Concentrations Of FeSO4 Research Articles

Impact of iron sulfate (FeSO4) foliar application on growth, metabolites and antioxidative defense of Luffa cylindrica (Sponge gourd) under salt stress

Salt stress is becoming a major issue for the world’s environment and agriculture economy. Different iron [Fe] sources can give an environmentally friendly alternative for salt-affected soil remediation. In this study the effects of Iron sulfate on Luffa cylindrica (Sponge gourd) cultivated in normal and saline water irrigated soil were examined. When FeSO4 (0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 ppm) were applied to salt affected soil, the length, fresh and dry biomass of sponge gourd plant roots and shoots inclined by an average of 33, 28, 11, 21, 18 and 22%, respectively. In plants irrigated with saline water, leaf count was raised successively (23–115%) with increasing concentration of FeSO4 (0.025-0.1 ppm) compared to stress only plants. The use of FeSO4 boosted sponge gourd growth characteristics in both normal and salt-affected soils compared to respective controls. The application of Iron sulfate under salt stress boosted photosynthetic indices such as chlorophyll a (22%), chlorophyll b (34%), carotenoids (16%), and total chlorophyll levels (22%). Iron sulfate application also exhibited incline in primary (total free amino acids, 50%; total soluble proteins, 46%) and secondary (total phenolics, 9%; flavonoid content, 51%) metabolites in salt-affected soils. Oxidative enzymatic activities such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and DPPH scavenging activity (36%) were also increased by foliar spray of FeSO4 in control and salt stressed L. cylindrica plants. FeSO4 had a considerable impact on the growth and development of Luffa cylindrica in normal and salt-affected soils. It is concluded that FeSO4 application can effectively remediate salt affected soil and improve the production of crop plants.

Hybrid ANFIS-ant colony optimization model for prediction of carbamazepine degradation using electro-Fenton process catalyzed by Fe@Fe2O3 nanowire from aqueous solution

Pharmaceutical compounds, such as carbamazepine, have become a concern in aquatic environments due to their wide usage, resistance to degradation, and inefficiency of wastewater treatment processes. Therefore, it is important to find methods to remove these compounds from aqueous solutions. This study focuses on using Fe@Fe2O3 nanowires combined with electro Fenton process in an electrochemical reactor to decompose carbamazepine (CBZ). Various parameters were considered in 81 experiments, such as pH, current density, concentrations of FeSO4·7H2O, carbamazepine, Fe@Fe2O3, and reaction time. The removal efficiency ranged from 30.4 % to 88.6 %. This study utilized a hybrid adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) combined with the ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO). The ACO is integrated with the ANFIS models to determine the optimum values for the studied parameters. The implementation of optimization through ACO enhances the ANFIS models' ability. A total of 65 data points were used for training the model, and 16 data points were used to test it. The model's performance was assessed using the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9988), the root-mean-squared error (RMSE = 4.54E-03), and the average absolute relative deviation (AARD% = 0.7153). The optimal input parameters for CBZ removal were determined as follows: concentrations of CBZ, FeSO4·7H2O and Fe@Fe2O3 nanowire dose of 9.0 mg/L, 4.5 mg/L, and 1050.0 mg/L; contact time of 45.0 min; pH of 4.0; and current of 0.18 A, resulting in a removal efficiency of 91.2 %. Additionally, the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST) sensitivity analysis was applied to assess the influence of individual input parameters or their interactions on the model's output.

Recovery of neodymium and iron from NdFeB waste by combined electrochemical–hydrometallurgical process

The recovery of rare-earth elements and Fe from NdFeB waste has significant potential. However, conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes are energy intensive, chemical consuming, and accompanied by waste emissions, resulting in low-value iron products. This study introduced a combined electrochemical–hydrometallurgical process for NdFeB waste recovery. Electrochemical analysis revealed the active dissolution of NdFeB waste under 370 mA/cm2, enabling Fe2+ reduction to Fe even in the presence of Nd3+. Electrolysis at 60 °C using Nd2(SO4)3 and FeSO4 as electrolytes, along with H3BO3 as a pH buffer, resulted in the uniform dissolution of waste, releasing Nd3+ and Fe2+ into the electrolyte, whereas Fe2+ underwent electrodeposition onto Fe at the cathode. Investigation of FeSO4 concentration revealed its influence on current efficiency, cathode-product properties, and energy consumption. When the concentration of FeSO4 was 0.5 M, a cathode product with 87.94 wt% Fe and 0.03 wt% Nd was obtained. Finally, Nd was recovered by hydrometallurgical high-temperature crystallization at 90 °C under N2 atmosphere, yielding Nd2(SO4)3·nH2O mixed crystals with 0.1 wt% Fe. The process formed a closed loop, consuming only FeSO4 and a minimal amount of H2SO4, with an energy consumption of 0.73–1.53 kW·h/kg NdFeB.

