Feudal Relations Research Articles

“The Cause of our Poverty is Colonia.” The Colonate System in the County of Gorizia and Gradisca during the Austro-Hungarian Empire

The paper examines the colonate system – a specific form of land dependency that persisted for almost a century following the abolition of feudal relations in 1848. It was a civil law relationship that involved mostly poor peasant families who did not own property, leasing land, a house, or an entire estate based on a contract, most often from noble families or wealthy rural landlords. The system resembled serfdom and was passed down from generation to generation between the coloni. It pushed colonate families to the margins of society and into poverty. The system persisted in the Habsburg monarchy, notably in the region of Gorizia and Gradisca, especially in the western parts. This paper will present the general features of the system, as it existed at the turn of the 19th century, as well as the attempts of the authorities to formally regulate it.

Historical and genetic generalization of ideas of formation qualities of service leadership

The article reveals the genesis of the ideas of the formation of service leadership at various stages of the development of human civilization and analyzes the most modern works devoted to the training of leaders, both Ukrainian and foreign authors. It is emphasized that with the emergence of the states of the Ancient East, ancient thinkers emphasized that a true leader knows truth and falsehood, teaches his subjects and leads them from benevolent motives. In the days of Antiquity, it was believed that there will always be intelligent and knowledgeable people on the rowing waves, and happiness can be achieved if kings and lords begin to philosophize nobly and persistently. It is argued that in the context of the Roman pedagogical tradition, an important component of the content of training leaders was the formation of oratorical skills. It is emphasized that during the Middle Ages, attention was paid to the formation of spiritual qualities, moral skills, the leader's faith in God and his observance of God's Commandments. At the same time, it is emphasized that during the Renaissance there was a turn to the principles and ideals of the ancient cultural heritage, and in the New Age and the Age of Enlightenment, feudal relations, the church and absolutism were condemned, and the ideas of education and philanthropism were promoted in the education of leaders. It is noted that in modern times, thinkers searched for new approaches, concepts for the formation of service leadership qualities in line with reformist pedagogy, the movement of a new school, which was created by the elite to train industry managers. At the same time, it is noted that in Independent Ukraine, significant attention was paid to the formation of leadership qualities in the fields of pedagogy, psychology, leadership, management, history, and social psychology.

Революционный и эволюционный пути развития: историко-философский анализ

In modern society, unfortunately, the danger of destructive revolutionary upheavals is still not understood seri-ously enough. The events in Ukraine in 2014 serve as a reminder to all subsequent generations of how a storm of mass emotions, not supported by an understanding of the expediency of the social order, can lead into a long-term mass catastrophe, in general, a fairly successful economic and social society. This is precisely why a balanced comparative analysis of revolutionary and evolutionary ways of society's development is necessary to explain and understand the only way of normal development – evolutionary progressive development, oppo-site to destructive revolutionary development. Experience in history has shown that mass terror and unjustified social experiments in the field of economy and social life have devastating effects on the state. A case in point is Western Europe during the crisis of feudal relations and Russia in the early XX century.

Значение железной дороги Оренбург – Ташкент для социально-экономического развития Туркестанского края

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the significance of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway in the socio-economic life of the Turkestan region. This railway line is considered as a mechanism that opened the way for the entry of the region into capitalist relations. The purpose of the work is to define the impact of socio-economic changes resulting from the construction of the railway on the development of the region. Methods and materials. The research is based on the principles of objectivism and historicism, which reject dogmas and concepts and do not align with any political ideology. As a result of working with republican and regional archival funds, the authors introduced new statistical data concerning the construction and operation of the railway into scientific circulation. Analysis. Among other regions of the empire, Turkestan is distinguished by its geographical and socio-economic character. There is a reason to believe that before the construction of the railway, there were no cities in this region where large production facilities were concentrated. The vast majority of residents led a semi-nomadic lifestyle. It was difficult for the peasants to get their goods transported to other consumer environments. It can be argued that this development trend has changed dramatically with the construction of this railway. Due to the activity of the railway, the export-import potential of the region has increased. Turkestan has received ample opportunities to export salt, cotton, santonin, wool, and various types of dried fruits. Results. As a result of the research work, a peculiar approach to the factors that contributed to the construction of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway was revealed. As one of them, it is concluded that the factor of the construction of the highway was carried out not because of competition between the British and Russian Empires (as noted in many studies), but with the aim of involving an isolated part of the empire in integration processes. In general, the railway line had a significant impact on the transition of the region from old feudal relations to a partial agrarian-industrial form. Authors’ contribution. Y.K. Omarbayev is the author and organizer of the idea of implementing this scientific work. He outlined the purpose and objectives of the article. G.T. Zhoraeva, was engaged in the collection, classification, and analysis of archival documents that make up the main source base of the article. In addition, under her leadership, a comparative analysis of scientific papers devoted to the construction and commissioning of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway was carried out. The author classified the available scientific publications by historical periods and sought to determine their historical and ideological directions. A.A. Nurmukhambetov worked with historical facts and photo documents within the framework of the topic and conducted a comparative analysis of differences between the statistical data reflected in other publications on the history of the construction of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway.

