Fiber Nuclei Research Articles

The Regulatory Role of Myomaker in the Muscle Growth of the Chinese Perch (Siniperca chuatsi).

The fusion of myoblasts is a crucial stage in the growth and development of skeletal muscle. Myomaker is an important myoblast fusion factor that plays a crucial role in regulating myoblast fusion. However, the function of Myomaker in economic fish during posthatching has been poorly studied. In this study, we found that the expression of Myomaker in the fast muscle of Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) was higher than that in other tissues. To determine the function of Myomaker in fast muscle, Myomaker-siRNA was used to knockdown Myomaker in Chinese perch and the effect on muscle growth was determined. The results showed that the growth of Chinese perch was significantly decreased in the Myomaker-siRNA group. Furthermore, both the diameter of muscle fibers and the number of nuclei in single muscle fibers were significantly reduced in the Myomaker-siRNA group, whereas there was no significant difference in the number of BrdU-positive cells (proliferating cells) between the control and the Myomaker-siRNA groups. Together, these findings indicate that Myomaker may regulate growth of fast muscle in Chinese perch juveniles by promoting myoblast fusion rather than proliferation.

Regenerative role of mast cells and mesenchymal stem cells in histopathology of the sciatic nerve and tibialis cranialis muscle, following denervation in rats.

Atrophy of the muscles following denervation can lead to the death of myofibers. This study evaluated the sciatic nerve and tibialis cranialis muscle (TCM) regeneration using scaffold and cells. Ninety adult male Wistar rats were divided into six main groups (n=15) and three subgroups (2, 4, and 8 weeks). Groups: control; without surgery, Tr; sciatic nerve transected in silicone tube, S; collagen gel put inside the silicone tube, MC; placed 3×104 mast cells mixed with scaffold, MSC; placed 3×104 mesenchymal stem cells mixed with scaffold, and MC+MSC; 3×104 of each of the mast cell and mesenchymal stem cells along with scaffold. Animals were euthanized and sampled for muscle and nerve histological and nerve immunohistochemical evaluations. Diameter of muscle fibers, ratio of the muscle fiber's nuclei to the fibrocyte nuclei (mn/fn), ratio of the muscle fibers nuclei number to the muscle fiber's number (mn/mf), and ratio of the blood vessels number to the number of muscle fibers (v/mf) in all treatment groups, especially the MC + MSC group, increased compared to the Tr group but the number of mast cells, the percentage of sarcoplasmolysis, and necrosis fibers decreased. Histomorphometric results of the nerve in its various parts and immunohistochemistry results also showed improved nerve conduction, especially in the MC + MSC group. In this study, nerve improvement happened mainly for two reasons: cells and time. So, the most obvious improvement occurred in the group with mast and mesenchymal cells in the 8th week.

Centronuclear myopathy with a novel variant (p.Asp646Tyr) in the DNM2 gene exhibits mild clinical manifestations: A case report

Centronuclear myopathy (CNM) is one of the congenital myopathies characterized by centrally located nuclei in the muscle fibers. Currently, more than 30 pathogenic variants in the dynamin 2 (DNM2) genes have been identified. Here, we describe a 63-year-old female who presented with slowly progressive limb weakness with no facial weakness or ophthalmoplegia. Electromyographical myotonia without clinical myotonia was noted. In the DNM2 gene, whole-genome sequencing revealed the heterozygous variant c.1936G>T (p.Asp646Tyr), which was not reported previously. Muscle pathology identified many fibers with centrally located nuclei, with the predominance of type 1 fibers. Thus, the patient was finally diagnosed with DNM2-associated CNM with a novel pathogenic variant and with unusually mild phenotype.

Decline of DNA damage response along with myogenic differentiation.

