FFT Analyzer Research Articles

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTING DUE TO DIFFERENT VIBRATION SOURCES

As industry requires more real-time monitoring and interconnected systems, the need for wireless sensors will increase. Vibration Energy Harvesting (VEH) has played an important role as an alternative energy source to provide power to wireless sensors. In this paper we report the analysis of an electromagnetic energy harvester driven by vibrating plate. An experimental method where energy sources originating from vibrating mechanical machines were used. Mechanical machines such as milling machines, dynamic rotors, and four-stroke engines were implemented to prove the performance of the device. where the output signal from the vibration source is measured using a CF-3600 FFT analyzer, while the output signal from the electromagnet is measured using an oscilloscope (Hantek 6022BE). This paper has discussed several sources of vibration originating from industrial equipment with a vibration source frequency of around 10 to 100 Hz. The findings show that the voltage produced by an electromagnetic energy harvester is 130 mV, 120 mV, and 30 mV on a milling machine, dynamic rotor, and four-stroke engine. Additionally, the results contribute to the optimization of vibration energy harvesting parameters, facilitating the maximization of energy extraction in diverse applications.

Detection of Crack Location and Crack Depth in Leaf Spring

The objective of this work is to find the crack location and crack depth in leaf spring of an army jeep. The spring is subjected to heavy jerks and vibration during the military operation. Therefore it is necessary to find the crack in a leaf spring. Crack in a leaf spring introduces local flexibility that would affect the vibration response of the leaf spring. Main problem is to detect existence of a crack together with its location and depth in the leaf spring .We used a natural frequency a basic criteria for crack detection. Analytical calculations are done to find out natural frequency of leaf spring by using Euler's beam theory. Ansys 16.0 is used to find out natural frequency along with experimentation on FFT analyzer. Now, We propose a method based on some set of fuzzy rules obtained from the information supplemented by Numerical Analysis. Fuzzy controller use comprises of three input variables (first, second and third natural frequency) and two output variables (relative crack length and relative crack depth) are generated with Triangular MF.

Analysis of the impact of misfiring on the throttle body in ayla vehicles using the fast fourier transform method

An essential component of an automobile's air intake system, the throttle body controls airflow during combustion by acting as an idle speed control mechanism. Making ensuring the throttle body is operating properly is crucial to keeping the engine running at its best. The Fast Fourier Transform vibration analysis is one technique used for this (FFT). A an LCGC Ayla 1000 cc vehicle's throttle body and engine underwent vibration testing with rotational rates set to 750 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, and 2000 rpm. Vibration responses were measured using an accelerometer sensor coupled to an FFT analyzer, and Matlab was used for analysis. The throttle body had anomalous frequency readings at 1977 Hz with an amplitude of 0.03171 m/s2, according to the test results. On the other hand, the frequency value at 1410 Hz with an amplitude of 0.03435 m/s2 was observed under normal circumstances. Similar to this, abnormal frequency values with an amplitude of 0.02378 m/s2 were found on the engine at 1493 Hz, whereas normal frequency values with the same amplitude were found at 1712 Hz. These results point to incomplete combustion as the cause of the increased vibration

Diagnosing multiple faults in rotating machinery using empirical mode decomposition and blind source separation methods

It is a challenging task to accurately diagnose multiple faults in a rotating machinery. In this paper, the authors have used empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and blind source separation (BSS) methods for this purpose. A portable rotating machinery setup is made in the laboratory and faults such as bearing inner and outer race faults, angular misalignment are created into it. The vibration data is collected using SPM made LEONOVA DIAMOND(r) FFT analyzer and processed using CONDMASTER RUBY(r) and MATLAB(r) softwares. Firstly, wavelet transform is applied to the signal to denoise it. After this, EMD is implemented to decompose the signal into different intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). After preprocessing these IMFs using the principal component analysis (PCA), BSS is used to extract fault-related information from the IMFs. A comparison of the results obtained from EMD and PCA-BSS is also presented in the paper. Keywords: Rotating machinery, Multiple faults, Vibration data, Wavelet transform, Empirical mode decomposition, Blind source separation, Principal component analysis.

