Fiber To The X Research Articles

Design and performance evaluation of a hybrid FSO-FTTx communication link utilizing UD-WDMA 1.28 Tbps data rates transmission under various weather conditions

Abstract The rapid growth of high-data-rate applications necessitates the development of new communication frameworks since bandwidth constraints for data-intensive applications hinder traditional networks and conventional microwave/radio frequency (RF) communications. This study explores a hybrid communication link that combines fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) and free-space optical (FSO) technologies, utilizing ultra-dense wavelength-division multiple access (UD-WDMA) with a channel spacing of 0.2 nm/25 GHz, under various weather conditions. Based on bit error rate (BER), optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), and quality factor (QF), the performance of the suggested FSO-FTTx system was examined. The system performed well in diverse weather conditions, achieving a minimum BER of ≤10−5, QF values of 4 or higher, and OSNR levels between 10 and 20 dB. The proposed system successfully transmitted a data rate of 1.28 Tbps over 35 km in single-mode fiber (SMF), accommodating different FSO link ranges despite varying weather conditions. However, performance fluctuations were observed under adverse conditions, with attenuation ranging from 0.91 dB/km in extremely light mist to 273.39 dB/km in dense fog, impacting the FSO link range. The findings underscore the proposed hybrid system’s potential to enhance optical wireless communication for high data rates, making it promising for beyond 5G and early 6G applications.

Reventive Maintenance Jaringan Fiber To The X (FTTX) Di PT Moratelindo Tbk

The importance of maintenance on the FTTX network as a communication service infrastructure is to avoid interference. Good maintenance activities must be carried out in an appropriate and consistent manner. The research methods used are observation, interviews with related parties as well as documentation and literature study. The maintenance activities carried out consist of FO Cut, FAT Loss/Problem, Bad Core, Low RSL, Bed Barrel, Bed Pigtail, FO Bending. Fiber To The X (FTTX) will be carried out periodic maintenance according to a predetermined schedule if a disturbance is found then there must be more action. Translated with DeepL.com (free version)

Design of QoS-aware long-reach optical backhaul for wireless and FTTx networks with enhanced backup resource utilization

• Proposed a long-reach optical access network architecture (LCQ-LR-OAN) that utilizes backup resources for providing the protection and alleviating network congestion. The LCQ-LR-OAN can simultaneously support different types of users with different QoS requirements. • Proposed a partial protection strategy that provides protection to all shared optical resources while keeping the unshared optical resources unprotected. We also developed survivability and network congestion alleviating mechanisms using a single set of optical resources. • Considered user priority (e.g., FTTH, FTTC, FTTB and FTTO) with reference to providing the protection. • Proposed a novel DBA scheme (EBA) to allocate the bandwidth of the backup OLT to the LR-PONs during the network congestion periods. • The LCQ-LR-OAN requires lower cost compared to that of the other existing LR-OAN architectures. The LCQ-LR-OAN architecture does not depend on any specific PON standard, viz., EPON, GPON. Thus, it can be used with all the PON standards. In this paper, we explore a low-cost and quality-of-service (QoS)-aware long-reach optical backhaul for the wireless and fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) networks. We exploit the reserved and idle optical resources to provide protection against failures and offer extra bandwidth to the users in the network congestion hours. We use a single set of optical resources to both provide protection and reduce network congestion, thereby incurring the minimum total expenditure. For the practical network scenarios, the simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed architecture can reduce 11 - 79 % average packet delay in the network congestion hours. It offers higher connection availabilities, i.e., five-nine availability ( ∼ 0.99999 ) with full protection and four-nine availability ( ∼ 0.9999 ) with partial protection. Meantime, it requires ∼ 30 % less capital expenditure cost than the other existing benchmark and state-of-the-art long-reach optical backhaul architectures. The proposed architecture is validated by simulation studies and practical data.

