Film Strips Research Articles

Monte Carlo source verification of Elekta Synergy for pMLC collimated electron beams

IntroductionIn previous works, an electron beam source was developed that models its energy spectrum with a Lévy distribution. This source is used in BEAMnrc Monte Carlo simulation. It was benchmarked against water tank measurements for electrons delivered through an applicator collimation system, and it was found to agree with 2%/2 mm. This study uses this electron source further by investigating its ability to simulate electrons collimated by the photon multi-leaf collimators for MERT applications. Simulated and Gafchromic EBT3 depth dose and profile data were compared. MethodMeasured data were obtained from film exposures in a mini phantom with water-equivalent slabs at SSDs of 60 and 70 cm, respectively. Output factors and R90 values were calculated from film strip data taken in the depth direction. Corresponding dose data were simulated in BEAMnrc to obtain phase-space files for each beam and used in DOSXYZnrc to obtain dose data in a 3D water tank with 2 mm side length subvoxels. ResultsSimulation data corresponded with film data within 3 %/2 mm in most cases. Uncertainties in film measurements prevent a more accurate agreement. The output factors showed good agreement and could be fitted satisfactorily with an analytic function. A clinical example of a scalp treatment showed good agreement between simulated and film data. ConclusionIt is concluded that the electron source with the Lévy-based energy distribution can model electron dose for photon multi-leaf collimated electron beams within 3 %/2 mm.

Post-irradiation darkening model for EBT-3 films characterized using a single lot calibration approach

Objective.In this study, we present a model to correct the progressive post-irradiation darkening of EBT3 films. The model allows for a clinical use of EBT3 using application and calibration films scanned with different post-irradiation times.Approach.The model is a post-irradiation time- and dose-dependent power-law function, projecting the scanned transmittance of application films to the transmittance matching the same post-irradiation time of calibration films. The model was characterized for two EBT3 production lots within the dose range 0.1-12.8 Gy. A first characterization was performed utilizing calibration films scanned repeatedly for 54 d post-irradiation (lot 1), while a fast re-characterization of a second lot used three post-irradiation times (lot 2). For a long-term validation of the model, 16 film strips were irradiated at 2 Gy on different time points starting from the day of film calibration up to 43 d afterwards (lot 1). For the multiple-dose validation of the model, 8 strips were irradiated with dose levels ranging 0-12 Gy deposited 25 d after the calibration (lot 2). As a proof of principle, the model was applied to four clinical patient-specific quality assurance film measurements with prescribed dose/fraction ranging 2.66 Gy-8 Gy.Main results. The post-irradiation transmittance decreased for higher doses up to -2.5% at 12.8 Gy, and 54 d post-irradiation. With a lot-specific model correction, the mean dose accuracy of validation strips that ranged from initial -3.4% (triple-channel) and -9.90% (blue-channel) reduced to within 3.0% (all colour channels) for doses above 1 Gy. The median dose difference with the planned dose improved from -3.5% to -1.1%, and the 3%/2 mm local gamma ranged from (48.5-92.5)% to (81.2-99.2)%.Significance.A film darkening model corrects the transmittance of EBT3 films and increases the flexibility of existing dosimetry protocols. The correction ensures dose accuracies within 3%.

A new method to evaluate fluoroscopic system collimator performance.

Fluoroscopy uses collimators to limit the radiation field size. Collimators are often evaluated annually during equipment performance evaluations to maintain compliance with regulatory and/or accreditation bodies. A method to evaluate and quantify fluoroscopy collimator performance was developed. A radiation field and displayed image measurement device consisting of radiopaque rulers and radiochromic film strips was placed on the x-ray source assembly exit window to evaluate fluoroscopy collimator performance. This method was used to evaluate collimator performance on 79 fluoroscopic imaging systems including fixed C-arms, mobile C-arms, mini C-arms, and radiographic fluoroscopic systems. The excess length (EL), excess width (EW), and sum EL + EW of the radiation field relative to the displayed image were measured and compared to the limits specified in 21CFR1020.32. Four systems exceeded these limits. Placing the radiation measurement device at the x-ray source assembly exit window relative to the image receptor cover increased the film exposure rate by a factor up to 14.6. The time required to set up and complete the fluoroscopy collimator performance measurements using this method ranged from 5 to 10 min. This method provides an easily implemented quantitative measure of fluoroscopy system collimator performance that satisfies regulatory and accreditation body requirements.