DNA integrity is incessantly confronted to agents inducing DNA lesions. All organisms are equipped with a network of DNA damage response mechanisms that will repair DNA lesions and restore proper cellular activities. Despite DNA repair mechanisms have been revealed in replicating cells, still little is known about how DNA lesions are repaired in postmitotic cells. Muscle fibers are highly specialized postmitotic cells organized in syncytia and they are vulnerable to age-related degeneration and atrophy after radiotherapy treatment. We have studied the DNA repair capacity of muscle fiber nuclei and compared it with the one measured in proliferative myoblasts here. We focused on the DNA repair mechanisms that correct ionizing radiation (IR)-induced lesions, namely the base excision repair, the nonhomologous end joining, and the homologous recombination (HR). We found that in the most differentiated myogenic cells, myotubes, these DNA repair mechanisms present weakened kinetics of recruitment of DNA repair proteins to IR-damaged DNA. For base excision repair and HR, this decline can be linked to reduced steady-state levels of key proteins involved in these processes.

Combined effects of heavy ion exposure and simulated Lunar gravity on skeletal muscle

BackgroundThe limitations to prolonged spaceflight include unloading-induced atrophy of the musculoskeletal system which may be enhanced by exposure to the space radiation environment. Previous results have concluded that partial gravity, comparable to the Lunar surface, may have detrimental effects on skeletal muscle. However, little is known if these outcomes are exacerbated by exposure to low-dose rate, high-energy radiation common to the space environment. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the impact of highly charge, high-energy (HZE) radiation on skeletal muscle when combined with partial weightbearing to simulate Lunar gravity. We hypothesized that partial unloading would compromise skeletal muscle and these effects would be exacerbated by radiation exposure. MethodsFor month old female BALB/cByJ mice were -assigned to one of 2 groups; either full weight bearing (Cage Controls, CC) or partial weight bearing equal to 1/6th bodyweight (G/6). Both groups were then divided to receive either a single whole body absorbed dose of 0.5 Gy of 300 MeV 28Si ions (RAD) or a sham treatment (SHAM). Radiation exposure experiments were performed at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) located at Brookhaven National Laboratory on Day 0, followed by 21 d of CC or G/6 loading. Muscles of the hind limb were used to measure protein synthesis and other histological measures. ResultsTwenty-one days of Lunar gravity (G/6) resulted in lower soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscle mass. Radiation exposure did not further impact muscle mass. 28Si exposure in normal ambulatory animals (RAD+CC) did not impact gastrocnemius muscle mass when compared to SHAM+CC (p>0.05), but did affect the soleus, where mass was higher following radiation compared to SHAM (p<0.05). Mixed gastrocnemius muscle protein synthesis was lower in both unloading groups. Fiber type composition transitioned towards a faster isoform with partial unloading and was not further impacted by radiation. The combined effects of partial loading and radiation partially mitigated fiber cross-sectional area when compared to partial loading alone. Radiation and G/6 reduced the total number of myonuclei per fiber while leading to elevated BrdU content of skeletal muscle. Similarly, unloading and radiation resulted in higher collagen content of muscle when compared to controls, but the effects of combined exposure were not additive. ConclusionsThe results of this study confirm that partial weightbearing causes muscle atrophy, in part due to reductions of muscle protein synthesis in the soleus and gastrocnemius as well as reduced peripheral nuclei per fiber. Additionally, we present novel data illustrating 28Si exposure reduced nuclei in muscle fibers despite higher satellite cell fusion, but did not exacerbate muscle atrophy, CSA changes, or collagen content. In conclusion, both partial loading and HZE radiation can negatively impact muscle morphology.

Going nuclear: Molecular adaptations to exercise mediated by myonuclei.

Muscle fibers are multinucleated, and muscle fiber nuclei (myonuclei) are believed to be post-mitotic and are typically situated near the periphery of the myofiber. Due to the unique organization of muscle fibers and their nuclei, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating myofiber homeostasis in unstressed and stressed conditions (e.g., exercise) are unique. A key role myonuclei play in regulating muscle during exercise is gene transcription. Only recently have investigators had the capability to identify molecular changes at high resolution exclusively in myonuclei in response to perturbations in vivo. The purpose of this review is to describe how myonuclei modulate their transcriptome, epigenetic status, mobility and shape, and microRNA expression in response to exercise in vivo. Given the relative paucity of high-fidelity information on myonucleus-specific contributions to exercise adaptation, we identify specific gaps in knowledge and provide perspectives on future directions of research.