Mathematical Modeling and Comparative Analysis of Noise and Vibration Characteristics of CI Engine Fueled with Biodiesel

As an alternative to fossil fuels, renewable energy has the potential to replace diesel in CI engines, and therefore biodiesels such as nahar, jatropha, karanja, etc. are being used as a blend with diesel in CI engines. Since biodiesel is a sustainable fuel, numerous researchers have evaluated and contrasted its performance attributes with those of diesel. The end user’s comfort and level of fatigue following the usage of biodiesel blended with diesel, however, is an interesting area that requires further investigation. The current study aims to investigate the noise and vibration characteristics of unmodified and constant-speed CI engines powered by jatropha, nahar, or karanja biodiesel as a blend with diesel and also developed a mathematical model for noise and vibration responses. The vibration and sound pressure level were recorded using the FFT analyzer Brüel & Kjær Photon+ portable measuring system with RTPro software for different input parameters such as load, density, flash point, and calorific value at different levels for diesel D100 and biodiesel blends. Mathematical non-linear model was developed to predict the relationship between fuel properties and engine noise-vibration characteristics because the R square and adj. R square values of model is found to be close to each other. However, higher adj. R square value and p-value within 0.05 are the good criteria for selection of model.

A Comparison of Hilbert and Fast Fourier Transform Techniques for Reciprocating Motors

Human existence has been significantly impacted by the growth of information and technology, particularly in relation to the requirement for effective mobility. But as a car ages, symptoms that affect its performance and safety start to show. These symptoms are a serious worry. Interference with car parts, such coils, is one issue that can have a major effect on driving safety and performance. Vibration analysis techniques have been successful in addressing this problem by detecting damage to different car parts. With the intention of comprehending piston motor vibration characteristics at different rotational speeds. The piston motor was used to collect vibration data at three distinct speeds: 900 rpm, 1500 rpm, and 3500 rpm. Both the Hilbert approach, which offers profound insight into frequency energy, and an FFT analyzer, which produces clear frequency spectrum information, were used in the analysis. The findings demonstrated that vibration characteristics changed in response to variations in reciprocating motor speed. On the other hand, the average frequency energy tends to remain constant across a range of speeds, suggesting that the features of reciprocating motors may be complicated and not very affected by variations in speed. According to this study, different perspectives on the vibration characteristics of piston motors operating at different speeds can be gained by utilizing vibration analysis techniques like FFT and Hilbert. Improved comprehension of this phenomenon could have a significant impact on maintenance initiatives and performance analysis of vehicles. To fully understand the complexity of vibration characteristics in reciprocating motors at various speed conditions, more research will be needed

Harvesting energy vibration derived from the rotational speed of a A 4-stroke engine

The utilization of vibration energy from a 4-stroke engine as a potential source of electrical energy. Previous studies have focused on analyzing the vibration characteristics and frequency response functions of the 4-stroke engine, but there is a lack of research on harnessing vibration energy as a source of electrical energy. Therefore, this research aims to fill this gap by developing a system to harness the vibration energy from the 4-stroke engine, making it a primary focus of the study. The method employed is an experimental study involving data collection using an FFT Analyzer and Matlab. The research results indicate the presence of several mode shapes in the 4-stroke piston motor. The energy harvesting device utilized is of the electromagnetic type. However, the research reveals that the utilization of vibrations from the 4-stroke piston motor as a source of electrical energy is still not efficient and requires further development. There are various mode shapes in the 4-stroke piston motor at different rotational speeds, but the electromagnetic energy harvesting device used is unable to generate significant electrical energy. Therefore, this research provides a foundation for conducting further research in utilizing the vibrations of a 4-stroke piston motor as a more efficient source of electrical energy

Investigation of harvesting energy vibrations due to the feed process on milling machines

Milling machines are machines used in the production process. The time required during the machining process must be more efficient in order to obtain the desired production capacity. The aim of this paper is to utilize vibrations originating from milling machines in industry as a source of Harvesting Energy Vibration. The research was carried out by varying the feeding depth of the milling machine so that it could be seen how much stress was produced. The Lushan Model ZX32 milling machine was used in this research, where vibrations from the vibration source were measured using an FFT Analyzer connected to an Accelerometer Sensor and Harvesting energy vibration connected to an Oscilloscope. Meanwhile, the workpieces used in this research were Aluminum 5052 and PVC. The results of the research were that on PVC material with an ingestion depth of 1 mm, the vibration frequency at 210 rpm was 71 Hz, the amplitude was 1.38 mm/s2, resulting in a harvesting energy of 6.449 mV. And the results of research using aluminum at 210 rpm rotation with a feeding depth of 3 mm obtained a vibration frequency of 90 Hz with an amplitude of 1.508 mm/s2 producing a harvesting energy of 5.856 mV. The research results show that the PVC material produces higher harvesting energy vibration at a depth of 1 mm, and the aluminum material produces higher harvesting energy vibration at a depth of 3 mm

