Percentage Of Fertilization Research Articles

Fertilization and developmental competence of in vitro fertilized embryos from C57BL/6J mice of different ages and the impact of vitrification.

Prepubertal animals are often preferred as sources of oocytes for assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in laboratory mice, but the normality and developmental competence of these oocytes remain controversial. This study systematically examined in vitro fertilization competence, embryo development, and fetal development after embryo transfer (ET) using oocytes from C57BL/6J mice aged 3 to 10 weeks. Oocytes were collected from superovulated females, fertilized, and cultured in vitro for 96 h or transferred at 2-cell stage to recipient females. Additionally, fetal development was compared between unfrozen and frozen-thawed in vitro-fertilized 2-cell embryos across different age groups. The number of ovulated oocytes per animal decreased with age, while the percentage of morphologically normal oocytes was highest in 3-week-old mice (99%) compared to older ages (70-86%, P < 0.05). Although fertilization percentages were consistently high (≥ 97%), blastocyst development in vitro, the nuclear counts of blastocysts and fetal development after ET were lowest for embryos from 3-week-old mice. Development of frozen-thawed embryos to fetuses was significantly reduced compared to unfrozen embryos in all age groups, except for those from 10-week-old mice. These findings suggest that oocytes from prepubertal mice, particularly from 3-week-old mice, are less developmentally competent than those from older mice. Therefore, the age of animals for oocyte source should be carefully considered based on the specific requirements of the research or ART applications.

Genetic Variability and Association Studies for Morpho-floral Traits in Backcross Introgression Lines of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Background: Wild introgressions are pivotal in enriching the genetic diversity of cultivated varieties by introducing novel alleles beneficial for crop improvement. Understanding insights into genetic variability and association studies of morphological and floral traits are crucial for enhancing hybrid seed production in rice. Methods: 290 backcross introgression lines (BC4F2) from inter-specific cross of CRMS 32B (maintainer of male sterile line as low stigma exsertion recipient parent) cv. Oryza sativa with Oryza longistaminata (wild rice as high stigma exsertion donor parent) were assessed for 12 morpho-floral traits. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) at Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, during Kharif, 2019. Result: ANOVA results showed significant differences among lines for all examined traits. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was slightly greater than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for each trait. High PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for dual stigma exsertion percentage (DSE%) and total stigma exsertion percentage (TSE%), whereas moderate to high values of these parameters were noted for single stigma exsertion percentage (SSE%), grain yield per plant (GYPP), effective tillers per plant (ETPP) and grains per panicle (GPP) traits. Most traits showed positive skewness, except traits SFP (spikelet fertility percentage), SSE% and TSE%. Most traits recorded leptokurtic kurtosis, whereas plant height (PH), GYPP and TSE% exhibited platykurtic kurtosis. TSE% displayed a highly significant positive association with SSE% and DSE%, while GYPP showed a significant positive correlation with ETPP and GPP, presenting a promising opportunity for simultaneous selection of these traits.

Optimizing an Ultisol of marginal land for soybean cultivation through inorganic fertilizer substitution with Tithonia compost and biochar ameliorant

Soybean has a strategic role as a food commodity in Jambi, Indonesia, but until now, it has still not been self-sufficient. There is still an opportunity to increase soybean productivity in Jambi by 35-49.6% by optimizing the use of marginal, dominated by Ultisol, which has low inherent soil fertility. One of the efforts that can be made to improve soil fertility for cultivating soybean plants in Jambi is to utilize compost and biochar as soil ameliorants to substitute for inorganic fertilizer. This study aimed to assess the effect of compost and biochar ameliorant as substitutes for inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of soybean plants grown on an Ultisol of Jambi. The experiment was arranged in a simple randomized block design with the combination of the percentage of inorganic fertilizer with compost and biochar ameliorant (100+0, 75+25, 50+50, 25+75, and 0+100) as the treatment factors. The observed variables were plant height, number of branches, plant nitrogen content, rate of symbiotically fixed nitrogen, weight of 100 seeds, and yield. The results showed that providing compost and biochar ameliorants can replace the role of inorganic fertilizer, and providing 100% compost and biochar ameliorant and a combination of 25% inorganic fertilizer and 75% compost biochar ameliorant can provide the highest growth and yield in soybean plants planted in Ultisol dry land.