Skeletal Muscle Nuclei in Mice are not Post-mitotic.

The skeletal muscle research field generally accepts that nuclei in skeletal muscle fibers (ie, myonuclei) are post-mitotic and unable to proliferate. Because our deuterium oxide (D2O) labeling studies showed DNA synthesis in skeletal muscle tissue, we hypothesized that resident myonuclei can replicate in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we used a mouse model that temporally labeled myonuclei with GFP followed by D2O labeling during normal cage activity, functional overload, and with satellite cell ablation. During normal cage activity, we observed deuterium enrichment into myonuclear DNA in 7 out of 7 plantaris (PLA), 6 out of 6 tibialis anterior (TA), 5 out of 7 gastrocnemius (GAST), and 7 out of 7 quadriceps (QUAD). The average fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of DNA in myonuclei were: 0.0202±0.0093 in PLA, 0.0239±0.0040 in TA, 0.0076±0. 0058 in GAST, and 0.0138±0.0039 in QUAD, while there was no replication in myonuclei from EDL. These FSR values were largely reproduced in the overload and satellite cell ablation conditions, although there were higher synthesis rates in the overloaded PLA muscle. We further provided evidence that myonuclear replication is through endoreplication, which results in polyploidy. These novel findings contradict the dogma that skeletal muscle nuclei are post-mitotic and open potential avenues to harness the intrinsic replicative ability of myonuclei for muscle maintenance and growth.

Philosophical anhistological assessment of diclofenac sodium on the heart of local rabbits

The current Study was done to show the physiological and histological defect at different doses of diclofenac sodium on heart of Rabbits twenty rabbits was divided into four groups the therapeutic group (T) , over does group1(T1), over dose group2 (T2) and control group each group was injected intraperitoniali by ( T,T1 ,T2 ) mg/kg and Distiled water, respectively for 14 days, at the fourteen day of experimental animals were sacrificed, blood sample collected and heart was fixed immediately in 10% formalin for histological preparation and obtained serum for physiological test the result was revealed , T group significant decreases in lipoproteins so as to significant of low density-lipoproteins on ( p &lt; 0.05 ) ( VLDL-C ). on the other hands the results showed significant differences on level of creatine kinase , troponin and lactate dehydrogenase , and in T2 group significant decreases of creatine kinase ,troponin and lactate dehydrogenase on ( P &lt; 0.05 ) compared with control group. The histological examination of T groups was revealed degeneration in muscles fibers, zonal vacuolation around the nucleus of muscle fiber the result of T2 groups showed, atrophy in muscle fibers degeneration was appear of whole section spread out at inflammatory cells in between muscle fibers and zonal vacuolation around nucleus of muscle fibers. The results obtained from T2 groups was show atherosclerosis on marginal blood vessels of heart, hemolysis of RBCs with spread out of hemocidrin out of blood vessels.

Elevated muscle mass accompanied by transcriptional and nuclear alterations several months following cessation of resistance-type training in rats.

Rodent studies investigating long‐term effects following termination of hypertrophy‐inducing loading have predominantly involved exposures such as synergist ablation and weighted wheel running or ladder climbing. This research yielded a spectrum of results regarding the extent of detraining in terms of muscle mass and myonuclei number. The studies were also limited in their lack of sensitive performance measures and indirect relatedness to resistance training. Our research group developed and validated a relevant rat model of resistance‐type training that induces increased muscle mass and performance. The aim of the present study was to determine to what extent these features persist 3 months following the termination of this training. While performance returned to baseline, muscle mass remained elevated by 17% and a shift in distribution to larger muscle fibers persisted. A 16% greater total RNA and heightened mRNA levels of ribosomal protein S6 kinases implicated preserved transcriptional output and ribosomal content. Remodeling of muscle fiber nuclei was consistent with these findings – increased nuclear number and a distribution shift to a more circular nuclear shape. These findings indicate that muscle mass detrains at a slower rate than performance and implicates multiple forms of myonuclear remodeling in muscle memory.