The beginnings of the history of English and Hungarian policing and criminal justice

Aim: The aim of the study is to explore, analyse and compare the beginnings of English and Hungarian policing, the system of public administration that comprised it, and the characteristics of criminal justice from the Middle Ages to the establishment of professional police organisations.Methodology: The publication relies on the relevant literature in English and Hungarian and on a wide range of sources. Among other things, it uses data from a work on the history of the police in a small town near Liverpool, based on original sources.Findings: Historical specificities determine the development of a country’s law enforcement institutions. This is the main explanation for the many similarities between English and Hungarian organisations and institutions in pursuance of examining the medieval history of law enforcement. However, due to the different pace of industrial and civil development, and the preservation of feudal relations in Hungary, there are significant differences in the formation of English and Hungarian professional police organisations. In the United Kingdom, the various decentralised police forces were created as a grassroots initiative based on the demand of the citizens, while in Hungary the centralised state police was created from above (otherwise using the London model). This certainly played (plays) a role in the different perception of the police in the two countries, too.Value: Although there are relatively many studies on the prehistory of Western European countries’ police forces, and for some time this has also been true for the history of Hungarian policing, there is relatively scarce comparative historical research. And the specific topic under discussion here has, to the authors’ knowledge, never been examined in such detail.

"Udel" and other forms of surety : stability at a high price

The article deals with the surety called "Udel": an amount of money paid (or pledged) by noble citizens of towns in upper Germany upon their admission to the citizenry (13th–16th c.). The sum was agreed contractually and replaced the condition of home ownership within the city walls partly or entirely. It was kept by the cities as a guarantee for good conduct. In periods of conflict, nobles (as well as abbeys) often wanted to give up citizenship for political reasons before the agreed minimum term. In this case, the amount was forfeited. After wars, Burgrechte as contracted naturalisations sometimes involving huge surety payments formed part of the peace treaties and represented an encumbrance on future agreements and relationships. The main questions of the paper are: What is an Udel and where can it be found? How does it fit into the political, financial and fiscal structures of the city and its partners? Were there alternatives to citizenship with an Udel? How did an Udel change pre-existing connections, feudal relations, alliances and the political landscape or how was it superimpose upon them? The article focusses on the political effects of the surety payments in medieval towns. Examples from Bern and the surrounding area underline the relevance of the widespread phenomenon.

Early Byzantine Fortification Buildings on the Eastern Side of the Plateau of Eski-Kermen

The eastern fortification complex of Eski-Kermen consists of a defensive wall between towers IV and VI, towers V and VI, the eastern entrance to the city, a fortress granary, and a siege well. The cave rooms of the towers are cut into 30–44-meter-high rocky promontories protruding from the eastern façade of the plateau. According to N. I. Repnikov, the Goths built the castle atop the plateau of Eski-Kermen in the late fifth century. A. A. Vasiliev, A. L. Yakobson, and M. A. Tikhanova considered that the Eski-Kermen defensive complex, along with other the fortifications of the limes Tauricus, was created in the sixth century to protect the land of Dory from nomads, according to the order of Justinian I. In E. V. Veimarn’s view, the castle appeared in the late fifth century in the course of development of feudal relations among the local Scythian and Sarmatian populations. In contrast to N. I. Repnikov’s and E. V. Veimarn’s interpretations, the fortifications considered in this article show nothing comparable to the Gothic or Taurian techniques of building. It is quite obvious that the castle on the plateau was designed and erected according to a project of an experienced Byzantine military engineer. The date of the construction of the castle is determined by a complex of ceramic ware uncovered in 2006–2007 by the excavations of the layer which developed when the eastern defensive wall had been erected. The construction of the wall and, therefore, the creation of the castle was simultaneous with the age of Emperor Maurice (582–602).