High-level expression of leghemoglobin in Kluyveromyces marxianus by remodeling the heme metabolism pathway.

Soy leghemoglobin, when bound to heme, imparts a meat-like color and flavor and can serve as a substitute for animal-derived proteins. Enhancing cellular heme synthesis improves the recombinant expression of leghemoglobin in yeast. To achieve high-level expression of leghemoglobin A (LBA) in Kluyveromyces marxianus, a food-safe yeast, large-scale heme synthesis modules were transferred into K. marxianus using yeast artificial chromosomes (KmYACs). These modules contained up to 8 native and heterologous genes to promote the supply of heme precursors and downstream synthesis. Next, eight genes inhibiting heme or LBA synthesis were individually or combinatorially deleted, with the lsc1Δssn3Δ mutant yielding the best results. Subsequently, heme synthesis modules were combined with the lsc1Δssn3Δ mutant. In the resulting strains, the module genes were all actively expressed. Among these module genes, heterologous S. cerevisiae genes in the downstream heme synthesis pathway significantly enhanced the expression of their counterparts in K. marxianus, resulting in high heme content and LBA yield. After optimizing the medium recipe by adjusting the concentrations of glucose, glycine, and FeSO4·7H2O, a heme content of 66.32mg/L and an intracellular LBA titer of 7.27g/L were achieved in the engineered strain in a 5L fermentor. This represents the highest intracellular expression of leghemoglobin in microorganisms to date. The leghemoglobin produced by K. marxianus can be utilized as a safe ingredient for plant-based protein products.

Enhancing sludge dewaterability in sequential bioleaching: Degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by filamentous fungus Mucor sp. ZG-3 and the influence of energy source.

This study aimed to enhance sludge dewatering through sequential bioleaching, employing the filamentous fungus Mucor sp. ZG-3 and the iron-oxidizing bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans LX5. The mechanism by which Mucor sp. ZG-3 alleviates sludge dissolved organic matter (DOM) inhibition of A. ferrooxidans LX5 was investigated, and the optimal addition of energy source for enhanced sludge dewaterability during sequential bioleaching was determined. Sludge dissolved organic carbon (DOC) decreased to 272 mg/L with a 65.2% reduction by Mucor sp. ZG-3 in 3 days, and the degraded fraction of sludge DOM was mainly low-molecular-weight DOM (L-DOM) which inhibited the oxidization of Fe2+ by A. ferrooxidans LX5. By degrading significant inhibitory low-molecular-weight organic acids, Mucor sp. ZG-3 alleviated DOM inhibition of A. ferrooxidans LX5. In the sequential bioleaching process, the optimal concentration of FeSO4·7H2O for A. ferrooxidans LX5 was 4 g/L, resulting in the minimum specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of 2.60×1011 m/kg, 40.0% lower than that in the conventional bioleaching process with 10 g/L energy source. Moreover, the sequential bioleaching process increased the sludge zeta potential (from -31.8 to -9.47 mV) and median particle size (d50) of the sludge particle (from 17.90 to 27.44 μm), contributing to enhanced sludge dewaterability. Inoculation of Mucor sp. ZG-3 during the bioleaching process reduced the demand for energy sources by A. ferrooxidans LX5 while improving sludge dewaterability performance.

