regeneration leads to altered Purkinje fiber network and ventricular conduction.

Cardiac regeneration leads to altered Purkinje fiber network and ventricular conduction.

Modular hydrogel selectively adsorbs phosphates and hexavalent chromium while enabling phosphate recovery

Electroplating wastewater containing high concentrations of phosphates and hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) poses serious environmental pollution. Moreover, phosphorus, as a non-renewable resource, necessitates its recovery to meet sustainable development goals. To address this issue, this study used sodium alginate as the scaffold module, synthesized lanthanum carbonate in situ within a chitosan module to serve as the phosphate adsorption module, and employed polyethyleneimine (PEI) modules to enhance the adsorption capacity for Cr(VI), successfully fabricating a modular hydrogel (LC-CSP). LC-CSP exhibits a complex porous structure and surface morphology, forming an ultra-low-density fiber network with good strength and elasticity, ensuring uniform distribution and exposure of active sites. Under optimal conditions for single-component adsorption, LC-CSP achieved adsorption capacities of 232.02 mg/g for phosphates and 474.61 mg/g for Cr(VI). Additionally, LC-CSP demonstrated excellent reusability, retaining over 83 % of its performance after five cycles. In simulated electroplating wastewater experiments with various interfering substances, LC-CSP maintained high removal efficiencies (>90.72 %) for phosphates and Cr(VI). Post-experiment, enriched water after phosphate desorption was further treated to recover phosphorus resources in complex water environments. Multiple characterization techniques elucidated the adsorption mechanisms of LC-CSP: phosphate adsorption primarily involved ligand exchange, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding, while Cr(VI) adsorption included electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and reduction reactions. Finally, fixed-bed simulated wastewater adsorption experiments validated the technical potential of LC-CSP for practical electroplating wastewater management.

Core planarity modulation to construct self-assembled fibrous covalent organic networks embedded with viologen for improved lithium storage

Core planarity modulation to construct self-assembled fibrous covalent organic networks embedded with viologen for improved lithium storage

Versican binds collagen via its G3 domain and regulates the organization and mechanics of collagenous matrices

Type I collagen is the most abundant structural protein in the body and, with other fibrillar collagens, forms the fibrous network of the extracellular matrix. Another group of extracellular matrix polymers, the glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan-modified proteoglycans, play important roles in regulating collagen behaviors and contribute to the compositional, structural and mechanical complexity of the extracellular matrix. While the binding between collagen and small leucine-rich proteoglycans has been studied in detail, the interactions between collagen and the large bottlebrush proteoglycan versican are not well understood. Here, we report that versican binds collagen directly and regulates collagen structure and mechanics. Versican colocalizes with collagen fibers in vivo and binds to collagen via its C-terminal G3 domain (a non-GAG-modified domain present in all known versican isoforms) in vitro; it promotes the deposition of a highly-aligned collagen-rich matrix by fibroblasts. Versican also shows an unexpected effect on the rheology of collagen gels in vitro, causing decreased stiffness and attenuated shear strain stiffening, and the cleavage of versican in liver results in reduced tissue compression stiffening. Thus, versican is an important collagen binding partner and plays a role in modulating collagen organization and mechanics.

Identification of CD44 as a key engager to hyaluronic acid-rich extracellular matrices for cell traction force generation and tumor invasion in 3D

Mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) critically regulate a number of important cell functions including growth, differentiation and migration. Type I collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are two primary components of ECMs that contribute to mammalian tissue mechanics, with the collagen fiber network sustaining tension, and GAGs withstanding compression. The architecture and stiffness of the collagen network are known to be important for cell-ECM mechanical interactions via integrin cell surface adhesion receptors. In contrast, studies of GAGs in modulating cell-ECM interactions are limited. Here, we present experimental studies on the roles of hyaluronic acid (HA) in single tumor cell traction force generation using a recently developed 3D cell traction force microscopy method. Our work reveals that CD44, a cell surface receptor to HA, is engaged in cell traction force generation in conjunction with β1-integrin. We find that HA significantly modifies the architecture and mechanics of the collagen fiber network, decreasing tumor cells’ propensity to remodel the collagen network, attenuating traction force generation, transmission distance, and tumor invasion. Our findings point to a novel role for CD44 in traction force generation, which can be a potential therapeutic target for diseases involving HA rich ECMs such as breast cancer and glioblastoma.