Analytical modeling and impact analysis on multichannel symmetric optical and wireless NG-PON2 networks of CD, SPM, XPM and FWM impairments

A conceptual model for optical wireless (OW) interfacing with NG-PON2 access network is analyzed using N1-class backbone optical distribution and OW free-space optics (FSO) channels in the frontend to connect ONUs to symmetric 1.25/2.5/10 Gbps channels incorporating Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing (TWDM) technique to deliver applications and services based on Fiber-to-the-X (FTTX), IoT and 5 G technologies. We successfully demonstrated the design and analysis of ODN channel attributes supporting coexistence approach in contiguous with fiber channel linear and nonlinear impairments (LNI), and atmospheric attenuations β due to haze, dry particles inside the premises for high-speed OW channel for indoor applications along with optimization of hybrid N1-power budget class distributing configuration propagating multi-channel (MC) OW-FSO TWDM NG-PON2 configurations supporting symmetric configuration. Multichannel input power is calculated to optimize up/down link spectrum ODN power to 4 and 3 dBm respectively at worst-case scenario accommodating eight symmetric channels. Simulation results achieved at 50.011 km in either direction are − 41.85/− 36.67/− 39.04/ dBm and − 33.63/− 42.78/− 37.92 dBm receiver sensitivities supporting 448 splitter configuration at 50.011 km, FWM efficiency is 1.65e-52 and FWM component power at as low as − 53 to − 54 dB in conjunction with CD, SPM, XPM, and FWM LNI for spectrum in either directions.

Modeling and comparative analysis of all-class converged-coexistence NG-PON2 network for 5G-IoT-FTTX-services and application

Abstract We presented a concept of converged coexistence (CC) access network and generate, and test model is demonstrated for optimization of channel launch power PTODN in the distribution network which subsequently confirm power budget class of NG-PON2 in this paper. Multiplexing of wavelength and time (TWDM) technology is incorporated for multichannel NG-PON2 configurations for 5G, internet-of-things (IoT) applications, and fiber-to-the-x (FTTX) services. CC NG-PON2 symmetric configuration supporting 2.5 and 10 Gbps channels are analyzed and compared in the sight of channel nonlinear impairments includes Kerr-effect (γ) spanning from self phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (CPM), chromatic dispersion (CD), and four wave mixing (FWM) in worst-case scenario. Intensity modulation (IM) technique incorporated before multiplexing the D/S channels by coexisting element (CEx) and coupled to wavelength routed (WR) optical distribution network (ODN). U/S channels are routed using wavelength select (WS) ODN. ODN is implemented using G.652 non zero dispersion shift (NZ-DSF) single-mode (SM) fiber. Multi-channel spectrum envelope propagating in either direction is optimized to PTODN = 3/5/7/9 dBm and 4 dBm, respectively. The theoretical modeling and simulative results confirms the proposed network configuration supports incremental receiver sensitivity (Rxs) as −42.19/−42/−39.75/−37.97 dBm and −35.45/−35.38/−33.45/0.38/−42 dBm for λ1 2.5 Gbps and λ8 10 Gbps TWDM and PtP WDM channels, respectively, for all-class networks supporting splitter configuration ratio of 640 at 50 km mitigating effect of channel nonlinearities like CD, SPM, cross-phase modulation (XPM), and FWM for λ8 10 Gbps channel.

Performance monitoring and evaluation of FTTx networks for 5G backhauling

One of the main challenges in today’s access networks for 5G base stations (BSs) is the final links (or the last mile) of the network. The links that constitute the main backbone of the network are mostly based on Internet Protocol (IP)/Multi-protocol Label Switching networks with connection over fiber cables. However on the access network side, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) may also benefit from existing copper lines in addition to fiber and microwave lines. Therefore, developing a 5G deployment strategy to connect BSs that are installed indoor and outdoor locations with these different connection types to the backhaul network, will be important to ensure cost-effective installations. Utilizing Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) networks that are already installed for broadband connectivity will provide MNOs significant initial investment benefits. In this paper, we have analyzed 5G readiness of the backhaul links of a real infrastructure provider using the proposed evaluation methodology. Our large-scale experimental analysis identifies the problematic sites (where possible solutions and suggestions are also proposed) and determines the suitability of the copper circuits for services that can be provided over the next generation networks. At the end of the paper, we also discuss about the challenges and advantages of utilizing different 5G services when FTTx is used as a backhaul and propose an ordering of the measurable FTTx specific quality parameters according to next generation service deployment scenarios.

Design and analysis of hybrid optical distribution network for worst-case scenario of E2-class symmetric coexistence 80 Gbps TWDM NG-PON2 architecture for FTTX access networks