棉花精量铺膜穴播机自动断膜带系统设计与试验

To achieve the process of automatic film cutting for cotton and improve the efficiency of cotton precision film hole seeding machine operation, this paper proposes a wireless handle button control method and designs a automatic film and tape cutting system for cotton precision film-laying hole seeder. The system includes electromagnetic integrated valve group, hole opener lifting hydraulic cylinder, membrane pressing hydraulic cylinder, multifunctional hydraulic cylinder for cutting film, strapping support hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic limit sensor, arc-shaped film cutting shovel reset sensor, wireless control handle for film cutting and film cutting controller. The system is based on the VisualTFT platform, equipped with a multi-functional touch screen. By integrating functions such as obtaining the forward distance of the machine, hydraulic control principles, and wireless control models for film cutting and burying, it achieves automatic cutting and burying of ground film and drip tape processes. The experiment verified the working performance of the automatic film cutting and feeding system of the cotton seed precision film mulching hole seeder and the results showed that the average monitoring accuracy of the machine's forward distance was 98.16%; the response time for controlling the film cutting belt and burying film belt was ≤0.78s, and the execution time was ≤2.68s; the success rate of cutting film strips was 100.00% and the success rate of burying film strips was above 98.33%, which met the operational requirements of automatic film strip cutting for precise cotton seeding film hole planting machines.

Development and international multicentre pilot testing of a postal dosimetry audit methodology for high dose rate brachytherapy

Background and PurposeDosimetry audits are essential for reducing errors in brachytherapy. A postal dosimetry audit methodology was developed and tested in an international multicentre pilot, to assess the accuracy of the Reference Air Kerma Rate of 192Ir and 60Co brachytherapy sources Materials and MethodsA compact phantom made of polymethyl methacrylate was developed to accommodate two catheters, a radiophotoluminescence dosimeter (RPLD) for dose measurements and a Gafchromic (RTQA2) film strip for source position verification. Deviations of the audit setup from TG-43 conditions were quantified experimentally and compared to previous Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. A measurement uncertainty budget was estimated for the RPLD analysis. The methodology was tested in an international pilot study consisting of 59 dosimeter sets among 48 centres from 11 countries. ResultsThe experimental correction factors showed good agreement with previous MC simulations, and the total correction factor accounting for non-water equivalence, lack of scatter and beam quality was found to be 1.029 ± 0.009 for 192Ir and 1.059 ± 0.007 for 60Co sources, to be employed in audit measurement. The total uncertainty budget was estimated to be 2.24 % (k = 1). In the multicentre study, the ratio between measured and reported user dose ranged from 0.968 to 1.049, with all irradiated dosimeter sets within ± 5 %, and 54 out of 59 within ± 3 %. ConclusionsThe methodology was tested in an international multicentre pilot study and has shown good performance validating the uncertainty budget.

Oleksandr Ivakhnenko and Oleksandr Danchenko are the Illustrators of Oleksandr Dovzhenko