Enabling High‐Efficiency and Stable Binary Organic Solar Cells by Solid Additive‐Assisted Morphology Modulation

AbstractThe solid additive strategy represents a simple yet effective approach to achieving high‐efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs) by enhancing the morphology of the active layer. In this study, a highly volatile solid additive, 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine (TCT), is employed to modulate the morphology. Unlike other solid additives previously reported, TCT exhibits remarkable intermolecular interactions with both polymer donor and acceptor, offering two distinct advantages. Firstly, TCT notably enhances the crystallinity and molecular order of the blend film, subtly optimizing the fiber network structure within, thereby facilitating carrier transport and significantly improving the mobility of the blend film. Secondly, TCT stabilizes the bi‐continuous fibrous morphology of the polymer donor and acceptor, mitigating the morphological evolution of the active layer and enhancing device stability. Consequently, the D18:L8‐BO:TCT device exhibits a higher power conversion efficiency of 19.50% compared to the D18:L8‐BO device (18.13%). Furthermore, after 960 h of storage, the OSC device treated with TCT retains 90% of its initial PCE, significantly outperforming the D18:L8‐BO device (73%). This study presents a promising avenue for achieving high‐performance OSCs through manipulating the active layer morphology with solid additives.

Reliable longitudinal electrical conductivity characterisation of unidirectional CFRP tapes

Induction welding is a promising assembly method for carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites. In this process, an alternating electromagnetic field induces eddy currents in a composite susceptor. Accurate determination of the electrical conductivity of the carbon fibre network is essential for the development of physics-based simulations of the process. This work focuses on characterisation of the longitudinal electrical conductivity of unidirectionally reinforced paek using the six-probe method. Special attention is given to validating the boundary conditions and assumptions underlying the experimental procedure. The experimental results show that the longitudinal electrical conductivity consistently adheres to the rule of mixtures; nevertheless, achieving this finding proves sensitive to the care put into the procedural execution. Additionally, the study provides a valuable dataset for various commercially available tapes relevant to the aerospace industry.