The effectiveness of sodium chloride for the treatment of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) caviar from saprolegniosis

The article presents the results of experimental work on the treatment of fertilized oocytes and developing embryos of the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) with 0,8% sodium chloride solution by various methods in order to suppress the growth and development of the family micromycetes sem. Saprolegniaceae, which cause saprolegniosis of eggs during factory incubation. Due to the intensive development of commercial aquaculture, an increase in the scale of artificial reproduction, as well as taking into account the limitations of the use of previously used veterinary drugs to combat saprolegniosis of incubated caviar, this research area is relevant. The purpose of the research work was to evaluate the effectiveness of using three different methods of treating caviar infected with micromycetes sem. Saprolegniacea with a solution of sodium chloride. Experimental work was carried out in factory conditions in the incubation apparatus «Sturgeon» under optimal hydrochemical conditions for the development of Russian sturgeon embryos. The experimental groups corresponded to the methods used (therapeutic baths and drip method in the apparatus, therapeutic baths outside the incubation system). The experiment was carried out in parallel in 2 repetitions in the presence of a control. In the course of the work, fish-breeding, biological and hydrochemical research methods were used. The effectiveness of the effect of sodium chloride solution by three different methods (drip method, therapeutic baths in an incubation apparatus of the «Sturgeon» type, short-term therapeutic baths outside the incubation system) on the embryonic development of sturgeon and micromycetes was assessed by such indicators as the percentage of fertilization of eggs, normally and abnormally developing embryos, hatched pre-larvae, the proportion of embryos infected with saprolegnium micromycetes at two stages of caviar development (stages 16 and 22). The most effective method that improves the fish-breeding and biological parameters of incubated Russian sturgeon caviar and reduces the extent of its invasion by family micromycetes sem. Saprolegniaceae is a drip method.

Comparative Study of Synthetic Hormones Ovaprim and Pitutary Extract in Induced Breeding of Indian Major Carps ( IMC)

In the present study during June 2020- May 2021 observed the spawing response of ovaprim compard with pituitary extract in Indian major carps (IMC). The research work was carried out at fish breeding center, Jayakwadi Paithan 60 K.M away from Aurangabad (M.S) India. Total ten trial doses of carp pituitary extract (CPE) used for induced breeding in Indian major carps i.e. Catla catla , Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. The percentage of fertilization ranged (88.11-97.94%) was found with ovaprim treatment and (53.19-85.48 %) with pituitary extract treatment. The percentage hatchling ranged (74.70-95.92 %) with ovaprim treatment and (60- 58.82%) with pituitary extract treatment.

Effect of Administering Serially Diluted Suprecur and Motilium (Dopamine Blocker) on the Breeding Performance of Clarias gariepinus

This study was designed to determine the effect of using serially diluted Buserelin acetate (Suprecur), which is a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) with dopamine antagonist (Motilium) on the latency period, fecundity, percentage fertilization and percentage hatching of Clarias gariepinus. Treatments administered include 50ug/l, 40ug/l, 20ug/l and 10ug/l of Suprecur in tandem with 5mg/kg of Motilium. Metrics obtained include egg numbers, latency period, fertilization rate, hatching rates, and survival to first feeding. The results obtained demonstrated that the use of Suprecur (LHRHa) together with dopamine antagonist (Motilium) successfully induced ovulation in the experimental Clarias gariepinus broodfish. The highest fecundity was from the treatment T40 There was no significant difference in egg weights stripped from each treated group. The application of 50 µg/kg of Suprecur with 5mg/kg of Motilium resulted in earlier synchronization of ovulation (Latency period; 12 hours). Results of the fertilization percentage indicated that an increase in the dose of LHRHa did not significantly affect the fertilization rate in treated groups of broodfish. Overall superiority of 50 µg/kg of Suprecur plus 5mg/kg of Motilium in spawning induction was proved by significantly high hatchability, 83.56%. Broodstock used for the 40µg/kg dose had the highest fecundity. There was no significant correlation (p&gt;0.05) between the water quality parameters and the breeding parameters. In conclusion, the result obtained clearly indicates an overall superiority of using 50 µg/kg of Suprecur together with 5mg/kg of Motilium to induce spawning with regard to the recorded high hatchability percentage.