High-throughput muscle fiber typing from RNA sequencing data

BackgroundSkeletal muscle fiber type distribution has implications for human health, muscle function, and performance. This knowledge has been gathered using labor-intensive and costly methodology that limited these studies. Here, we present a method based on muscle tissue RNA sequencing data (totRNAseq) to estimate the distribution of skeletal muscle fiber types from frozen human samples, allowing for a larger number of individuals to be tested.MethodsBy using single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) data as a reference, cluster expression signatures were produced by averaging gene expression of cluster gene markers and then applying these to totRNAseq data and inferring muscle fiber nuclei type via linear matrix decomposition. This estimate was then compared with fiber type distribution measured by ATPase staining or myosin heavy chain protein isoform distribution of 62 muscle samples in two independent cohorts (n = 39 and 22).ResultsThe correlation between the sequencing-based method and the other two were rATPas = 0.44 [0.13–0.67], [95% CI], and rmyosin = 0.83 [0.61–0.93], with p = 5.70 × 10–3 and 2.00 × 10–6, respectively. The deconvolution inference of fiber type composition was accurate even for very low totRNAseq sequencing depths, i.e., down to an average of ~ 10,000 paired-end reads.ConclusionsThis new method (https://github.com/OlaHanssonLab/PredictFiberType) consequently allows for measurement of fiber type distribution of a larger number of samples using totRNAseq in a cost and labor-efficient way. It is now feasible to study the association between fiber type distribution and e.g. health outcomes in large well-powered studies.

Histomorphometrical evaluation of extensor digitorum longus muscle in sciatic nerve regeneration using tissue engineering in rats.

Skeletal muscle atrophy induced by denervation is one of the common disorders in traumatic nerve injuries. The aim of this study was the evaluation of histomorphometrical changes of extensor digitorum longus muscle after denervation and its regeneration by tissue engineering. Ninety adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six main groups (n = 15) in three time periods (2, 4 and 8 weeks; n = 5). Control group was treated without surgery, in transection (Tr) group left sciatic nerve was transected, in scaffold (S) group only collagen gel scaffold was used, in mast cell (MC) group mast cells were used, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) group was treated with mesenchymal stem cells and in MC+MSC group, mast cells along with mesenchymal stem cells were used. In the cellular groups, the scaffold and cells were mixed and placed in the transected nerve gap. The average diameter of muscle fibers, ratio of the muscle fibers nuclei to the fibrocytes nuclei (mn/fn), ratio of the muscle fibers nuclei number to the muscle fibers number (mn/mf), the average ratio of blood vessels to muscle fibers number (v/mf) and muscles weight in Tr group were the lowest compared to the other groups; but, in cellular and S groups, amelioration was observed according to the time period. However, in MC+MSC group, there were the highest ameliorative results. This study revealed that simultaneous use of MCs and MSCs mixed with collagen gel scaffold can be considered as a suitable approach to improve denervated skeletal muscle atrophy associated with sciatic nerve injury.

Do thermal acclimation and an acute heat challenge alter myonuclear domain of control- and fast-growing quail?

Efforts to determine physiological traits that may render species resilient or susceptible to changing global temperatures have accelerated in recent years. Temperature is of critical importance to biological function; thus, climate change has the potential to severely affect all levels of biological organization in many species. For example, increases in environmental temperatures may alter muscle structure and function in birds. Myonuclear domain (MND), an under-studied aspect of avian muscle physiology that changes in response to thermal stress, is defined as the amount of cytoplasm within a muscle fiber that each nucleus is responsible for servicing. Here, we used two random bred lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) representing examples of control and fast growth rates. We used a factorial design to administer four treatment combinations to each line - an initial period of either heat-stress acclimation (Acclimation) or no acclimation (Not acclimated) followed by either a heat-stress challenge (HS) or no challenge (NC) after week 8 of age - to determine the effects of thermal acclimation and acute thermal stress on quail MND. We found a significant interaction between line * final treatment with fast-growing, HS birds demonstrating the lowest numbers of nuclei per mm of fiber, and Acclimated control-growing birds showing the highest numbers of nuclei per mm of fiber. There was a significant effect of line on MND with the fast-growing line having larger MNDs. Initial treatment with Not Acclimated birds showed larger MNDs. Additionally, control growing quail demonstrated positive correlations with fiber size, whereas fast growing quail did not. This may mean that nuclei in larger fibers of fast-growing quail may be functioning maximally, and that increases in temperature may also demonstrate similar effects.