Material analysis of tool feed on scrap machines using the vibration method

Flexibility comes from the cutting force generated when the workpiece and tool react and are moved to different areas of the scrap machine. The chisel will get damaged as a result. The material and cutting speed that are used can cause damage. Given this, further studies employing the vibration method are required to determine the ways in which material affects the speed at which scrap is chopped. PVC, iron, and aluminum 5052 were the materials used in this investigation. The cutting rotational speeds varied from 32 to 80 m/min. To measure vibration, the accelerometer is positioned along the x, y, and z axes. The measurement outputs of the accelerometer are connected to the FFT Analyzer, which performs analysis using Matlab. When comparing cutting speeds above or below 50 m/min, the research results indicate that the x-axis has the largest amplitude and the most form variants. The most widely used material is PVC, which is followed by iron and aluminum. This is because, unlike aluminum and iron, which have microstructures in the form of crystal grains, PVC is a thermoplastic polymer with a microstructure made of chain molecules. Because all of the cutting energy is used in the frictional action between the chip and the workpiece when the tool is being used, the high frequency is the result. As a result, the friction on the sliding plane is breaking up atomic or molecular bonds. Additionally, the cutting force exerts a significant amount of pressure on the tool's wearing active surface

Investigation of parameters for fault detection of worm gear box using denoise vibration signature

In industrial applications, worm gearboxes are a key element. In a worm gearbox, as the material of a worm wheel is softer than that of a worm screw, the worm wheel gear is vulnerable to failure through various modes like pitting, wearing out, or tooth breakage during the sliding process. Due to this, it is essential to monitor the failure of the worm wheel gear of the worm gearbox, and it has gained importance for the diagnosis of faults in gearboxes. The present work focuses on the investigation of the effect of worm wheel tooth breakage, worm wheel bearing outer race, and varying load on vibration signature amplitude and frequency domain statistical features such as root mean square (RMS), crest factor, kurtosis, mean, peak to peak, skewness, sample variance, and standard deviation. The experimental setup is fabricated to conduct the experimental trials. An OR34 FFT analyzer with NVGate software is used to acquire the frequency domain vibration signature. Experimental results show that captured vibration signature amplitude for healthy worm wheel and bearing increased as fault occurred on the worm wheel, and bearing and frequency domain statistical features value changed with the change in fault location in the worm gearbox.

Identification of ignition system coil damage on MPV 1000 CC vehicle using fast fourier transform

The coil is the main component of the vehicle in the ignition system. Therefore it is necessary to anticipate to maintain the performance of the coil so that it continues to function properly. One method that can be done is the vibration method. Vibration testing was carried out on a 1000 cc MPV vehicle with rotational variations of 800 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2500 rpm and 3500 rpm. Vibration testing is carried out using an accelerometer sensor connected to the FFT Analyzer to measure the vibration response, then an analysis is carried out using Matlab. From the research results obtained at the Y-axis point with a rotating speed of 1500 rpm the first shape mode appears at a frequency of 45 Hz with an amplitude of 1.357 mm/s2 under normal conditions. Whereas in abnormal conditions the first shape mode appears at a frequency of 41 Hz with an amplitude of 1,944 mm/s2. In abnormal conditions, damage due to bearing defects is obtained, this is due to the discovery of a frequency of 4x rpm at 1500 rpm rotation. Furthermore, at a rotational speed of 2500 rpm the measurement results on the engine show that the first shape mode appears at a frequency of 48 Hz with an amplitude of 2256 mm/s2 in normal coil conditions. Whereas in abnormal conditions the first shape mode appears with a frequency of 41 Hz with an amplitude of 4.176 mm/s2. The frequency at 82 Hz under abnormal conditions shown under normal conditions does not appear. This shows the occurrence of losses, because it occurs at 2x rpm at 2500 rpm rotation

An experimental and FEA approach to investigate effect of cracks on a rotor bearing system