DETERMINATION OF FERTILITY OF FIRST CALVING COWS UNDER DIFFERENT HOUSING

The best fertilization rate of firstborns was established at the farm “Kutuzivka” under free housing, it was 11% times higher than at the farm “Agroprogres”, and 7% higher than the farm “Dekabrystiv”. The influence of the "farm" factor – 1.0% was probable (p &lt; 0.001). In our opinion, the higher percentage of fertile inseminations of firstborns is explained by the use of an automatic system for determining sexual desire at the farm "Kutuzivka".The season of the year was the most influential factor in the fertilization of the first-born cows among the factors of the external environment. The largest number of inseminations of first-borns at farm “Agroprogres” was in the summer (28%), and the lowest in the winter (23%). On the farm of the farm “Dekabrystiv”, a greater number of inseminations were also carried out in the summer (30%) months, and the smallest share of inseminations – in the winter (21%). The nature of this impact is explained not by the state of the environment, but by the housing technology and feeding animals. During the first insemination after calving, a slightly lower percentage of fertilization of first-borns was observed in all studied farms. During the second insemination, it increased by 4% in the animals of the farm “Agroprogres”, by 7% in the farm “Decembrists”, by 3% in the farm "Kutuzivka". In the subsequent growth of the number of insemination of firstborns in the first two farms did not lead to probable changes in fertility. At the same time, the animals of the the farm "Kutuzivka", starting from the 5th insemination, were fertilized by 11–23% less than from the second insemination. The influence of this factor on the effectiveness of insemination of cows was improbable in the farm “Agroprogres” and amounted to 0.7%, in the farm “Dekabristov” and the farm "Kutuzivka" 0.8%. It was established that in all experimental farms, the number of artificial insemination after the first calving of cows is not the main factor that determines its fertility. The main factor related to the efficiency of insemination is the stage of lactation. Correlation coefficients of the lactation day with the number of artificial insemination in experimental farms ranged from +0.545 to +0.723 and with the daily productivity of first-borns equaled from +0.156 to +0.383. Low fertility in the first 90 days of lactation is primarily due to a high milk dominance, possibly a negative energy balance during this period of lactation.

Experience of reproduction of pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758) using the factory method

The article is devoted to the conducted experience of reproduction of the common pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758) in the conditions of industrial fish farming. Pike is an important object of aquaculture, used for biomelioration of reservoirs and for amateur fishing. The purpose of this work was to obtain pike larvae by the factory method with a different method of incubation of eggs. To obtain sexual products, pike producers were selected, after bonification they were landed in pools on a direct-flow system. Eggs from females were obtained by pumping, into enameled containers separately for each individual, sperm from males was obtained by slaughtering. After fertilization, the eggs were de-glued and placed in a Weiss apparatus for incubation, a total of 23.75 million pieces of eggs were obtained, the average fertility of females was 25 thousand eggs, the percentage of fertilization was 70%. To conduct the experiment, the eggs were divided into two parts, the group was left for incubation in Weiss devices. Group II at the 22nd stage of development, the “pigmented eye stage”, was placed on frames with a mosquito net of a smaller diameter measuring 0.5 by 0.5 m, with a side height of 1.5 cm in the ICA-2 pools. In the group I at the 24th stage of eggs development, hatching occurred, the survival rate of the larva was 27.3%, in the group II, hatching was 40.8%. At the stage before the transition to active nutrition, the larvae were collected in polyethylene transport bags with oxygen and released into a natural reservoir. Transportation was carried out at 12 degrees, at 2000 pcs/l.

Principal component analysis of morpho-floral traits in Oryza sativa × Oryza longistaminata advanced backcross lines of rice