Hitting a Wall: An Ambiguous Case of Wallenberg Syndrome

Wallenberg syndrome is the most common stroke of the posterior circulation. Diagnosis of Wallenberg syndrome is often overlooked as initial MRI may show no visible lesion. We present an atypical case of Wallenberg syndrome in which the initial MRI of the brain was normal.Our patient is a 65-year-old male who was brought in by emergency medical services complaining of right-sided facial droop, slurred speech, and left-sided weakness for one day. Physical examination showed decreased left arm and leg strength compared to the right side, decreased left facial temperature sensations, decreased left arm and leg temperature sensations, and difficulty sitting upright with an associated leaning towards the left side. An initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with and without contrast revealed no abnormality. In light of such a high suspicion for stroke based on the patient’s neurologic deficits, a repeat MRI of the brain was performed three days later and exposed a small focus of bright signal (hyperintensity) on T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the left posterior medulla.Wallenberg syndrome, also known as lateral medullary syndrome or posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome, is a constellation of symptoms caused by posterior vascular accidents. The neurological deficits associated with this disease are due to damage of the lateral medulla, inferior cerebellar peduncle, nucleus of trigeminal nerve, nucleus and fibers of vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, descending sympathetic tract, spinothalamic tract, and/or vestibular nuclei. MRI with DWI is the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis.Wallenberg syndrome has the potential to leave patients extremely debilitated. Early detection, management, and rehabilitation are critical for improving post-stroke recovery.

The role of trans-vp28 gene Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 in the defense against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

To develop a more comprehensive understanding of the efficacy of trans-vp28 gene Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and its effect on white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), this study investigated the activities of several immune-related enzymes including acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and peroxidase (POD) in muscle and hepatopancreas of Penaeus vannamei, and conducted a more intuitive analysis from the perspective of histopathology. P. vannamei were orally fed trans-vp28 gene Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 for 10 days and then challenged with WSSV. The cumulative survival rate, activities of enzymes and the histopathology were determined. The results show that on the 7th day after challenge, the survival rate of the experimental group (i.e., challenged and fed mutant Synechocystis sp. cells) and the wild type group (i.e., challenged and fed wild type Synechocystis sp. cells) were 80.2% and 26.4%, respectively, while all shrimp in the positive control group (i.e., challenged, but no vaccination) died. There was no death in the negative control group (i.e., no vaccination or challenge). After immunization, the activities of ACP, AKP and POD in both tissues were the highest in the experimental group. After challenge, the final enzyme activities of the three enzymes in the experimental group were higher than those in the positive control group and the wild type group. The results of histopathology showed that muscle fibers in the negative control group were neatly arranged with numerous and evenly distributed nuclei, while muscle fibers in the positive control group and the wild type group were wavy. The nuclei of muscle fibers in the positive control group were also swollen and unevenly distributed. The nuclei of the muscle fibers in the experimental group were slightly clustered, and the muscle fibers were arranged neatly. In hepatopancreas samples, narrow cell gaps and regular nuclei were observed in the negative control group. The connective tissue and cell walls were severely damaged and the cells were degraded in the positive control group. However, although the connective tissue of the experimental group was slightly loose, the cells were orderly and the nuclei were arranged neatly. These results indicated that trans-vp28 gene Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 could improve the immunity of shrimp.