Ablation of right ventricular endocavitary arrhythmias

Abstract Background The right ventricular moderator band-papillary muscle (RV MB-PM) complex has a rich subendocardial network of purkinje fibers which can lead to ventricular arrhythmias (VA)1. Catheter ablation of such arrhythmias is procedurally challenging and there remains limited studies on long-term procedural success. Purpose We aimed to systematically study RV MB-PM complex VA. Methods A single center retrospective study from January 2013 to December 2023 identified 3249 patients who underwent VA ablation. The RV MB-PM complex was targeted in 47 patients. Acute success was defined as suppression of the targeted VA >=30 minutes post ablation. Long-term success was defined as the absence of symptoms, total PVC burden <5% or improvement in EF in patients presenting with isolated PVCs and as freedom from appropriate ICD therapy in patients presenting with malignant PVCs inducing VF, sustained VT or VT storm. Results Mean age was 51.9 ± 16.7 years and 64% were male. 40 (85%) patients had VA targeted from the MB and 7 (15%) from the PM complex (2 anterior, 2 inferior and 3 septal PM). 34 (72%) had no underlying structural heart disease, 3 (6%) ischemic cardiomyopathy and 10 (21%) non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. No patient had delayed gadolinium enhancement in the RV MB-PM complex. VA were inducible in 42 (89%) of patients and activation mapping was used in 9 (19%), pace mapping in 5 (11%) and a combination of activation and pace mapping used in 33 (70%) patients. Intracardiac echocardiography was used in all cases. Pre-QRS duration was 34.0 ± 10.4 ms. Radiofrequency ablation was used in 37 (78.7%) cases, cryotherapy in 4 (8.51%) cases and a combination of the 2 energy sources in 6 (12.8%) cases. In all cases, acute peri-procedural success was achieved. 24 (51.1%) patients presented with isolated PVCs and were followed up for 4.72 ± 3.55 years after their index procedure. 3 patients underwent repeat catheter ablation targeting the same PVC focus but all patients had long term success with a PVC burden of 16.1 ± 12.5% prior to ablation and 2.40 ± 2.44% at last follow-up. 16 patients underwent ablation for recurrent ICD shocks after initially presenting with PVC induced VF. Patients were followed up for 3.22 ± 2.09 years and 14 (88%) patients remained free from ICD therapy. 7 patients had MB ablation for sustained VT and were followed up for 4.06 ± 3.77 years. 5 (71%) patients remained free from ICD therapy. A purkinje potential was seen in 8% (2/24) cases of isolated PVCs and in 39% (9/23) cases of PVC induced VF or VT (p=0.13). Conclusions RV MB-PM VA commonly present with malignant VF and a purkinje potential is more likely to be seen in these cases suggesting different VA mechanisms to isolated PVCs and catheter ablation is an effective long-term strategy.

Understanding the role of chain stiffness in the mechanical response of cross-linked polymer: Flexible vs. semi-flexible chains

Cross-linked polymers are widely used in structural, engineering, and biomedical applications due to their lightweight and superior properties. Although chain bending stiffness has been recognized to play an essential role in their thermodynamical and mechanical properties, how it influences these properties of cross-linked polymers with flexible or semi-flexible chains remains under debate. Here, we systematically explore its influences utilizing coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on a bead-spring CG model. It is found that with chain bending stiffness increasing, both density and elastic moduli (i.e., shear modulus and tensile modulus) of cross-linked polymers first decrease slightly and then decrease significantly followed by a gradual increase, along with the polymer transition from a dense cross-linked thermoset to a highly porous fibrous network. The moduli of cross-linked polymers with flexible and semi-flexible chains exhibit distinct scaling laws with the density. For cross-linked polymers with flexible chains, their moduli increase significantly with increasing strain rate, which correlates to the change in potential energy of interchain interaction during deformation. However, the moduli display slight dependence on strain rate for porous cross-linked polymers with sufficiently stiff chains, where the intrachain interactions (i.e., bond stretching and angle bending energies) become dominant and independent of strain rate. Moreover, the elastic moduli exhibit scaling laws with Debye-Waller factor for both dense cross-linked thermosets with flexible chains and highly porous networks with stiff backbones. Our work facilitates a better understanding for mechanical properties and deformation mechanism of cross-linked polymers with variable chain bending stiffness at molecular level, shedding light on tailoring mechanical properties of cross-linked polymers via chain engineering.

Highly Filled Waste Polyester Fiber/Low-Density Polyethylene Composites with a Better Fiber Length Retention Fabricated by a Two-Rotor Continuous Mixer

A key challenge in the utilization of waste polyester fibers (PET fibers) is the development of fiber-reinforced composites with high filler content and the improvement of fiber length retention. Herein, the effects of a two-rotor continuous mixer and a twin-screw extruder on the structure and properties of waste polyester fiber composites were evaluated. The results revealed that the mechanical properties of the composites were improved significantly with increasing fiber content, especially when processed using the twin-rotor continuous mixer. This mixer facilitated the formation of a robust fiber network structure, leading to substantial enhancements in tensile strength, flexural strength, and heat resistance. Specifically, compared to those processed by the twin-screw extruder, with 60 wt% fibers content, the tensile and flexural strengths of specimens processed by the twin-rotor continuous mixer increase by 21% and 13%, respectively. The average fiber length in specimens processed by the twin-rotor continuous mixer was 32% longer than that in specimens processed by the twin-screw extruder, attributable to the lower shear frequency and the higher tensile ratio of the former. This blending technique emerges as an effective strategy, contributing significantly to promoting the development and practical application of waste textile fiber-reinforced polymer composites.