Investigation of Genes Encoding Siderophores in Escherichia coli Isolated from Cystitis Patients

Pathogenic bacteria represented a challenge in acquiring iron as it is typically bound to heme or by proteins like transferrin or lactoferrin in the body, to overcome this challenge, uropathogenic Escherichia.coli uses various strategies to capture iron, with siderophores being one of these strategies. Therefore, in this study aimed to identify the specific gene types (iucA, iroN and irp2) responsible for siderophore production in uropathogenic E.coli in the presence of FeSO4. And potential implications for understanding the role of siderophores in cystitis. A total of 300 urine samples were collected from patients with signs and symptoms of UTIs. The boiling method was used for DNA extraction, followed by the analysis of the presence of 3 siderophore genes using PCR. FeSO4 preparation performed using serial dilution method to prepare solution known concentration (10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, and 10-5), Iron sulfate was prepared and tested on EMB medium, the bacteria were cultured by spreading method and impregnated fitter paper, and bacterial growth was measured using a colony counter instrument. A total of 45 isolates of E.coli are recovered from (300) patients suffering from UTIs. Based on the results, it was found that 26 out of the 45 bacterial isolates contained the irp2 gene, while 5 isolates contained the iroN gene. While the third gene, iucA, was not present in any of the bacterial isolates. Additionally, the data showed in the presence of FeSO4 at concentrations of 10-4 showed a more prominent effect in increasing bacterial growth rate, however, cultures supplemented with iron at concentrations of 10-3 and 10-5 showed moderate growth and low growth at concentration 10-2, while a concentration of 10-1 had an inhibitory effect on growth of the E.coli. A set of 45 urine sample of E.coli isolated from outpatient in Al- Najaf center, it was found that the irp2 gene is one of the most prevalent genes in bacterial isolates, indicating its importance as a virulence factor in UTIs caused by E.coli. I found this study as well, the concentration of FeSo4 plays a significant role in its impact on the growth rate and gene expression of E.coli.

Study on biodegradation mechanism of Fusarium solani NK-NH1 on the hull wood of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck.

The Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is an ancient wooden ship in the Southern Song Dynasty. Currently, serious challenges of microbial diseases exist on the hull wood. This study aimed to obtain microbial samples from the ship hull in December 2021 and analyze the microbial diseases through scanning electron microscopy and high-throughput sequencing to preserve the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. The biodegradation mechanism of diseased microorganisms was explored through whole genome sequencing and the detection of enzyme activity and gene expression levels of diseased microorganisms under different conditions. The results showed that there was obvious fungal colonization on the surface of the hull wood and Fusarium solani NK-NH1 was the dominant disease fungus on the surface. NK-NH1 has strong cellulose and lignin degradation ability. Its whole genome size is 52,389,955 bp, and it contains 17,402 genes. It has a variety of key enzyme genes involved in cellulose and lignin degradation. The NK-NH1 dominant degrading enzyme lignin peroxidase has the highest enzyme activity at pH = 4, NaCl concentration of 30%, and FeSO4 concentration of 50 mg/L, while laccase has the highest enzyme activity at pH = 4, NaCl concentration of 10%, and FeSO4 concentration of 100 mg/L. The above research results prove that NK-NH1 is a key fungus to the biodegradation of ship hull wood when it is exposed to air, low pH, high salt, and rich in sulfur iron compounds. This study provides a theoretical basis for the preservation of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck.

Efficiency of FeSO4.7H2O as a Coagulant on Chromium Hexavalent Removal Using Coagulation-Flocculation Process: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD) is widely employed in the process of optimizing the applications of coagulants for wastewater treatment. The experiment aims to evaluate the effect of the FeSO4.7H2O concentration and settling time on removing the chromium hexavalent (Cr (VI)) from wastewater by coagulation-flocculation using RSM-CCD. This experiment was carried out based on the results of the model and optimization using the RSM-CCD to obtain the removal efficiency of Cr (VI) as well as determine the influence of the concentration of FeSO4.7H2O (X1) and settling time (X2). The RSM-CCD experimental design uses a two-factor and two-level design with 13 experimental runs and 5 center points. Inter-variable regression coefficients are also produced with the elimination of Cr (VI). The ANOVA test results showed a fairly significant figure for the assembled model. The model validation results show that the proposed model is compatible with the experimental results. RSM optimization shows optimum conditions based on experimental FeSO4.7H2O coagulant concentration variables and coagulation time at 150 mg/L coagulant concentration and 60 minutes of time, and the prediction results based on RSM-CCD optimization using Design Expert show the most optimum condition at 165,562 mg/L coagulant concentrations and 60,527 minutes of time.