The article is dedicated to the illustrations of the prominent Ukrainian graphic artists Oleksandr Ivakhnenko and Oleksandr Danchenko for the prose of Oleksandr Dovzhenko, as well as the issue of the existence of auto-illustrations by the filmmaker himself. Oleksandr Dovzhenko (also known as Alexander Dovzhenko) is not only a world-renowned filmmaker but also an outstanding artist – a painter and a graphic artist. Besides his painted portraits and thematic paintings, graphic caricatures, cartoons, and portraits, his drawings for films («Arsenal» – late 1920s, «Shchors» – late 1930s, «Michurin» – 1940s, «Poem on the Sea» – 1950s) are well-known. However, the topic “O. Dovzhenko is the Illustrator of His Own Literary Works” has hardly been explored by researchers of the master’s heritage, although the drawing Little Sashko which is both a portrait of the author in childhood and an image of the hero of the film story The Enchanted Desna, inspires further archival search in the filmmaker archives. V. Yevdokymenko (1967), M. Kompanets (1973), V. Yefymenko (1976), T. Kushch (2006), and others are among the illustrators of O. Dovzhenko’s prose. Oleksandr Ivakhnenko’s etchings for the film story The Enchanted Desna (1975–1976) have become a notable phenomenon in Ukrainian graphics during the period of the so-called “silent protest” (the 1970s–1980s). Having chosen a favourite graphic technique of that period, the artist, however, remained indifferent to the extremely popular “de-booking” technique of the 1970s–1980s. The Enchanted Desna is a book that is well-thought-out and coherent. In terms of space, the illustrations occupy as much space on the page as the printed text, and in shape, they are very elongated horizontally, thus creating a kind of pictorial “film strip”, logical and natural for a “film story”. Oleksandr Danchenko’s cycle of etchings for the collection of stories Unforgettable. 1941–1943 (1980) is another example. The artist has addressed frequently the theme of World War II tragedy (Koriukivka. March 1, 1943 (1971), Adzhimushkai (1985), a cycle of illustrations for O. Honchar’s novel Standard-Bearers (1989)). At the same time, his illustrations for O. Dovzhenko’s stories are internally connected with O. Danchenko’s series The Liberation War of the Ukrainian People of 1648–1654 (1954) and Chornobyl (1988–1990), as well as with the etchings for Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy (1990–1992). All these works are based on the combination of documentary with epic, where elevation and poeticism arise precisely as a result of such a combination. The construction of the illustration as a frame, sometimes even a freeze-frame, is an artistic tribute to the creativity of the outstanding filmmaker.

Characterization of a new low-dose and low-energy Gafchromic film LD-V1.

To characterize the dose-response, energy dependence, postexposure changes, orientation dependence, and spatial capabilities of LD-V1, a new low-dose Gafchromic film for low-energy x-ray dosimetry. A single sheet of LD-V1 Gafchromic film was cut into 15 × 20mm2 rectangles with a notch to track orientation. Eight different doses between 5 and 320mGy were delivered by an MXR-160/22 x-ray tube using x-ray beams of 90, 100, and 120kVp filtered with 3mm of Al and 2mm of Ti. The 120kVp films were scanned at 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 168h postexposure in portrait orientation and additionally scanned in landscape orientation at 24h. The 90 and 100kVp films were scanned at 24h postexposure in portrait orientation. Lastly, a 20 × 200mm2 strip of film was irradiated using a thin-slit imaging collimator and scanned 24h postexposure to test the film performance in an x-ray imaging application. Of the three color channels, the red channel was found to produce a dose-response curve with a large range of net optical density (netOD) values across the considered dose range. A prominent energy dependence was discovered, resulting in dose discrepancies on the scale of 17mGy between 90 and 120kVp for a dose of 80mGy. The measured postexposure changes suggest that the calibration irradiation-to-scan time should be longer than 12h with a±4h scanning time window for dose errors of<0.5%. An average dose difference of 3.4% was found between the two scanning orientations. Lastly, noise of 4% was measured in the thin slit collimator film for a dose of 30mGy. We have characterized the LD-V1 film for low-energy, low-dose x-ray dosimetry. Energy, scan-time, and orientation dependencies should be considered when using this film.