Hybrid rice technology substantially improves the food security of South Asian countries where rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food. Several traits contribute to hybrid seed production efficiency, among which stigma exsertion is crucial for enhancing production by facilitating out-crossing pollination. This study evaluated the variation patterns and relative impact of 12 morpho-floral traits on overall variability in advanced backcross lines derived from crosses CRMS 32B cv. Oryza sativa and Oryza longistaminata. For this study, 290 BC4F2 lines were grown during Kharif 2019 in 3 replications using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on all traits, and the findings revealed 11 principal components (PCs). Out of 11 PCs, the first five displayed eigenvalues exceeding 1, collectively explaining 78.78% of the total variability. PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5 contributed 26.36%, 19.94%, 14.22%, 9.81%, and 8.44% of the variation, with eigenvalues of 3.16, 2.39, 1.71, 1.18 and 1.01, respectively. PC1 was predominantly associated with yield-related traits such as panicle length, plant height, grain yield per plant, grains per panicle, and effective tillers per plant. On the other hand, PC2 was mainly associated with outcrossing-related floral traits such as total stigma exsertion percentage, dual stigma exsertion percentage, and single stigma exsertion percentage. However, PC3 and PC4 were associated with both floral and yield-related traits, i.e., days to 50% flowering (DF), days to maturity (DM), plant height (PH), effective tillers per plant (ETPP), spikelet fertility percentage (SFP), grain yield per plant (GYPP) and grains per panicle (GPP). Therefore, PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 were major contributors to rice hybrid seed production.

THE COMPARISON OF FERTILIZING CAPACITY OF NATIVE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE MALE CHICKENS

This experiment was conducted to compare and estimate the fertilizing capacity of native with New Hampshire chicken semen. Also to study the effect. Of different levels of semen dosage on fertility percentage, duration’ of fertility and duration of fertilizing ability. In this experiment (12) native and (12) N.H. male chicken with (240) Hisex laying hens have been used. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were no significant (P&gt;0.05) differences between the native and N.H. male chickens for the fertilizing capacity. fertilizing percentage in duration of fertility and fertility duration. The values were 90.40, 90.73%; 85.77, 85.60%; 12.11, 12.3 days for native and N.H. chickens, respectively. There were no significant (P&gt;0.05) effect of increasing semen concentration (100, 200, 300 million sperm) per single insemenation on the percentage of fertilization and duration of fertility percentage. The values for percentage of fertilization, duration of fertility percentage and fertility duration were 89.76%, 91.79, 90.14; 85.33%, 88.72, 83.01; 12.24, 11.90, 12.50 days, respectively. Using the above mentioned concentration levels, no significant interaction was found between semen concentration and male groups.

Correlation between BMPR1B Gene Polymorphism and some Reproductive Traits in Awassi Sheep

The (BMPR-1B) gene is one of the main genes for ewe fertility. This study was conducted to check the association between BMPR-IB gene polymorphisms and some traits of Awassi. This study was made in Anbar Governorate - (Agricultural Research Department) Al-Dawar. Date of experience collected from 34 ewes at the age of 4-6 years. Next, DNA was extracted and a PCR reaction was performed to amplify blood samples taken from the ewes to confirm the presence of the BMPR1B gene. The sequence was determined using Sanger sequencing technology. The data were then analyzed and compared between sample sequences to determine SNPs, genotype frequencies, allele frequencies, and their association with reproductive and growth traits. The results showed mutations in the heteroplasmy site rs410310346 (T&gt;C) and rs592447725 (G&gt;A). The results indicated that the TC genotype at the mutation site rs410310346 (T&gt;C) was significantly superior (P≤0.05) in ewes whose rates of fertility and body length were higher compared to the CC genotype. The genotypes haven’t got an important effect on the proportion of twins, fertility rate, chest circumference, front height, ewe birth weight, and lamb weight at birth. The relationship of genotype GG and GA at the mutation site rs592447725 (G &gt; A) showed a very significant effect (P≤0.01) on the percentage fertility rate and a noteworthy result (P≤0.05) on body length, height at the front and birth weight of lambs, but there isn’t a big impact. In the percentage of twins, fertility rate, chest circumference, and birth weight of ewes. Therefore, the effect of the BMPR1B gene can be used as a genetic marker to select ewes with good genotypes to improve herd performance.