Interactions of Different Streptomyces Species and Myxococcus xanthus Affect Myxococcus Development and Induce the Production of DK-Xanthenes.

The co-culturing of microorganisms is a well-known strategy to study microbial interactions in the laboratory. This approach facilitates the identification of new signals and molecules produced by one species that affects other species' behavior. In this work, we have studied the effects of the interaction of nine Streptomyces species (S. albidoflavus, S. ambofaciens, S. argillaceus, S. griseus, S. lividans, S. olivaceus, S. parvulus, S. peucetius, and S. rochei) with the predator bacteria Myxococcus xanthus, five of which (S. albidoflavus, S. griseus, S. lividans, S. olivaceus, and S. argillaceus) induce mound formation of M. xanthus on complex media (Casitone Yeast extract (CYE) and Casitone tris (CTT); media on which M. xanthus does not form these aggregates under normal culture conditions. An in-depth study on S. griseus-M. xanthus interactions (the Streptomyces strain producing the strongest effect) has allowed the identification of two siderophores produced by S. griseus, demethylenenocardamine and nocardamine, responsible for this grouping effect over M. xanthus. Experiments using pure commercial nocardamine and different concentrations of FeSO4 show that iron depletion is responsible for the behavior of M. xanthus. Additionally, it was found that molecules, smaller than 3 kDa, produced by S. peucetius can induce the production of DK-xanthenes by M. xanthus.

Hydrolysis Optimization of By-Products from the Potato Processing Industry and Biomethane Production from Starch Hydrolysates

This study aims to investigate the use of Fenton reagents for the efficient hydrolysis of starch, an industrial by-product obtained from the potato processing industry. A full factorial design experiment (FFD) was conducted and a statistical model was developed for simulating the hydrolysis process. The most important factors were the hydrolysis temperature and the amount of H2O2 followed by the interaction of FeSO4·7H2O and temperature. At maximum levels of FeSO4·7H2O (1.00g/L), H2O2 (0.51 g/L), and temperature (70.0 °C), a 99.5% hydrolysis yield was achieved, with a carbohydrate content of 28.65 g/L. Furthermore, analysis of hydrolysis kinetics demonstrated that an increased concentration of FeSO4·7H2O results in a decelerated rate of starch hydrolysis. Moreover, biodegradability tests were carried out to estimate the methane production potential from the produced hydrolysates. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was reached at 0.669 ± 0.014 g CH4-COD g−1 VSS day−1 proving the effectiveness of the hydrolysis process and highlighting the potential of industrial starch for bioenergy production. A preliminary cost analysis showed that a small investment for utilizing the starch in an existing wastewater treatment facility of a potato processing company becomes profitable before the end of the 3rd year, obtaining a net present value (NPV) 37.5% higher than that of the current utilization scenario.

Performance of Electro-Fenton Process for Phenol Degradation Using Nickel Foam as a Cathode

Toxic substances have been released into water supplies in recent decades because of fast industrialization and population growth. Fenton electrochemical process has been addressed to treat wastewater which is very popular because of its high efficiency and straightforward design. One of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is electro-Fenton (EF) process, and electrode material significantly affects its performance. Nickel foam was chosen as the source of electro-generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) due to its good characteristics. In the present study, the main goals were to explore the effects of operation parameters (FeSO4 concentration, current density, and electrolysis time) on the catalytic performance that was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). According to the results, nickel foam made an excellent choice as cathode material. The pH value was adjusted at 3 and the airflow at 10 L/h for all experiments. It was found that the optimal conditions were current density of 4.23 mA/cm2, Fe2+ dosage of 0.1 mM, and time of 5 h to obtain the removal rates of phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 81.335% and 79.1%, respectively. The results indicated that time had the highest effect on the phenol and COD removal efficiencies, while the impact of current density was the lowest. The high R2 value of the model equation (98.03%) confirmed its suitability.