The Use of Photocycloaddition Reactions to Drive Mechanical Motions Resembling Humanoid Movements

AbstractWith the aim of producing a photomechanical material for incorporation in soft microrobots, a one‐dimensional diene coordination polymer (CP) [Cd(F‐bpeb)(3‐CBA)2]n (CP1, F‐bpeb=4,4′‐((1E,1′E)‐(2,5‐difluoro‐1,4‐phenylene)bis(ethene‐2,1‐diyl))dipyridine, 3‐HCBA=3‐chlorobenzoic acid) was synthesized and characterized. Irradiation of CP1 with ultraviolet (UV) or visible light causes [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions resulting in the introduction of crystal strain which triggers various types of crystal movements. Composite films of CP1‐PVA (SC) fabricated by dispersing CP1 crystals into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution allow amplification of the crystal movement so that the film strips exhibit fast and flexible curling upon photoirradiation. The composite films may be cut into long rectangular strips and folded to simulate soft microrobots which exhibit a variety of fast, flexible and continuous photomechanical movements resembling a human performing various gymnastic exercises.

On-site sensing for aflatoxicosis poisoning via ultraviolet excitable aptasensor based on fluorinated ethylene propylene strip: a promising forensic tool

The environmental contamination by extremophile Aspergillus species, i.e., Aflatoxin B1, is hardly controllable in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, which lack handling resources and controlled storage facilities. Acute aflatoxicosis poisoning from aflatoxin-prone dietary staples could cause acute hepatic necrosis, acute liver failure, and death. Here, as the cheaper, more straightforward, and facile on-site diagnostic kit is needed, we report an ultraviolet-excitable optical aptasensor based on a fluorinated ethylene propylene film strip. Molecular dynamics on the aptamer.AFB1 complex revealed that the AFB1 to the aptamer increases the overall structural stability, suggesting that the aptamer design is suitable for the intended application. Under various influencing factors, the proposed label-free strategy offers a fast 20-min on-site fabrication simplicity and 19-day shelf-life. The one-pot incubation provides an alternative to catalytic detection and exhibited 4 times reusability. The recovery of crude brown sugar, processed peanuts, and long-grain rice were 102.74 ± 0.41 (n = 3), 86.90 ± 3.38 (n = 3), and 98.50 ± 0.42 (n = 3), comparable to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector results. This study is novel owing to the peculiar UV-active spectrum fingerprint and the convenient use of hydrophobic film strips that could promote breakthrough innovations and new frontiers for on-site/forensic detection of environmental pollutants.

Radiochromic film EBT3 calibration for linear accelerator in 10 MV

Radiochromic film is used to applications in dosimetry have become increasingly significant for studies on radiotherapy. Due to sensitivity to exposure to ionizing radiation, radiochromic films are commonly used to obtain dose distribution maps and for calibration curves. The calibration curves in the radiochromic films can be use radiochromic films as a dosimetry method and then seek the generation of images with lower dose deposition and higher diagnostic quality. When ionizing radiation interacts with matter it generates energy deposition. Radiation dosimetry is important for medical applications of ionizing radiation due to the increasing demand for diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy. The film is a dose measurement method that records the energy deposition by the darkening of its emulsion. Radiochromic films have a little visible light sensitivity and respond better to ionizing radiation exposure. The aim of this study is to obtain the resulting calibration curve by the irradiation of radiochromic film strips, making it possible to relate the darkening of the film with the absorbed dose, to measure doses in experiments with X-ray beam of 10 MeV in Linear Accelerator. The objective of this study is to obtain the calibration curves of the radiographic film for exposure with X-ray beam in Linear Accelerator scanner for realize measures of typical doses found in radiotherapy. It was used Gafchromic EBT Radiochromic Film, which shows little sensitivity to visible light and a response in the range of 0.1 to 10 Gy for X-ray beam. In the experiments, a Solid Water Phantom, with a 30x30x2.0 cm³. The strips were scanned and processed using the ImageJ software to obtain the intensity values resulting from the absorbed radiation by grayscale. The darkening responses on film strips according to the doses were observed and they allowed obtaining the corresponding numeric values to the darkening for each specific dose value. From the numerical values of darkening, a calibration curve was obtained.