Między więzami rodzinnymi a obowiązkami wasala. Aymon z Dordogne w dwóch wersjach Renaut de Montauban – pieśni epickiej i prozatorskiej przeróbce

Between the Family Ties and a Vassal’s Obligations: Aymon of Dordogne in the Two Versions of Renaut de Montauban – chanson de geste and Its Prose Adaptation This article attempts to answer the questions concerning ways of resolving conflicts between two types of obligations: those owed to one’s family and those resulting from feudal relations. An analysis of literary portrayals such a conflict of obligation and its solutions is carried out here on the basis of the heroic epic (chanson de geste) Renaut de Montauban, with Aymon, the father of rebellious brothers opposing Charles the Great as a protagonist who has to make a choice between his loyalty to the monarch and taking the side of his own children. The article compared two versions of the story: the one from the 13th-century manuscript Douce 121 and its 15th-century prose adaptation, included in the manuscript Sloane 960. The two versions are juxtaposed in order to find out if Aymon’s attitude to his obligations is depicted differently depending on the time of creating the text. First, an analysis is presented of the oath (forjurement) made by Aymon before the monarch, in which he accepts the obligation not to help his children, and to fight against them. Then, on the basis of selected fragments of both versions, the protagonist’s understanding of material support and the duty to fight against his own children is discussed. The comparative analyses of the two versions indicate that much as Aymon does not exclude the possibility of offering material support to his sons, e.g. by supplying them with food or money, he never considers the possibility of providing a military support. On the contrary, he is actively engaged in a fight against them, which may be a consequence of the oath. According to the law, breaking the oath by offering military support was penalized by death, whereas material support could result in a less grievous punishment. It is also demonstrated that the duties with respect to one’s family are treated much more seriously in the later version of the epic, with a clear suggestion that they should outweigh the obligations to the feudal lord.

Military Booty as a Source of Property Rights in Ancient Georgian Law

Institute of Feudal Property Rights’ fundamental research is important for studying the Georgian law institutions of this period. The original means of obtaining property rights, including military trophy, have not yet been well explored. Due to peculiarities of feudal relations, the only thing that always connected the royal government with the fiefs during the period of Georgia’s unification or fragmentation into kingdoms was the obligation to military campaigns. Commitments were imposed not only to the secular but also to the ecclesiastical feudal lords. At the same time, depending on the form of military organization, permanent, mercenary or regular troops had different rules for capturing spoils of war and distributing them. The paper presents the main features of military booty as one of the important sources of acquisition of ownership in the old Georgian law. The paper examines rules for obtaining ownership of enemy property in feudal Georgia, the order of division of seized property between warriors of crusades and other authorized persons, and also examines the factors on which the legality of spoils of war was depended. The paper discusses issues such as: descriptive terms of spoils of war; property obtained by the sword as a indisputable property; Tradition of taking Panjiak – King Panjiak; The amount of the officers’ share in the booty, which was allocated either from Panjiaki or from the rest of the property.

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF CHINESE MERCHANTS IN VIETNAM TRADE RELATIONS IN XVII-XIX CENTURIES

As one of the civilized centers of the Eastern world, with comprehensive economic, political, and cultural power, China soon spread strong influences outside but directly with the neighboring nations, including Vietnam. One of the ways to spread China's power is based on the business of its own merchants. Due to the changes in historical context, especially the decline of feudal production relations, the risk of invasion of Western colonialism, especially the official invasion of French colonialism since 1858 in Vietnam, the commercial activities of Chinese merchants according to the same characteristics as many previous historical periods have appeared new features bearing the marks of the era. Therefore, researching the mediating role of Chinese merchants in Vietnam during the XVII-XIX centuries will help us to have a more comprehensive view of Vietnam’s history generally and the economic picture of Vietnam, particularly within a fierce historical period.