Influence of Tank Water Depths on Reproductive Performance of Catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) Valenciennes, 1840

Aims: To determine the optimum water depth required for catfish spawning in hatcheries. Study Design: Treatments were assigned using complete randomized design. Place and Duration of Study: Fish Farm Complex of the Akwa Ibom State University (AKSU), Nigeria. Methodology: Eighteen (18) similarly-sized H. longifilis broodstock (2.51-2.53 kg, 64 – 66 cm): comprising six broodstock of three males and three females, were held for six months at 0.50 m, 0.75 m and 1.0 m pond water depth. All males were sacrificed for milt extraction without hormonal inducement; with milt from each treatment diluted with normal saline solution. Female broodstock from each treatment were separately induced with ovaprim hormones at a single dosage of 0.5ml/kg body weight of fish and allowed for 16 hours before manual stripping; 3g of egg from each broodstock and mixed with the diluted milt and activated with 100 ml of normal saline. The fertilized eggs were incubated and thereafter assessed for percentage fertilization, hatchability, survival and fry production success. Results: broodstock reproductive parameters significantly increased (P = 0.00) with water depth of broodstock culture tank. Percentage fertilizations were: 49.50±0.78, 68.17±0.93, and 82.50±1.44; respectively. Percentage hatchability of broodstock eggs were: 91.37±1.65 significantly higher for 1.0 m water depth group than 67.79±4.58 from 0.75 m water depth treatment while the least value of hatchability 50.31± 0.78 was recorded for broodstock raised at 0.50 m water depth. The fish group raised at 1.0 m water depth also exhibited highest percentage survival value of 97.02 ± 1.09 and fry production success value of 73.08 ± 0.53 while broodstock raised at 0.50 m water depth indicated the least values: % survival, 8.38 ± 0.48 and fry production success of 2.07 ± 0.07. Conclusion: In times or places of water scarcity, H. longifilis broodstock may be raised at pond water of 0.5 m to 1.0 m. But the water depth that would afford the best breeding and reproductive performance is at 1.0 m depth.

Genetic Variability and Cause-Effect Relationship in Aromatic Rice

Twenty diverse rice genotypes, mostly aromatic landraces, were grown during warm wet season of 2022 to analyse the genetic variability, correlation and path coefficients for sixteen agro-morphological characters. The results of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability, heritability, and genetic advance indicated that improvement through selection for flag leaf angle, panicle exertion, secondary branches per panicle, test weight, spikelet number, and number of filled grains would be effective. Correlation coefficients of grain yield with flag leaf area, spikelet fertility percentage, test weight and harvest index were positive and significant, while with flag leaf angle it was negative and significant indicating the importance of these characters on grain yield. Path analysis revealed that selection for larger flag leaf area, greater test weight and narrow flag leaf angle, reduced plant height and early flowering would increase grain yield. However, restrictions are required to be imposed on panicle number, panicle length and filled grain, so that a balance between morphological architecture and physiological rhythm is maintained to optimize source-sink relationship.

Notes on Distribution and Biology of &lt;i&gt;Ceratopteris thalictroides&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Brongn. (Parkeriaceae) Wlth Special Reference to Spore Production and Fertility under Pollution Stress

Present paper deals with 8 samples of water fern-Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. growing in the fresh water lakes of Indian Botanic Garden, Shibpur, Howrah and in nearby areas inundated by different factory wastes containing hydrocarbons, saponins, mercury residues and various heavy metals in addition to acidic and alkaline residues.Biology of the water fern including spore production, fertility, germination etc. have been studied under control (IBG lakes) and field stress conditions. It is observed that environmental and pollution stress cause severe alteration in the life cycle of this aquatic fern affecting spore production rate, fertility percentage and germination. It is also observed that presence of humus in the soil, salinity and pH of the water also affect the biology and phenotypic plasticity of this water fern. Present observation will be very much helpful in further studies on the biology of the aquatic plants.

Differential Expression of Restorer Gene on Different Nuclear Background with Maldandi cytoplasm in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

To investigate the expression of restorer gene on different nuclear background an experiment was carried out using six iso-plasmic male sterile lines with maldandi cytoplasm, and each having different nuclear background. These lines were hybridized with a strong and stable restorer to generate six iso-plasmic hybrids at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), UAS Dharwad during rabi -2020-21. These hybrids were then evaluated for pollen fertility and seed set percentage during rabi -2021-22. The results found that, pollen fertility percentage of six iso-plasmic hybrids ranged from 69.82 per cent for ICSA 88004 A4 (M) × DSMR 8 to 92.42 per cent for M31-2A (M) × DSMR 8. Similarly, for seed set percentage M31-2A (M) × DSMR 8 and ICSA 88004 A4 (M) × DSMR 8 exhibited highest (85.17 per cent) and lowest (61.19 per cent), respectively. All the six iso-plasmic hybrids had varied expression for pollen fertility and seed set percentage which suggests that the restorer gene expressed differentially in different nuclear genome of female parent. The probable reasons for variation in fertility restoration behaviour are, abundance of inhibitors in the female parent or variation in the expressivity of restorer gene or influence of minor or modifier genes in the restorer parent or interaction between nuclear genes of both the parents.