Smartphone-based and non-invasive sleep stage identification system with piezo-capacitive sensors

A non-invasive, wireless, smartphone-based electronic measurement system for sleep stage identification is presented in this work. Ballistocardiograph signals are collected by two piezo-capacitive thin film strips located on the mattress base. Suitable analog conditioning circuits and digital pre-processing techniques are applied to obtain the heart and breathing rates (HR, BR), and an activity index (ACT) related to the body movements during the sleep. An initial calibration stage is proposed where analog signal amplification is fitted to each subject, from which activity index is derived. Features considered for machine learning classifications were the mentioned data and the time variabilities of HR and BR represented by the features R(k) and B(k), respectively. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest-Neighbour (KNN) classifiers are employed in both flat and hierarchical classification scenarios for Wake – Non Rapid Eye Movement – Rapid Eye Movement (WAKE/NREM/REM) sleep stage identification. Twelve healthy subjects were recorded with the developed system using a polysomnograph (PSG) as reference data. When compared with PSG, the presented system achieved an average accuracy of 69 % using only three features: R(k), B(k), and ACT, highlighting an 88.2 % recall for NREM stage identification. These findings suggest that accounting only for time variability features and activity, satisfactory results can be provided as a complementary alternative for sleep stage identification, with a smartphone-based electronic system designed as an affordable, versatile, and simple tool for household applications.

The Janus Structure of Graphene Oxide and Its Large-Size Conductive Film Strip Pattern.

In this paper, the oxidation-exfoliation process of graphite is studied experimentally by the mixed-solvent method, the oxidation-exfoliation process of graphite is simulated theoretically, and it is found that Graphene Oxide (GO) is a Janus structure with inconsistent oxidation on both surfaces; hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side. This layer structure and layer spacing are due to the inconsistent oxidation on both sides which changes with the polarity of different solvent mixtures. We used a two-phase system of benzyl alcohol and water, as well as controlling the polarity of the surface of the substrate, to achieve (using a mixed solution of GO which has a selectivity more inclined to the oil phase when the aqueous phase is present) the preparation of reduced graphene oxide patterns. We also used a complex solution of hydrogen iodide and a sodium-iodide complex solution for secondary reduction to enhance its conductivity to 8653 S/m.

UTILIZATION RED DRAGON FRUIT PEEL (HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS) ETHANOL EXTRACT IN ORAL THIN FILM STRIP AS A MOUTH FRESHENER

Objective: The aim of this study was to formulate an oral thin film strip (OTFS) contained the red dragon fruit peel (RDFP) ethanol extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and evaluate the characteristic, stability and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Methods: The film was made using the solvent casting method by adding a variety of concentration ethanol extract of red dragon fruit peel (5%, 10%, and 15%). The films were evaluated in organoleptic test, weight, thickness, pH, disintegration time, folding endurance, stability test and antibacterial activity. Results: The results showed that the film provided a distinctive color, aroma, and taste of the extract. The result of film evaluation had weight between 0.07-0.21 g, thickness between 0.10-0.20 mm, pH between 5.70-5.99, disintegration time between 34.99-49.13 s, and folding endurance between 321.00-812.83 times. The films were stable for 2 mo at a variety storage temperature (4±2 ℃, 28±2 ℃, and 40±2 ℃). The films showed antibacterial activity for 5%, 10% and 15% with the diameter of inhibition 8.5 mm, 10.8 mm, and 12.9 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of RDFP can be utilized as a mouth freshener film that is stable for 2 mo and has antibacterial activity against S. mutans.