Impacts of iron on ultrastructural features of NCI-H295R cell line related to steroidogenesis

The current study was intended to evaluate impacts of both iron (Fe) enrichment and overload (in the form of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O) on ultrastructural characteristics of human adrenocarcinoma NCI-H295R cell line. Here, the NCI-H295R cells were treated with 0, 3.90, and 1000 µM FeSO4.7H2O, and consequently proceeded for purposes of ultrastructural studies. Micrographs taken under transmission electron microscope (TEM) were investigated from the qualitative and quantitative (unbiased stereological approaches) aspects, and obtained findings were compared among the three groups of the cells. The ultrastructural features related to the steroidogenic process were found to be similar between the untreated and both Fe-exposed cell populations, with conspicuous mitochondria with well-defined lamellar cristae (creating clusters of varying sizes in the regions of increased energy demands) and concentric whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) being the most noticeable characteristics. The precise estimates of the component (volume, surface) fractions of the nucleus, mitochondria, and lipid droplets (LDs), as well as of the nucleus/cytoplasm (N/C) ratio have revealed close similarities (P > 0.05) in all cell groups investigated. Nonetheless, the low concentration of FeSO4.7H2O exhibited beneficial action on ultrastructural organization of the NCI-H295R cells. In effect, these cells were distinguished by mitochondria with smoother surfaces and clearer outlines, higher density of thin, parallel lamellar cristae (deeply extending into the mitochondrial matrix), and more widespread distribution of fine SER tubules as compared to the control ones, all of them suggesting higher level of energy requirements and metabolic activity, and more intensive rate of steroidogenesis. Interestingly, no obvious ultrastructural modifications were observed in the NCI-H295R cells treated with high FeSO4.7H2O concentration. This finding can be linked to either an adaptive ultrastructural machinery of these cells to cope with the adverse effect of the element or to insufficient dose of FeSO4.7H2O (1000 µM) to induce ultrastructural signs of cytotoxicity. Purposefully, the results of the current study complement our previous paper dealing with impacts of FeSO4.7H2O on the NCI-H295R cell viability and steroidogenesis at the molecular level. Hence, they fill a knowledge gap considering structure-function coupling in this cellular model system upon the metal exposure. This integrated approach can enhance our understanding of the cellular responses to Fe enrichment and overload which can be helpful for individuals with reproductive health concerns.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Copper Bioleaching: Comparative Study of Pure and Co-Cultured Cultivation.

Bioleaching is a practical method to recover metals from low-grade mineral sulfides. The most frequent bacteria involved in the bioleaching of metals from ores are Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Experimental design is a method through which the optimum activity condition will be obtained, avoiding numerous trials and errors. This study aimed to optimize the bioleaching condition of two indigenous iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from the Meydouk mine, Iran, and evaluate their function in a semi-pilot operation in pure and mixed cultures. After treatment with sulfuric acid, the bacterial DNA was extracted, and further 16S rRNA was sequenced to characterize the bacterial species. The cultivation condition of these bacteria was optimized using Design-expert (6.1.1 version) software. The copper recovery rate and the differentiation in the ORP rate in the percolation columns were also investigated. These strains were isolated from the Meydouk mine for the first time. 16S rRNA analysis revealed that both bacteria belong to the Acidithiobacillus genus. The factors with the most significant impact on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans with their optimum level were temperature=35 °C, pH=2.5, and initial FeSO4 concentration=25 g.L-1. Also, initial sulfur concentration had the most significant impact on Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans with the optimum level of 35 g.L-1. Moreover, the mixed culture determined higher bioleaching efficiency compared with the case of employing the pure cultures. Utilizing a mixture of both bacteria, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans elevated the Cu recovery rate due to the synergetic function of the strains. Also, introducing an initial dosage of sulfur and pre-acidification could elevate metal recovery efficiency.

Prolonged Antibacterial Activity in Tannic Acid-Iron Complexed Chitosan Films for Medical Device Applications.