Dorsal root ganglia: fibromyalgia pain factory?

This perspective article focuses on dorsal root ganglia (DRG) as potential fibromyalgia main pain source. Humans possess 31 pairs of DRG lying along the spine. These ganglia have unique anatomical and physiological features. During development, DRG are extruded from the central nervous system and from the blood-brain barrier but remain surrounded by meningeal layers and by cerebrospinal fluid. DRG house the pain-transmitting small nerve fiber nuclei; each individual nucleus is tightly enveloped by metabolically active glial cells. DRG possess multiple inflammatory/pro-nociceptive molecules including ion channels, neuropeptides, lymphocytes, and macrophages. DRG neurons have pseudo-unipolar structure making them able to generate pain signals; additionally, they can sequester antigen-specific antibodies thus inducing immune-mediated hyperalgesia. In rodents, diverse physical and/or environmental stressors induce DRG phenotypic changes and hyperalgesia. Unfolding clinical evidence links DRG pathology to fibromyalgia and similar syndromes. Severe fibromyalgia is associated to particular DRG ion channel genotype. Myalgic encephalomyelitis patients with comorbid fibromyalgia have exercise-induced DRG pro-nociceptive molecules gene overexpression. Skin biopsy demonstrates small nerve fiber pathology in approximately half of fibromyalgia patients. A confocal microscopy study of fibromyalgia patients disclosed strong correlation between corneal denervation and small fiber neuropathy symptom burden. DRG may be fibromyalgia neural hub where different stressors can be transformed in neuropathic pain. Novel neuroimaging technology and postmortem inquest may better define DRG involvement in fibromyalgia and similar maladies. DRG pro-nociceptive molecules are attractive fibromyalgia therapeutic targets.

Мікроструктурна характеристика яловичини за оброблення мийно-дезінфікуючими засобами

Мікроструктурна характеристика яловичини за оброблення мийно-дезінфікуючими засобами

Alternative signaling pathways from IGF1 or insulin to AKT activation and FOXO1 nuclear efflux in adult skeletal muscle fibers

Muscle atrophy is regulated by the balance between protein degradation and synthesis. FOXO1, a transcription factor, helps to determine this balance by activating pro-atrophic gene transcription when present in muscle fiber nuclei. Foxo1 nuclear efflux is promoted by AKT-mediated Foxo1 phosphorylation, eliminating FOXO1's atrophy-promoting effect. AKT activation can be promoted by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) or insulin via a pathway including IGF1 or insulin, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and AKT. We used confocal fluorescence time-lapse imaging of FOXO1-GFP in adult isolated living muscle fibers maintained in culture to explore the effects of IGF1 and insulin on FOXO1-GFP nuclear efflux with and without pharmacological inhibitors. We observed that although AKT inhibitor blocks the IGF1- or insulin-induced effect on FOXO1 nuclear efflux, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, which we show to be effective in these fibers, do not. We also found that inhibition of the protein kinase ACK1 or ATM contributes to the suppression of FOXO1 nuclear efflux after IGF1. These results indicate a novel pathway that has been unexplored in the IGF1- or insulin-induced regulation of FOXO1 and present information useful both for therapeutic interventions for muscle atrophy and for further investigative areas into insulin insensitivity and type 2 diabetes.

Potential protective effect of vitamin D on aortic tissue of Streptozotocin-induced diabetic vascular damage in adult male rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease. There is evidence that vitamin D decreases type 1 diabetes mellitus risk during early adulthood and improves insulin secretion and resistance in diabetic patients. low vitamin D level was observed to increase the cardiovascular disease. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the protective effect of vitamin D on diabetic vascular damages in aorta. Materials and Methods: 40 adult male rats were randomly divided into: group I(control), group II (vitamin D), group III (diabetic) and groupVI (diabetic plus Vitamin D)(n = 10 rats /each group). Injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) as a single dose intraperitoneal to induce diabetes. Vitamin D was administered orally every other day in a dose of 12.5 mg/kg. After 12weeksof treatment period, aortic samples were collected for histological examination. Results: Morphological changes of aortic tissue in diabetic untreated group in the form of reduction of tunica media thickness and areas of tunica intima detachment. The elastic lamellae became irregular, fragmented or branched. Shrunken dark or lysed nuclei of smooth muscle fibers were seen in tunica media of diabetic group. The diabetic treated group with vitamin D showed more or less normal structure of the layers of aortic tissuewith comparable thickness to the control group. Conclusion: Vitamin D may reduce the vascular complications and tissue injuries induced by diabetes in aorta. This effect has a positive influence on the function of the cardiovascular system. Keywords: Diabetes, Vitamin D, Aorta.