Optimization of Polymer and Plasticizer Composition in the Formulation of Edible Film Strips Ethanol Extract of Seroja Roots (Nelumbo nucifera Gaerth) as Antioxidant

Optimization of Polymer and Plasticizer Composition in the Formulation of Edible Film Strips Ethanol Extract of Seroja Roots (Nelumbo nucifera Gaerth) as Antioxidant

Development and evaluation of Bauhinia Kockiana extract-incorporated sago starch intelligent film strips for real-time freshness monitoring of coconut milk

The aim of this work was to fabricate an intelligent film using sago starch incorporated with the natural source of anthocyanins from the Bauhinia Kockiana flower and use it to monitor the freshness of coconut milk. The films were developed using the casting method that included the addition of the different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 mg) of Bauhinia Kockiana extract (BKE) obtained using a solvent. The anthocyanin content of Bauhinia Kockiana was 262.17 ± 9.28 mg/100 g of fresh flowers. The spectral characteristics of BKE solutions, cross-section morphology, physiochemical, barrier, and mechanical properties, and the colour variations of films in different pH buffers were investigated. Films having the highest BKE concentration demonstrated the roughest structure and highest thickness (0.16 mm), moisture content (9.72 %), swelling index (435.83 %), water solubility (31.20 %), and elongation at break (262.32 %) compared to the other films. While monitoring the freshness of coconut milk for 16 h, BKE15 showed remarkable visible colour changes (from beige to dark brown), and the pH of coconut milk dropped from 6.21 to 4.56. Therefore, sago starch film incorporated with BKE has excellent potential to act as an intelligent pH film in monitoring the freshness of coconut milk.

Study on characteristics and mechanism of re‐entrainment in intake filtration components of the gas turbine

AbstractAiming at the problem that the droplet re‐entrainment in the intake filtration components affects the gas intake quality and the safe operation of gas turbines, the characteristics and mechanism of the re‐entrainment in a marine double‐hook inertial stage filter are studied, and the distribution of liquid film and re‐entrainment under different inlet air velocities and droplet size distributions are compared. The results show that, due to the influence of inertia and turbulent dispersion, droplets tend to deposit on draining hooks and the lower surface of the leeward side of the blade to form a liquid film. Film stripping is the main form of re‐entrainment under ship‐driving conditions. Due to the high airflow velocity and the large film thickness, hook peaks are the most prone to film stripping, and the critical airflow for film stripping velocity is 14.8 m/s. With the increase of the inlet air velocity, the film thickness at the draining hooks increased first and then decreased, and the film stripping positions were extended from the hook peaks to the rear. Different droplet size distributions mainly affect the liquid film thickness at the draining hook and leeward side of the blade, which in turn affects the film stripping mass.

Active film strips to extend the shelf life of fruits: Multibranched PLA-gallic acid as an antioxidant/oxygen scavenger in a case study of bananas (Musa AAA group)

This original research developed active polylactic acid (PLA) film strips for use inside food packaging to extend the shelf-life of bananas (Musa AAA group). Multibranched PLA functionalized with gallic acid (GA) (mPLA-GA) was prepared by ring-opening polymerization and functionalization. mPLA-GA was compounded with PLA and fabricated into PLA/mPLA-GA film strips by melt processing using different mPLA-GA contents (1, 2 and 4 wt%). The morphology, antioxidant activity, free-radical scavenging ability under a radiation sterilization dose (25 kGy), migration behavior, mechanical properties, and O2 scavenging capacity of PLA/mPLA-GA film strips were determined and compared with neat PLA and PLA/GA film strips. Bananas were vacuum-packed using commercial plastic packaging together with the PLA-based film strips and kept at room temperature for 14 days. The performance of the PLA/mPLA-GA film strips in extending the shelf-life of bananas was investigated by physical appearance, peel color difference (ΔE*ab), ripening index (RI), and firmness. Analysis of variance at the 0.05 level of significance (p ≤ 0.05) was conducted to compare mean values. PLA/mPLA-GA film strips exhibited a homogeneous matrix with improved mechanical properties and showed outstanding antioxidant as well as O2 scavenging effects by preventing the bloating of packaging, delaying fruit ripening, and extending the shelf-life of bananas. Under vacuum packaging with PLA/mPLA-GA film strips, bananas retained their green peel color and firmness after storing for 14 days. The results suggest that PLA/mPLA-GA film strips show promise as an active bioplastic for extending the shelf-life of bananas as well as other fruits and food items.