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a global burden, leading to significant mortality and generating financial costs. One important cause of HAIs is the microbiological contamination of implantable medical devices. In this context, a novel antimicrobial drug-eluting system, based on chitosan and loaded with gentamicin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, was developed. The effects of the addition of tannic acid and different FeSO4 concentrations on the loaded antibiotic release were evaluated. The properties of the films were assessed in terms of thickness, swelling, mass loss and wettability. The films' surface composition was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibiotic release in phosphate buffer saline was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the antibacterial activity was evaluated. Hemolysis and cytotoxicity were also assessed. The results showed that the addition of tannic acid and iron decreased the swelling degree and degradation due to strong interactions between the different components, thus impacting gentamicin release for up to 35 days. In conclusion, this study presents a novel strategy to produce low-cost and biocompatible antimicrobial drug-eluting systems with sustained and prolonged antibacterial activity over more than a month.

Simple one-step synthesis of urchin-like Fe–Mn nanostructures via statistical design and their effects on the morphology

In the current investigation, a new urchin-like nanostructure using an authorized one-pot precipitation technique was synthesized using Taguchi statistical design. The effect of factors, including the concentration of FeSO4⋅7H2O, KMnO4, NaOH, and reaction temperature, on the diameter-to-length ratio of the nanoneedles and the regularity or irregularity morphology of other samples, was investigated. KMnO4 and FeSO4⋅7H2O, with a contribution of 32.62% and 30.9%, had the most substantial effect on the nanoneedles' diameter. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the as-prepared samples were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The length and needle diameter was obtained 140 and 17 nm, respectively. The result of BET analysis for the highest and the lowest value of D/L shows that the smallest ratio of diameter to length has a high specific surface area. The results show that sample S4 has a particular surface area of 74 m2/g, much more than S3 (25 m2/g). The estimated crystallite size in synthesized S3 and S4 samples are 41.64 and 26.49 nm, respectively.

Chemical Treatment of Sn‐Containing Transparent Conducting Oxides for the Enhanced Adhesion and Thermal Stability of Electroplated Metals

AbstractA surface treatment process, named ReTreat, is presented, and is shown to enhance the adhesion of electroplated metals on Sn‐containing transparent conducting oxides (TCOs). The ReTreat process uses Zn powders, FeSO4 and glycine‐buffered aqueous solutions (pH 3 to 5) in order to regulate a controlled and uniform conversion of SnO2 surfaces to SnO, Sn metal, and FexSny alloys. These surface metallic and intermetallic layers selectively enrich the electroplating of metallic films (including Ni, Au, and Ag). Subsequently, the process has been used to fabricate thermally stable metal films on rigid FTO‐coated glass and flexible ITO‐coated PET substrates. Standardized testing confirms that the metallic coatings exhibit sufficient adhesion to the underlying TCO with high thermal stability and tolerance to flexural strain. A reaction mechanism for the heterogenous surface treatment is deduced from X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and in situ transmittance measurements. These investigations show how the process parameters (e.g., Zn powders, FeSO4 concentration, pH, and TCO type) impact the reaction rate, morphology, and composition of the treated TCO surface. This report provides detailed insights necessary for the future implementation of this innovative surface treatment, which has the prospect to be a customary process for electroplating onto Sn‐containing TCOs.

(Digital Presentation) Electrodeposition of Thin Films of Femn Alloys for Biodegradable Scaffolds Fabrication

Biodegradable metallic scaffolds are interesting biomaterials for applications in temporary implants for bone regeneration because of their good mechanical properties. In addition, the need for a second surgery to remove the implant is reduced if biodegradable metals are used. Fe has adequate mechanical properties for scaffolds manufacture and suitable biocompatibility. However, Fe shows slow biodegradation rates for the application and, therefore, different approaches have been developed such as the development of alloys or by reducing the thickness of the Fe strut in the scaffold. FeMn alloys are considered ideal materials, as they are not ferromagnetic. In addition, additive manufacturing technologies (3D printing) are considered appropriate to manufacture these scaffolds due to the ability to obtain complicated geometries and customized parts for a specific bone injury site. Electrodeposition is also an interesting technique because it allows the deposition of thinner strut walls of Fe (or alloys) with high purity, in addition to providing a good surface finishing. The aim of the first part of this work is to electrodeposit thin films of FeMn alloys and to evaluate its microstructure and mechanical properties. The thin films were electrodeposited potentiostatically from sulfate electrolytes with different concentrations of FeSO4 and MnSO4. The effect of deaeration, substrate material and electrodeposition potential were evaluated. The microstructure of the electrodeposited films was characterized by SEM/EDX and XRD. The surface finishing was evaluated by AFM and the mechanical properties by microhardness measurements.