The field of rotordynamics primarily focuses on the analysis and characterization of lateral and torsional vibrations of rotor bearing system. In this study, the lateral vibrations of a single disc rotor bearing system are studied. The effect of crack location, crack depth, and number of cracks has been studied for structural health monitoring of shafts. For the finite element approach, Ansys version 19.0 is used, and a modal analysis was conducted in order to determine the participation factor and bending modal frequencies. Also, a Campbell diagram for critical speeds and whirl direction is plotted. A single-disc rotor bearing system is treated as a simply supported case. Experimental performance has been carried out on a self-designed testbed, and results are obtained using a DEWEsoft FFT Analyzer. A plot of the frequency spectrum is plotted for all shaft cases. After comparing FEA and Experimental results, a maximum variation of 5 percent was found. The investigational results are corelated; hence, the above methodology for rotordynamic analysis may be suggested.

Effect of Shaft Speed, Crack Depth and L/D Ratio in Rotor Bearing System: Using Taguchi Method and ANOVA

Vibration is produced by imbalance, positioning, mechanical softness, shaft cracking, and various defects in spinning machinery. In recent years, rotor defect diagnostics have become more important. This study looks at the effects of various input parameters, such as shaft operating speed, crack depths, and l/d ratio (ratio of the distance of crack from one end to the diameter of the shaft). A steel shaft with a disc positioned in the center and supported by two bearings was utilized to investigate the vibration characteristics of a shaft. An artificial fracture was introduced in order to notice the rotor's vibration characteristics when a defect is present. On a rotor with a diameter of 25mm, the signature knowledge was first obtained with fracture depths ranging from 1mm to 3mm. The amplitude and frequency of vibration in the rotor bearing system were used to analyse the results of the three input parameters. FFT analyzer was used to measure the amplitude and frequency (Fast Fourier remodel analyzer). The signals are processed using a high-speed fast Fourier remodel analyzer. To evaluate important input parameters affecting system vibrations, Taguchi and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) methods were applied. The ANOVA was distributed with a 95% confidence level. The technique parameters with a p-value of less than 0.05 were mentioned as being critical to the response. Taguchi Analysis was used to determine the effect of the input parameters on the amplitude and frequency of vibration in the axial and vertical directions.

An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Diesel-Ethanol Blends on the Noise and Vibrations of a Diesel Engine

This study performed a noise and vibration analysis of a single-cylinder diesel engine with 5, 10, and 15% ethanol concentration in diesel fuel at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% load and a constant engine speed of 1500rpm. Vibrations were measured at the cylinder head in the horizontal, vertical, and axial directions. The frequency and octave spectrums were obtained using an FFT analyzer. The results revealed that the E5D95 blend had significantly less vibration and noise than the E10D90 and E15D85 blends. The vibration level was minimum at 20% load and maximum at 100% load in the vertical, horizontal, and axial directions, while the highest noise level was observed for E15D85.

Effect of Cavity Size on Performance of Particle Damper

Abstract: Particle damping is a damping technique that has found wide applications in engineering systems. It is a form of damping where the energy dissipation is achieved through the motion of small particles within a cavity. This technique has several unique features that make it an attractive option for many engineering applications. Cantilever beam with FFT analyzer is used to find the response parameters. The readings are taken with varying cavity dimensions, size of ball, packing ratio and ball material. The readings in the form of acceleration are noted by varying one experimental parameter. From the experimentation it is found that 24 mm diameter and height 37 mm cavity with 50% Packing ratio is effective for the applied experimental set-up.

Effect of Ball Size on Performance of Particle Damper

Abstract: The study of particle damping involves the understanding of the various forces and mechanisms that cause energy to be lost from vibrating systems, leading to the reduction of their amplitudes over time. The cantilever beam is used for experimentation. FFT analyzer is used to find the response parameters. The readings are taken with varying cavity dimensions, size of ball, packing ratio and ball material. The response parameters in the form of acceleration are noted by varying one experimental parameter. From the experimentation it is found that 5 mm ball with sand material is effective for the applied experimental set-up.