P11.09.B STRUCTURAL REORGANIZATION IN MOTOR-ELOQUENT GLIOMA PATIENTS EXHIBITING MOTOR DEFICITS

Abstract BACKGROUND Recent advancements in navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) have significantly improved the localization of motor functions in human subjects. Although previous studies have demonstrated the occurrence of tumor-induced motor plasticity, the detailed mechanisms of motor function plasticity and reorganization in patients with tumors affecting motor-eloquent regions are not fully elucidated. Our study aims to investigate the functional plasticity of motor functions in patients with gliomas located within motor-eloquent regions, providing deeper insights into the mechanisms of functional plasticity. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this research, we studied 60 glioma patients with tumors located in the motor-eloquent region. These patients were categorized into two groups depending on whether they experienced motor impairments in the upper extremities. We utilized nTMS, including Motor Evoked Potentials (MEP), to outline the control regions of motor function in terms of area, localization, and Center of Gravity (CoG). These identified regions also acted as seeds for tracing the Corticospinal Tract (CST). RESULTS The study unveiled significant variations in cortical and subcortical motor function localizations between the groups. Patients with motor impairments exhibited a broader cortical distribution connected to motor functions and increased volumes of CST, reflecting compensatory adaptations with different fractional anisotropy (FA) values (FA 0.15, p=0.02; FA 0.10, p=0.04). The analysis of the CST also showed overlapping regions, particularly within the hand-knob areas, which is indicative of these areas acting as critical motor output pathways. Despite varying degrees of functional impairment, all patients maintained some degree of motor output capability. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that motor-eloquent gliomas induce significant cortical and subcortical reorganization of motor functions. A persistent network of CST fibers, crucial for preserving motor function, highlights a complex interplay between cortical adaptation and subcortical reorganization. This study underscores the resilience of motor pathways and their pivotal role in functional recovery and plasticity, emphasizing the clinical relevance of nTMS in the therapeutic planning and monitoring of patients with motor-eloquent gliomas.

Evaluating facial dermis aging in healthy Caucasian females with LC-OCT and deep learning

Recent advancements in high-resolution imaging have significantly improved our understanding of microstructural changes in the skin and their relationship to the aging process. Line Field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT) provides detailed 3D insights into various skin layers, including the papillary dermis and its fibrous network. In this study, a deep learning model utilizing a 3D ResNet-18 network was trained to predict chronological age from LC-OCT images of 100 healthy Caucasian female volunteers, aged 20 to 70 years. The AI-based protocol focused on regions of interest delineated between the segmented dermal-epidermal junction and the superficial dermis, exploiting complex patterns within the collagen network for age prediction. The model achieved a mean absolute error of 4.2 years and exhibited a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.937 with actual ages. Furthermore, there was a notable correlation (r = 0.87) between quantified clinical scoring, encompassing parameters such as firmness, elasticity, density, and wrinkle appearance, and the ages predicted by deep learning model. This strong correlation underscores how integrating emerging imaging technologies with deep learning can accelerate aging research and deepen our understanding of how alterations in skin microstructure are related to visible signs of aging.