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ОБЫЧНОЕ ПРАВО В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫХ ВЕНГЕРСКИХ ИСТОЧНИКАХ

This work examines the issues of consolidation of customary law in medieval Hungarian sources. The relevance of the study of customary law as the most important part of the socio-normative culture and the traditional legal regulator, normatively fixing ethnic identity, expressed not only in the national-cultural worldview, but also in the written medieval Hungarian sources that operated for many centuries, starting from the origins of the creation of the Hungarian state until the beginning of the XVI century, no doubt. The aim of the work is to study customary law, its institutions in the sources of law of medieval Hungary. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it analyzes the empirical historical and legal material, which makes it possible to identify the institutions of customary law in the medieval Magyar sources of law. In a comprehensive study of customary legal aspects, in Hungarian sources of law, it is important to be guided not only by the formational approach, which makes it possible to understand the changes that took place in the medieval period, during the emergence and development of feudal relations in the Western European state, but also by the civilizational approach, revealing the historical, political, socio-cultural components of the feudal Christian state. The methodological basis of this research is formed by a system of cognitive methods developed by various modern sciences. Thanks to the application of the systemic method, the customary law of the Hungarian people is important to consider as an element of the legal space of Hungary as a Central European state. The study shows that the Hungarians had a law as their initial act. Many Hungarian customs and customary legal institutions found their fixation precisely in written sources of law.

The Development Of Socio-Philosophical Thought In Western Europe On The Eve Of The End Of The Renaissance

The 16th century was a time of great political and religious change in European life. Hence, the article examines factors that typical of the Renaissance and Reformation period. The paper also analyzes the collapse of feudal relations and the emergence of the first capitalist relations.

La burguesía mercantil leonesa en el siglo XVIII

In the post Middle Ages two types of mercantile or commercial bourgeoise emerged in the province of León. On the one hand know as urban merchants, with permanent shops, whose activities drew them closer and closer to the rural environment and agricultural products, and one the other the muleteers from de the region of Astorga, who not only matained large agricultural developments but also evolved an important mercantile activity and monopolised part of the traffic betwee n Galicia and Castile.Although the social attitudes of both bourgeoisies were conditioned during the post Middle Ages by their links with the different areas in wich they moved, both groups were higly conditioned by the dominant system, in which a society with strictly defined social classes and, as a result of this, certain feudal relations, was still maintained.

Liubech castle: In search of symbols and meanings

Liubech castle is one of the symbols of the Kievan Rus. According to the original plan of B. A. Rybakov, Liubech was supposed to become an example of a classic feudal castle. In the context of this idea, a thesis about the high level of development of feudal relations in the pre-Mongol period, significant economic and social development, complexity and perfection of architectural structures formed. The meanings built in the series of publications were displayed in the corresponding series of graphic reconstructions. Gradually this image relegates to the background and the image of the strong state authority becomes the main one. The preformed set of ideas about the Liubech Congress of 1097 became the ideological context of such interpretation. The main structure which was not in previous versions is introduced in the descriptions of the castle ― the palace. Formation of this meaning ended by direct comparison of Liubech and Moscow. But comparison of B. A. Rybakov’s materials with historical data, as well as with materials from the excavations of Liubech in 2010–2012, allows to claim that the created reconstruction of the castle of the 10th–11th centuries does not correspond to the declared historical period, but represents an interpretation of the structures of the 16th–18th centuries. Nevertheless, there are every chances for the Liubech castle to go beyond the graphic image and become a real tourist attraction. Working documents for the restoration work were prepared in 2012. It was planned to carry out the project basing on the reconstruction by B. A. Rybakov. The use of cultural heritage for the formation of Ukrainian national identity, as well as the rich history of the castle in the 16th–18th centuries can become the new meaning of the monument. For now the project is not implemented due to lack of funding.