In this paper, we investigated the cost-effective design and validation of E2-class coexistence 80 Gbps symmetric 8 × 8 Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing (TWDM) NG-PON2 optical access network considering worst-case scenario for the deployment of Fiber-to-the-X (FTTX) access network using hybrid optical distribution network (ODN). Full-service access network (FASN) unanimously agreed and ITU-T G.989.2 described recommendations for TWDM PON NG-PON2 technology to cater to the need of ever-increasing demand for higher bandwidth and data speed beyond 10 Gbps per user through access networks. Wavelength select (WS) and wavelength-routed (WR) ODN for downstream (D/S) and upstream (U/S) channels symmetric coexistence functionality supporting 80 Gbps accommodating GPON and XGS-PON legacy channels i.e.4-TWDM and 4 point-to-point (PtP) WDM channels operating at 1.25/2.5/10 Gbps respectively in D/S and U/S direction with error free higher splitter configuration of 2304 at 20 km, 640 at 40 km, 576 at 60 km. Precise calculations are done to ensure 11 dBm and 9 dBm ODN launch power (PTODN) to implement worst-case scenario for symmetric E2-class TWDM NG-PON2 network. Calculated inter-channel cross-talk (Cc) is -33.57 dB/-34.74 dB and corresponding cross-talk power penalty (Pc) is 0 dB for D/s and U/S channels respectively. Simulation results demonstrated and verified with the recommendations made in ITU-T G.989.2 confirmed that the proposed network configuration supports extended to reach upto 60 km in D/S and 80 km in U/S direction delivering incremental receiver sensitivity (Rxs) as -34.40/-34.40/42.21 dBm and -34.11/-37.25/-33.37 dBm, ODN path loss 29.40 dB.

DEVELOPMENT OF MULTICAST SERVICE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS REGULATION ON XG-PON OLT EQUIPMENT

Today the deployment of Fiber-To-The-x (FTTx) technology is developing very rapidly in various regions of Indonesia. One of the most favorite technologies for telecommunication operators is the XG-PON, which offers high-speed internet access speeds of 10Gbps downstream and 2.5Gbps upstream directions and able to pass various services at once, such as data, voice, to video multicast (IPTV) services. However, regulation of the standardization of technical requirements for multicast services does not include this new technology, so a reference test is needed to update the regulations. In this study, testing of Optical Line Termination (OLT) devices uses five scenarios, namely the ability to pass IGMP version 2, IGMP version 3, ability to support IGMP Snooping and IGMP proxy and capacity in passing several IGMP multicast groups. The test results show that the tested OLT XGPON device can display the suitability of the IGMP message format version 2 with the RFC 2236 standard and IGMP version 3 with the RFC 3376 Standard. Whereas in IGMP proxy testing traffic, the OLT equipment displays the source IP address is 0.0.0.0, which complies with the RFC 4541 standard for the Reporting proxy process. The OLT XG-PON device tested was also capable of passing 1,024 IGMP multicast groups with a range of multicast group addresses from 239.1.1.1 to 239.1.5.1.

DEVELOPMENT OF MULTICAST SERVICE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS REGULATION ON XG-PON OLT EQUIPMENT

<p class="JGI-AbstractIsi">Today the deployment of Fiber-To-The-x (FTTx) technology is developing very rapidly in various regions of Indonesia. One of the most favorite technologies for telecommunication operators is the XG-PON, which offers high-speed internet access speeds of 10Gbps downstream and 2.5Gbps upstream directions and able to pass various services at once, such as data, voice, to video multicast (IPTV) services. However, regulation of the standardization of technical requirements for multicast services does not include this new technology, so a reference test is needed to update the regulations. In this study, testing of Optical Line Termination (OLT) devices uses five scenarios, namely the ability to pass IGMP version 2, IGMP version 3, ability to support IGMP Snooping and IGMP proxy and capacity in passing several IGMP multicast groups. The test results show that the tested OLT XGPON device can display the suitability of the IGMP message format version 2 with the RFC 2236 standard and IGMP version 3 with the RFC 3376 Standard. Whereas in IGMP proxy testing traffic, the OLT equipment displays the source IP address is 0.0.0.0, which complies with the RFC 4541 standard for the Reporting proxy process. The OLT XG-PON device tested was also capable of passing 1,024 IGMP multicast groups with a range of multicast group addresses from 239.1.1.1 to 239.1.5.1.</p>

Seven-channel 1 Gbps TWDM coexistence architecture supporting 65 Gbps optical link for next-generation passive optical network 2–based FTTX access networks