El Efecto de bioaditivos en indicadores bioproductivos de cobayas (Cavia porcellus) nulíparas y sus crías

Objective. To evaluate the effect of biopreparations obtained from agroindustrial by-products fermented with lactic acid bacteria and yeasts on the bioproductive behavior of primiparous guinea pigs and their offspring. Materials and methods. A total of 40 nulliparous guinea pigs were used, with 125 d of age, 1450 g of live weight, distributed in four groups of 10 animals each. T1, Control (basal diet without additive); T2, substrate fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus. T3, substrate fermented with Kluyveromyces fragilis and T4, substrate fermented with L. acidophillus and K. fragilis. A completely randomized design was used where weight gain during pregnancy, age at first delivery, percentage of fertility, conception index, health, and values ​​of hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume were evaluated. Results. Weight gain during pregnancy was greater (P &lt;0.05) in T4; the age at first delivery was reduced (P &lt;0.05) in Treatment 4; the fertility percentage and the conception index were better (P &lt;0.05) in the animals that consumed the T4 biopreparation, the occurrence of diarrhea was lower (P &lt;0.05) in the T4 group. Hematological values ​​ware improved in all groups that consumed biopreparations. Conclusions. The use of agroindustrial substrates fermented with L. acidophilus and K. fragilis improved the productive and reproductive indicators in primiparous guinea pigs. In addition, it intervenes in the improvement of health and hematological values.

Isolation of endophytic fungi from wild rice species for disease management and growth promotion in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.)

ABSTRACT The focus of plant health management is shifting from synthetic chemicals to bio-agents, and endophytes are beneficial for this purpose. In the present study, we isolated eleven endophytic fungi from seven wild rice species. Independent treatment of endophytic fungi in rice showed significant improvements in plant growth, higher tillering and percent fertility, panicle number/hill and filled grain number in endophyte-inoculated plants compared to control plants. Growth promotion activities of two endophytes Curvularia lunata (NRRI EF-11) and Hypocreals sp. (NRRI EF-8) were recorded with increased rice yield. These isolates also exhibited higher plant growth promoting chemicals namely, Indole acetic acid (IAA) and Inorganic phosphate (IP) which was realised into better growth promotion in rice. The biocontrol efficacy of endophytic fungi was highest in NRRI EF-11among all isolates as indicated by inhibition of radial growth of pathogens by 76.98–77.06% and in NRRI EF-8 by 74.81–76.61%, which is due to higher production of prussic acid. Defense induction was confirmed by analyzing the expression of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) defense enzymes, where expression of CAT, POD and SOD increased by 19.44–25.86, 2.70–3.16, 11.14–12.95 Units g−1 in treated NRRI EF-11 plants and 18.39–25.84, 2.16–2.94, 10.96–12.62 Units g−1 in treated NRRI EF-8 plants, respectively. These two endophytes have the potentiality to manage crop health in a sustainable way.

Genetic characterization and diversity analysis of indigenous aromatic rice

Gangetic old alluvial zone in India has conserved many locally adapted aromatic rice landraces. In order to determine the extent of genetic divergence of ten morphological characters, the study was conducted to examine forty-eight aromatic rice genotypes for six Kharif seasons (2016–2021) at the Instructional Farm of Regional Research Station (Old Alluvial Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Majhian, West Bengal, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. A considerable degree of variation was noted for all the traits being investigated. It was found that the total number of tillers per plant, panicle numbers per plant, number of grains per panicle, fertility percentage, test weight, and grain length/breadth ratio had significantly positive correlated with seed yield per plant. Based on D2 analysis values, all the genotypes were grouped into six clusters. Cluster III (Tulaipanji, Patnai, Basmati 1121, Jugal, and Bahurupi) and Cluster VI (Kanakchur), containing genotypes were found most divergent with maximum inter-cluster distance (6941.51). According to the cluster means, Cluster II had the largest intra-cluster distance (1937.52), and important attributes including test weight, number of grains per panicle, seed yield per plant, and fertility percentage made remarkably significant contributions to this cluster. In terms of principal component analysis, maximum variability was found in PC1 (23.88 %), with high positive loading values for tillers per plant (0.459), panicle number per plant (0.441), seed yield per plant (0.408), fertility percentage (0.364), test weight (0.264), and grain length/breadth (L/B) ratio (0.263). On the basis of biplot analysis, four genotypes, namely Shakbhati, Sugandhi, Bahurupi and Kanakchur, were identified as the most divergent types for the yield-attributing traits of aromatic rice. The diverse genotypes could be used as potential donors in future breeding programmes.