Control of noise and temperature using radial air injection inside engine silencer

Silencer is a device mainly used for attenuation of the engine exhaust noise. Several modifications were attempted to improve the performance of a silencer. In this paper experimental and simulation study was carried out to determine the effect of radial air injection on the temperature and sound pressure level. The radial air injection is introduced in the form of jets inside the silencer. The design of available silencer was studied, and the 3D model was prepared using CATIA software. Simulation study was carried out using ANSYS Fluent, to determine the temperature distribution inside the silencer with and without modification. The radial jets at different pressure were introduced inside the silencer at three different locations. To acquire sound pressure level and temperatures at different locations, Lab View software and FFT analyser were used. The performance of silencer is analysed by comparing temperature of exhaust gases and sound pressure level at constant speed of 3000 rpm. With radial air jets of 2 bar reservoir pressure at three different location Overall Sound Pressure Level reduces by 6 dB and 42 K reduction in temperature of exhaust gases.

Automatic detection of bearing faults

The potential for machine Condition Monitoring (CM) to enhance system performance and forestall harmful failures has been rising considerably. It is applicable to all or any rotating machinery where preventive fault diagnosis could be a must like Engines, drive trains, gearboxes, pumps, turbines, compressors, fans etc. Detection of bearing faults is one in all the foremost challenging tasks in bearing health condition monitoring, especially when the fault is at its initial stage. The defects in bearing unless detected in time may result in malfunctioning of the machinery. Acquisition of vibration signals coming from various machine components, performing its analysis for prediction of faults and understanding the root cause for high vibrations has been an established practice. However, while performing analysis of vibration signals, it is close to impossible to separate out and focus on ‘bearing frequencies’ especially in the presence of strong masking signals from other machine components. In this paper a study and implementation of ‘advanced’ vibration analysis technique viz envelope analysis for localization of bearing frequencies from the masking signals generated by other machine components is discussed. A smart graphical user interface-based software tool has been developed for automatic detection of bearing faults. The automatic detection techniques presented in this paper can be very helpful for condition monitoring especially for early diagnosis of bearing faults. This may help industries for minimizing the downtime due to machine breakdown. With the help of vibration sensor (accelerometer), FFT analyzer, set of faulty bearings installed with rotating arrangement and a graphical user interface-based software tool designed with the help of multi-paradigm programming language, the setup for automatic detection of bearing faults has been validated.

Tuned Vibration Absorber to Minimize Hand-Arm Vibration: -An Overview

Abstract: The presence of vibration often leads to excessive wear of bearings, formation of cracks, loosening of fasteners, structural and mechanical failures, frequent and costly maintenance of machines. Vibration can be used for useful purposes as in vibration testing equipment’s, vibratory conveyors, hoppers, sieves, musical instruments, and propagation of sound. But vibration in some cases has disadvantageous too. Self-tuning combined vibration absorbers are devices, which use energy from the primary system to change the tuned frequency of the absorber to match the primary system’s excitation frequency. In this paper an overview of the tuned in vibration absorber is presented. Keywords: Self-tuned absorber, vibration isolation, FEA, Dynamic Analysis, FFT Analyser.

IDENTIFIKASI PENYUMBATAN ALIRAN AIR PADA PIPA DENGAN METODA GETARAN

The piping system design due to pressure will experience vibrations due to the excitation force that comes from the pump. Excitation force occurs due to changes in fluid flow velocity. In addition, the length of the pipe and the large number of bends of the pipe due to cross with other installations, cause vibrations in the pipe. vibration analysis in the pipe should not be underestimated, where it is necessary to identify the causes of vibration in the pipe due to flow and placement of good support and the effect of obstacles in the pipe flow to prevent failure of the pipe. In addition, clogging of pipelines can result in reduced system carrying capacity, wastage of energy and resources, and the potential for increased likelihood of environmental and health problems. Therefore, this study will discuss the identification of blockage of water flow in pipes using the vibration method. The excitation force comes from the fluid flow flowing in the pipe, while the vibration response is generated using the accelerometer sensor provided with the FFT Analyzer. Retrieval of data using the accelerometer as a vibration sensor served by Ono Sokki's FFT analyzer which is then analyzed using Matlab. Installation with four supports shows that the resonance that occurs in the installation of two supports can be reduced, but it causes the magnitude of the iron pipe to increase, while the PVC pipe decreases at a frequency of 5 Hz. In general, the result of installing four supports shows that the noise on the PVC pipe is reduced while the iron pipe is getting higher due to the installation of a barrier in the pipe due to water flow. The vibration pattern that occurs uses a harmonic response simulation, the vibration pattern that occurs uses a harmonic response simulation.