Fibromyalgia in women: somatisation or stress-evoked, sex-dimorphic neuropathic pain?

Somatic symptom disorder is excessive anxiety towards persistent symptoms that do not have an identifiable physical origin. Fibromyalgia is a stress-related illness. The overwhelming majority of fibromyalgia patients seeking medical care are women. Most fibromyalgia sufferers fulfil the somatic symptom disorder diagnostic criteria. The objectives of this article are the following: 1) to examine fibromyalgia and somatic symptom disorder analogy. 2) to discuss stress-evoked neuropathic pain sexual dimorphism, and 3) to propose a neuropathic pathogenesis that may explain how stressed women could develop fibromyalgia. Recent research demonstrates a clear link between fibromyalgia and small fibre neuropathy. Dorsal root ganglia contain the small nerve fibre nuclei. In rodents, physical, chemical, or environmental stressors lead to dorsal root ganglia phenotypic changes and to hyperalgesia. This phenomenon is much more frequent in females. Prolactin, oestrogens, and progesterone alter dorsal root ganglia physiology, establishing abnormal connections between the stress response system and pain pathways. Rather than a mental somatic symptom disorder, fibromyalgia patients may have a stress-induced neuropathic pain syndrome. Sexually dimorphic dorsal root ganglia physiology may explain why it is women who more often develop fibromyalgia. Understanding fibromyalgia as a real stress-evoked neuropathic pain syndrome may lead to more compassionate patient care and may open new avenues for gender-related neuropathic pain investigation.

Consequences of Maternal Essential Fatty Acid and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation on the Development of Calf Muscle and Adipose Tissue.

Simple SummaryCows in modern dairy production systems are fed with silage and concentrate-based diets, resulting in a low essential fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid status in body tissues and milk. During the late pregnancy and early postnatal period, a reduced maternal fatty acid supply might negatively affect calf development. This study investigated the effects of a maternal re-substitution with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids on muscle and fat tissue development of neonatal calves. The maternally-supplemented fatty acids were found to be elevated in calf skeletal muscle and fat tissues, but no short-term effects on tissue structure were observed. Nevertheless, the possibility to change offspring fatty acid status via maternal nutrition has been confirmed that could influence offspring development and health in the long-term.Common silage and concentrate-based diets in dairy and beef production may deliver insufficient amounts of essential fatty acids (EFA), thereby also reducing conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in body tissues and milk. An impaired maternal EFA and CLA supply can have an important impact on calf postnatal development. The current study investigates how maternal supplementation with EFA and CLA affects muscle and adipose tissue development in neonatal calves. Holstein cows (n = 40) were abomasaly supplemented with coconut oil (control), CLA or EFA, or both combined during the transition period. Calves were fed their dam’s colostrum until slaughter at day 5 of life. Fatty acid composition and tissue morphology were analyzed. In muscle and adipose tissues, EFA, CLA, and metabolites were elevated, indicating the effective transfer of maternally-supplemented FA to the offspring. Muscle fiber types, fiber nuclei, myosin heavy chain isoform distribution, capillarization, and fat cell size of intramuscular and other adipose tissues did not differ among groups. The results confirm that maternal nutrition during the transition period can alter the FA composition of the calf tissues. This could influence the offspring’s development and health in the long-term, even though only minor effects were observed in the neonatal calves’ tissue morphology.