Chemicals-CO2 mechanisms of inhibiting steam heat transfer and enhancing oil film strip: Steam flow through the wall-adhering oil film surface in porous medium

The CO2 and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) assisted steam flooding technology was an effective approach addressed the persistent issues that have hindered the stable development of high-viscosity cold oil through steam injection. However, in the process of steam flow through porous media, the synergistic influence of the oil film adsorbed in near wellbore porous media, and the CO2-SDS on steam heat transfer has not been investigated. Steam heat transfer is the key factors affecting heavy oil recovery. The primary objective of this study was to research the effect of CO2-SDS on steam heat transfer and oil film stripping by designing experiments. The study results demonstrated that in the initial stage of displacement, the heat transfer resistance between the steam and the porous medium was increased by the oil film adsorbed in near wellbore area. In additional, the condensation mode of the steam was altered from bead condensing to film condensing by the composite thermal fluid flooding, preventing the steam heat dissipation near wellbore area and transferring more thermal to the long-distance area. At the later stage of displacement, the interfacial tension between oil-water and oil-gas was reduced by CO2-SDS, improving the fluidity of oil and providing the seepage channel for steam, and increasing the steam thermal sweep range. Compared to the sandpack experiment of steam flooding, the temperature at the output end of the sandpack model increased from 69.8 °C to 88.7 °C, indicating an expansion of the steam heat sweep range and successful long-distance heat transfer during composite thermal fluid flooding. In the process of composite thermal fluid flooding, the maximum displacement pressure difference increased from 2.28 MPa to 3.07 MPa, and the maximum oil recovery rate increased from 2.48 g/mL to 2.81 g/mL. The peak of the high production period was raised, resulting in a 40.97% to 51.86% increase in recovery rates.

Behavior takes form: Tracing the film image in scientific research

The use of motion pictures for research has a long history, of course, but beyond documenting a phenomenon and then projecting it for demonstration, scientists using this technology spent much energy figuring out how to extract information from a strip of film. Understanding film (or audiovisual) analysis is therefore necessary to grasping the relationship between an object of study, moving-image technology, and scientific evidence. This article explores one common technique within that history of film analysis: projecting a frame of the motion picture and then tracing the object of study onto paper, which was especially important for behavioral sciences such as developmental psychology or ethology. Behavior became tangible through a variety of means, but for those who relied on film for their observations, such as developmental psychologist Arnold Gesell, behavior took form at least partly through the process of tracing. Gesell's use of this technique reveals the broader functions of tracing as well as the patterns that emerge from its interplay with other inscriptions in the creation of evidence. How does behavior take form? The practice of tracing provides one answer to this larger question.

Self‐Healable Spider Dragline Silk Materials

AbstractDeveloping materials with structural flexibility that permits self‐repair in response to external disturbances remains challenging. Spider silk, which combines an exceptional blend of strength and pliability in nature, serves as an ideal dynamic model for adaptive performance design. In this work, a novel self‐healing material is generated using spider silk. Dragline silk from spider Nephila pilipes is demonstrated with extraordinary in situ self‐repair property through a constructed thin film format, surpassing that of two other silks from spider Cyrtophora moluccensis and silkworm Bombyx mori. Subsequently, R2, a key spidroin associated with self‐healing, is biosynthesized, with validated cohesiveness. R2 is further programmed with tunable healability (permanent and reversible) and conductivity (graphene doping; R2G) for electronics applications. In the first demonstration, film strips from R2 and R2G are woven manually into multidimensional (1D‐3D) conductive fabrics for creating repairable logic gate circuits. In the second example, a reversibly‐healable R2/R2G strip is fabricated as a re‐configurable wearable ring probe to fit fingertips of varying widths while retaining its detecting capabilities. Such a prototype displays a unique conformable wearable technology. Last, the remarkable finding of self‐healing in spider silk can offer a new material paradigm for developing future adaptive biomaterials with tailored performance and environmental sustainability.