Dual‐active‐layer flexible piezoresistive sensor based on wrinkled microstructures and electrospun fiber network for human‐related motion sensing applications

AbstractFlexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity and a wide detection range must be developed for practical applications. In this study, a dual‐active‐layer flexible piezoresistive sensor was developed. A reduced graphene oxide film with wrinkled microstructures was prepared by a simple and low‐cost substrate pre‐stretching method and used as the first active layer. A thermoplastic polyurethane electrospun fiber membrane was modified by fast polydopamine coating and ultrasonication with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and used as the second active layer. Owing to the continuously changing conductive pathways created by the wrinkled microstructures and fiber network under pressure deformation, the sensor achieved a detection range of 0–100 kPa, with sensitivities of 8.5, 1.35, and 0.39 kPa−1 in the ranges of 0–1, 1–20, and 20–100 kPa, respectively. Additionally, the sensor exhibited a low detection limit (2 Pa), response and recovery times of 105 and 85 ms, respectively, and reliable service performance over 10,000 loading/unloading cycles. The sensor enabled real‐time monitoring of finger and wrist bending, beaker‐holding, and fingertip‐sliding on a touch screen, demonstrating its feasible applications in wearable electronics and human–machine interface devices.

Endless optical domain polarization demultiplexing in 2000 km simplified coherent transceiver for long-distance transmission

We demonstrate an endless optical domain polarization demultiplexing scheme that was realized in a 96 Gbaud-PS-16QAM coherent transmission system to alleviate the data processing pressure of the DSP in the receiver. It can be effectively employed in the 140 km fiber link (Metro DCI) and extended to the 2000 km optical fiber networks (Long haul DCI or backbone networks transmission). It can track 10 krad/s state of polarization (SOP) changes following Rayleigh distribution which is the general statistical case for real fibers. The proposed method has a noise tolerance equivalent to that induced by a 2000 km transmission, with OSNR as low as 20 dB, with a maximum PMD of 4 ps and a mean DGD of 2.5 ps.

Nanofibrous metal oxide semiconductor for sensory face masks

Sensory face masks are designed to integrate sensors that monitor health metrics, such as breathing rate and body temperature, thereby providing continuous physiological data. However, current sensing materials are predominantly in film form. In this study, we report on the use of fibrous amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide, which offers an enlarged surface area to facilitate gas diffusion and transport into charge-carrying sites. A detailed morphological analysis and an electrical investigation of this fibrous network were conducted. By integrating this material with a wireless, miniaturised flexible circuit and mounting it on a face mask, we successfully monitored different human respiratory states in real time. This wearable face mask demonstrates the potential for promising applications in health monitoring.

Long-lifespan, biodegradable, self-disinfecting, and gas-sensing electronic mask with a Janus-structured all-natural fiber network for personal healthcare

Conventional disposable surgical masks have become an integral part of our daily lives, however, present a limited filtration efficiency, brief operative lifespan, and inability to degrade naturally, bringing a heavy burden to the environment. Moreover, these masks cannot efficaciously eliminate bacteria, potentially causing secondary and cross infections among users, thereby failing to curb the spread of infectious diseases. Herein, a fire-new, long-lifespan, biodegradable, self-disinfecting, and gas-sensing electronic-mask is nano-engineered with a Janus-structured all-natural fiber network (SA-CPN) constructed from animal-collagen and plant-fibers. SA-CPN demonstrates exceptional filtration performance (99.9%) for PM2.5 and maintains outstanding filtration efficiency after 10 test-cycles or 32 h in high-humidity conditions. SA-CPN exhibits robust antibacterial origins for extended periods, with antibacterial rates of 98.30%, 99.36%, and 98.11% against P aeruginosa, S aureus, and E coli, respectively, and can effectively filter airborne bacterial aerosols. Moreover, SA-CPN achieves real-time detection of ammonia concentrations, effectively identifying ammonia levels in exhaled human breath and external environments, and monitoring the human respiratory rate, potentially identifying underlying health conditions. The directional water vapor transmission capability of SA-CPN improves comfort when wearing. Notably, SA-CPN can fully biodegrade within 5 h under enzyme action. The proposed multifunctional electronic mask, featuring biocompatibility, biodegradability, self-disinfection, and ammonia sensing capabilities, holds significant promise in personal medical protective equipment for health monitoring and disease prevention.