Study on the Preparation of Nano-FeS Loaded on Fly Ash and Its Cr Removal Performance.

Chromium has been considered as one of the most hazardous heavy metals because of its strong and persistent toxicity to the ecosystem and human beings. In this study, fly ash-loaded nano-FeS (nFeS-F) composites were constructed with fly ash as the carrier, and the performance and mechanism of the composites for the removal of Cr(VI) and total chromium from water were investigated. The composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of fly ash size, molarity of FeSO4, and flow rate of FeSO4 solution on the removal of Cr(VI) and total chromium were investigated by a single factor experiment. The interaction of various factors was studied by the Box-Behnken response surface methodology. The optimum conditions of removal of Cr(VI)and total chromium by nFeS-F were determined. The results show that ① the optimal preparation conditions for nFeS-F were an FeSO4 concentration of 0.45 mol/L, a fly ash particle size of 120–150 mesh, and a flow rate of 0.43 mL/s.② The response surface model provides reliable predictions for the removal efficiencies of Cr(VI) and total chromium.③ The removal efficiencies of Cr(VI) and total chromium were 92.87 and 83.53%, respectively, under the optimal preparation conditions by the experimental test. This study provides an effective method for the removal of Cr(VI) and total chromium.

Importance of Locations of Iron Ions to Elicit Cytotoxicity Induced by a Fenton-Type Reaction.

Simple SummaryThe Fenton reaction generates the hydroxyl radical (•OH), which is the most reactive and toxic reactive oxygen species and widely recognized as a key player in oxidative stress. To clarify whether this highly reactive molecule travels to its biological target, the effects of the site of the Fenton reaction on cytotoxicity were investigated. Cytotoxicity induced by the Fenton reaction was affected by the distribution of iron ions surrounding and/or being incorporated into cells. Cytotoxicity was enhanced when the Fenton reaction occurred inside cells. Instead of enhancing cytotoxicity, extracellular iron ions exerted protective effects against the cytotoxicity of extracellular hydrogen peroxide in an ion concentration-dependent manner. Distance had a negative impact on the reactivity of extracellular •OH and biologically effective targets. Furthermore, an assessment of plasmid DNA breakage showed that the Fenton reaction system did not effectively induce DNA breakage.The impact of the site of the Fenton reaction, i.e., hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation, on cytotoxicity was investigated by estimating cell lethality in rat thymocytes. Cells were incubated with ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or pre-incubated with FeSO4 and then H2O2 was added after medium was replaced to remove iron ions or after the medium was not replaced. Cell lethality in rat thymocytes was estimated by measuring cell sizes using flow cytometry. High extracellular concentrations of FeSO4 exerted protective effects against H2O2-induced cell death instead of enhancing cell lethality. The pre-incubation of cells with FeSO4 enhanced cell lethality induced by H2O2, whereas a pre-incubation with a high concentration of FeSO4 exerted protective effects. FeSO4 distributed extracellularly or on the surface of cells neutralized H2O2 outside cells. Cytotoxicity was only enhanced when the Fenton reaction, i.e., the generation of •OH, occurred inside cells. An assessment of plasmid DNA breakage showed that •OH induced by the Fenton reaction system did not break DNA. Therefore, the main target of intracellularly generated •OH does not appear to be DNA.

Removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from hospital wastewater by electro fenton process using graphite–graphite electrochemical system

Removal of COD from hospital wastewater generated from Al- Diwaniyah hospital located in Iraq was achieved using graphite–graphite electro-Fenton (EF) system. The effect of various operational parameters on the COD removal efficiency was investigated based on response surface methodology (RSM). Optimal conditions were the current density of 20mA/cm2, FeSO4 concentration of, and time of It achieved a COD elimination efficiency of 97.964 % at a specific energy consumption of 10.78 kWh/kg. The results indicated that time had the least effect on the efficiency with which chemical oxygen demand is eliminated, however, the share of current density had the greatest effect, followed by the FeSO4 concentration. The adequacy of the model equation was confirmed by its high R2 value (99.62%). The present study shows that the graphite–graphite EF system was an efficient tool for removing COD from hospital wastewaters.