ANTISAPROLEGNIA ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE IN BUNNEI (BARBUS SHARPEYI) HATCHERY

Usage of chemicals such as malachite green to disinfect fish eggs in aquaculture has been banned in many countries around the world due to its environmental negative impact. This study aimed to evaluate the Zingiber officinale rhizomes extract as an antifungal agent during incubation period of Bunnei eggs and comparison of its effects with malachite green. For this purpose 24 hours after fertilization, methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes in four groups with a concentration of 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mg/L and three replications per concentration in a (10 minute) bath every 12 hours and malachite green group with a concentration of 0.1 mg/L for (6 minutes) bath was used twice a day and control group without antifungal agents under the same physiochemical conditions as other treatments were tested. The present study showed that the highest percentage of fungal infection was 41.82±0.5 % for the control group and the lowest 0.3±0.5 % was obtained for the treatment of 1250 mg/L of Zingiber officinale rhizomes. Also, the results showed that there were significant differences between treatments of different concentrates of Zingiber officinale rhizomes and with malachite green group in fungal infection, percentage of fertilization and survival do not exist (P&gt;0.05.) No apparent deformity and abnormality were observed in the hatched larvae of Bunnei, so the extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes with concentration 500 mg /L can be used to disinfect Bunnei eggs during Incubation period and safe material for humans and the environment.

Physiological and Biochemical Basis of Variation in Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under CA-based Crop Establishment Methods and Nutrient Management in R-W Cropping System

Background: Crop establishment methods and nutrient management practices treatments were continuously practiced in the same plots since 2011-12 as a part of long-term experiment. A field study was conducted during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 i.e. during 9th and 10th year of study to investigate the effects of CE methods and nutrient management on growth, physiological, biochemical, yield attributes and yield of rice crop. Methods: Field experiments were carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, laid out in split plot design replicated thrice with four crop establishment (CE) methods viz., CT (puddled transplanted) rice-CT wheat (CE1),CTDSR rice-CT wheat (CE2), CTDSR- ZT wheat (rice residue retention) (CE3), ZT rice-ZT wheat (residue retention in rice and wheat) (CE4) in main plots and three nutrient management (NM) practices viz., FP (164 kg N, 50 kg P2O5, 32 kg K2O and 4 kg Zn ha-1) (N1), RFD (150 kg N, 60 kg P2O5, 60 kg K2O and 5 kg Zn ha-1) (N2) and SSNM- RWCM recommendation (N3). The rice variety used was ‘Sarju-52’ in the present study. Result: The recorded data revealed that ZT rice–ZT wheat (CE4) recorded significantly higher plant height, tillers hill-1, leaf area, RWC, total chlorophyll content and protein content as compared to other CE methods. Among NM practices, SSNM-RWCM (N3) recorded significantly higher plant height, tillers hill-1, leaf area and protein content, whereas, RWC and total chlorophyll content did not differ significantly over farmer’s practice and recommended fertilizer dose. Improved growth and physio-chemical attributes in ZT rice-ZT wheat (CE4) and SSNM-RWCM (N3) resulted in significantly higher panicles hill-1, fertility percentage and number of filled grains panicle-1 over other CE methods and NM practices. Panicle length, spikelets panicle-1 and test weight showed non-significant differences. Grain yield, straw yield and biological yield were significantly higher in ZT rice-ZT wheat (CE4) among CE methods and SSNM-RWCM (N3) among NM practices. The harvest index showed non-significant differences for CE methods and NM practices both.