Abstract In this paper, we have presented the design and simulation of a 7-channel next-generation passive optical network (NG-PON2) network for the deployment of Fiber-to-the-X (FTTX) access network. Coexistence architecture is proposed, designed and simulated for the implementation of NG-PON2 access network. In a coexistence architecture approach, legacy PON networks like Gigabit passive optical network (GPON) PON, 10GPON, etc. and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-PON supporting point-to-point connectivity are designed and simulated together. A 4 × 4 WDM-PON in which each channel carrying data at 2.5 Gbps data rate is capable of supporting a throughput channel capacity of 65.5 Gbps. NG-PON2 network is designed and simulated at 187.1, 187.2, 187.3 and 187.5 to 187.8 THz wavelengths in downstream direction for different link distances from 40 to 80 km looking into the requirement of reach of access network for future cities. The network performance parameters such as bit error rate (BER), quality factor (Q-factor), signal-to-noise ratio using the Optisystem-16 simulator at above data rates and link distances. Further, channel capacity estimation is done for single-mode fiber channel coexistence NG-PON2 configuration up to 80 km supporting BER e-13 and Q-factor 7 for WDM link and BER e-12 and Q-factor 7 for a legacy network supporting almost-1 Gbps data rate to 65 users and 100 Mbps to 512 user.

Random weather phenomena in free-space optical - FTTx communication system

In the last few decades, optical wireless communication became an essential technology in various applications. Researchers have paid more attention to achieving high bandwidth and low loss. However, the random weather phenomena cause attenuation of optical signals, thus will decrease the bandwidth in optical wireless communication. In this article, we investigate a hybrid free-space optical (FSO) and fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) communications link based on wavelength-division multiple access (WDMA) over different random weather phenomena that operate over different wavelengths. The performance of the hybrid FSO-FTTx system is evaluated under clear sky weather phenomena, heavy rain weather phenomena, and heavy haze weather phenomena based on BER and Q-Factor measurements. The results show that we can transmit 140 Gbit/s data over 9650 meters a hybrid link under the clear sky and heavy rain weather phenomena, 3950 meters over. Additionally, the transmission of 140 Gbit/s data can be achieved for 1450 meters under the heavy haze weather phenomenon.

OPTICAL FIBER FAULT DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION IN AN OPTICAL ACCESS NETWORK DOMAIN

Fault detection and localization in optical fiber communication links are important in the optical access network (OAN) due to the passive nature of the network elements involved. Any failure in the link can resort to a huge amount of data loss in the network. However, deployment of fault detection and localization devices is extremely limited due to the reliability and financial implications of the devices. Several fault monitoring solutions in the OAN domain have been investigated by the researchers over the decades; the challenges for these monitoring techniques are the cost and complexity of their deployment. Thus, this work proposes a cost-effective solution for the detection and localization of a fault in the OAN based on Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) network using optical reflectors. The reflected signal from the monitors in the network will be utilized to detect and locate the optical link with fault. Experimental results obtained show the techniques capability to detect and localized fault in the network, in-service over a distance of 20 km.

DWDM Channel Spacing Effects on the Signal Quality for DWDM/CWDM FTTx Network

Abstract In this paper, two models of fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) networks are provided, one of hybrid dense wavelength division multiplexing/coarse wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM/CWDM) with high subscriber’s allocated bandwidth, and the other of hybrid ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing/coarse wavelength division multiplexing (UDWDM/CWDM) with high network capacity. The effect of the fiber chromatic dispersion on the signal quality was demonstrated. The behavior of the network with respect to the changing of the DWDM channel spacing and the relation between the channel spacing and the system bit rate was discussed.

Optimization of Concentration Quenching on Erbium Ytterbium Doped Wave Guide EYDWA Using for Extended Reach up to 160 Km of Hybrid Gigabit Passive Optical Networks and Free Space Optical Technologie “GPON-FSO”

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate an implementation of Er3+/Yb3+ codoped glass waveguide amplifiers (EYDWA) as a post-amplifier can provide an extended reach and a high split-ratio for the cost-effective implementation of hybrid fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) and free space optical (FSO) technologies. The performance has been compared on the basis of transmission distance, however the results of simulation show enhancement offered by EYDWA. This amplifier was able to reach transmission distance ratio of 160:5 km for GPON:FSO. Moreover in this paper, was study different characterizations of EYDWA amplifier, which depend essentially on the opt-geometric parameters, such as concentrations of ions erbium, length of the waveguide amplifier and the effect of those parameters to optimize the gain G, quality factor Q, min of BER and eye diagram.

Simulation of Downlink of 10G-PON FTTH in the city of Košice

AbstractOptical fiber has the great advantages of capacity and reliability. That is why network providers started to deploy FTTx (Fiber-To-The-x) optical access using various PON (Passive Optical Network) architectures. The leading technology right now is Gigabit PON (GPON). However, with increasing amount of multimedia we need to further develop existing technologies to go on with these high demands. Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) using 10G-PON technology for broadband access application is effective solution for high speed networks with high capacity. In this paper, we look at the passive optical network in the city of Košice and based on the real network we created simulation model of downlink of 10G-PON based FTTH with triple-play service.