Introduction, Decline, and Fall of Socio-Economic Provisions in Yugoslavia’s Constitutions (1921–1931)

The economic and social provisions of the Vidovdan constitution represent its most advanced part. Its introduction was a step forward towards the creation of a socially responsible state. However, their basic goal, increasing the cultural and economic well-being of the people, was not achieved and the economic crisis deepened. In the post-war state, burdened with cultural, religious, and national differences, the democratic constitution did not last long. The author tries to explain the factors that influenced the adoption of these provisions and their (non) implementation. Whether the failure of economic and social provisions was determined by the fate of the constitution or by objective facts is difficult to say. The author seeks to prove that the collapse of the constitution and its economic and social provisions was influenced by a number of unfavorable circumstances, such as the economic underdevelopment of the state, the remnants of feudal relations, political disunity, resistance to the new state, and Serbian hegemony. Using the historical-legal method of research, combined with economic and sociological methods, the socio-economic provisions of the Vidovdan Constitution and their implementation will be analyzed.

Contribution of soviet historians to the development of domestic people’s studies

The article is devoted to the contribution of Soviet domestic science to the study of the peasant class in the second half of the XVIII century. in the Russian Empire. The position of the peasantry in state policy is analyzed, and the scientific schools of the Soviet period specializing in the study of the system of serfdom are considered. The question is raised about the scientific achievements of Soviet historical science in the complex of using the existing approaches, scientific schools, and the system of knowledge about the development of the peasantry in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XVIII century. The study of social and economic processes of development of the peasant class during the evolution of feudal relations was the most popular topic of scientific research in Soviet historiography. The problems related to the condition of dependent peasants during the period of serfdom in tsarist Russia deserve careful study and continue to arouse interest in the works of Russian researchers.

Fabled Difference: Approaching Race in Marie de France

Because Marie de France’s Fables allegorizes twelfth-century feudal relations, its strategic essentialisms are easily read as products of medieval class-based hierarchies. But recent work in medieval studies proposes that the classist hierarchies portrayed in the Fables were imbricated with racial thought—or even that the two were constitutive of one another.

“Would I Were in an Alehouse in London!”: The Rhetoric of Drink in the Henriad

ABSTRACTThis article approaches the trope of the alehouse as a central social space in the negotiation of transitional and transformational early modern class relations, arguing that the metonymic representation of plebian drinking culture functions as an effort by state and moral reformers to delimit and maintain class boundaries. Drawing from Kenneth Burke’s influential formulation of metonymy as a mechanism of conceptual reduction, the paper will show how the alehouse metonymy enabled an ideologically reductive depiction of the lower classes. Workers and the poor were caricaturized through anti-drinking rhetoric, reduced to immoral degenerates and criminals. However, the paper will show that this metonymic trope was highly unstable and open to interpretive contestation. Shakespeare’s Henriad, in particular, complicates the reductive rhetoric in the process of dramatizing it in the figure of Falstaff and his companions. Whether intentionally or not, the plays humanize the lower-class patrons who populate the Boar’s Head scene, drawing out the complex socioeconomic reality underpinning class circumstances. In particular, these plays tap into a nostalgic moral economy grounded in feudal social relations and expectations.

Embodiment of Untouchability: Cinematic Representations of the “Low” Caste Women in India

Abstract Ironically, feudal relations and embedded caste based gender exploitation remained intact in a free and democratic India in the post-1947 period. I argue that subaltern is not a static category in India. This article takes up three different kinds of genre/representations of “low” caste women in Indian cinema to underline the significance of evolving new methodologies to understand Black (“low” caste) feminism in India. In terms of national significance, Acchyut Kanya represents the ambitious liberal reformist State that saw its culmination in the constitution of India where inclusion and equality were promised to all. The movie Ankur represents the failure of the state to live up to the postcolonial promise of equality and development for all. The third movie, Bandit Queen represents feminine anger of the violated body of a “low” caste woman in rural India. From a dacoit, Phoolan transforms into a constitutionalist to speak about social justice. This indicates faith in Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s India and in the struggle for legal rights rather than armed insurrection. The main challenge of writing “low” caste women’s histories is that in the Indian feminist circles, the discourse slides into salvaging the pain rather than exploring and studying anger.