Role of a Measurement Plane to Monitor and Manage QOS in Optical Access Networks

ABSTRACTIn this work, we propose a measurement plane for Software Defined Networking (SDN) architectures for monitoring the network performance and supporting the orchestrator in managing the optical link resources. Concerning the measurement plane, we consider two models that we adopted in other contests: Misurainternet and mPlane. However, due to better scalability, the tests reported in this paper refer to mPlane that has been used in a SDN environment based on Fiber to the X (FTTX) accesses, with procedures of the central unit (orchestrator) that automatically manages GbE links in a regional network. The choices of the orchestrator are based on information received by a reasoner that analyzes the network performance elaborating data detected by active and passive probes. The mPlane-SDN architecture is tested in field measurements concerning FTTX accesses and in Lab to verify the resource allocations in case of traffic congestion. Furthermore, we also show the potentiality of our architecture to evolve toward a distributed controller approach with important advantages for telecom operator strategies.

Link Power Budget and Traffict QoS Performance Analysis of Gygabit Passive Optical Network

Data service of telecommunication network is needed widely in the world; therefore extra wide bandwidth must be provided. For this case, PT. Telekomunikasi Tbk. applies GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) as optical fibre based on telecommunication network system. GPON is a point to a multipoint technology of FTTx (Fiber to The x) that transmits information signals to the subscriber over optical fibre. In GPON trunking system, from OLT (Optical Line Terminal), the network is split to many ONT (Optical Network Terminal) of the subscribers, so it causes path loss and attenuation. In this research, the GPON performance is measured from the link power budget system and the Quality of Service (QoS) of the traffic. And the observation result shows that the link power budget system of this GPON is in good condition. The link power budget values from the mathematical calculation and direct measurement are satisfy the ITU-T G984 Class B standard, that the power level must be between -8 dBm to -27 dBm. While from the traffic performance, the observation result shows that the network resource utility of the subscribers of the observed area is not optimum. The mean of subscriber utility rate is 27.985 bps for upstream and 79.687 bps for downstream. While maximally, It should be 60.800 bps for upstream and 486.400 bps for downstream.

Effect of DWDM Channel Spacing on the Signal Quality for DWDM/CWDM FTTx Network

In this paper, two models of fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) networks are provided, one of hybrid dense wavelength division multiplexing / coarse wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM/CWDM) withhigh subscriber’s allocated bandwidth, and the other of hybrid ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing / coarse wavelength division multiplexing (UDWDM/CWDM) with high network capacity. The effect of the fiber chromatic dispersion on the signal quality was demonstrated. The behavior of the network with respect to the changing of the DWDM channel spacing and the relation between the channel spacing and the system bit rate was discussed

Topology of optical networks FTTH (FIBER-TO-THE-HOME)

This article describes different architecture of access networks, access protocols; also, we analyzed the characteristics of optical networks FTTH (Fiber to the Home). The optical fiber with today is the main transport medium in the backbone and metro network. Using of fiber optic cable instead of copper cable has allowed to significantly increasing the quality of service. The greatest potential for broadband networks today have a fiber-optic technology under the general term FTTX (Fiber To The X - fiber to the X point), in which from the node connection to a specified location (point X) comes optics, and then to the subscriber - copper cable (and possible option, in which optics routed directly to a subscriber unit).Fiber optic access networks currently based on different architectures and technologies. Standards for these technologies and available of equipment make development of service-provider networks without risks. The success of their work stimulate to the dynamic development of the industry. Nowadays the PON architecture became very popular. The main factors of the most configurations of Ethernet FTTH it is the flexibility of the business model and the ability to support future services.

Defect Diffusion Model of InGaAs/InP Semiconductor Laser Degradation

<p class="1Body">To enable high-performance fiber to the x (FTTx) and datacenter networks, it is important to achieve reliable and stable optical components over time. Laser diode is the essential building block of the optical components. Degradation analysis is critical for overall successful reliability design. In this paper, we study the modelling and experimental data of the InGaAs/InP laser degradation. We present a defect diffusion model that involves three propagation media (p-InGaAs contact, p-InP cladding and multi-quantum wells). We propose a simple constitutive equation based on the Gauss error function to describe the defect propagation. The physical model assumes that the p-InGaAs is the rate-limiting factor for the defect diffusion process.</p>