Ferroptosis In Cancer Cells Research Articles

Ferroptosis in Cancer: Epigenetic Control and Therapeutic Opportunities

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a critical pathway in cancer biology. This review delves into the epigenetic mechanisms that modulate ferroptosis in cancer cells, focusing on how DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs influence the expression and function of essential genes involved in this process. By unraveling the complex interplay between these epigenetic mechanisms and ferroptosis, the article sheds light on novel gene targets and functional insights that could pave the way for innovative cancer treatments to enhance therapeutic efficacy and overcome resistance in cancer therapy.

Role and mechanism of KIAA1429 in regulating cellular ferroptosis and radioresistance in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common non-cutaneous malignancies, causing significant mortality and a substantial burden. This study aims to explore the role of KIAA1429 (also known as vir-like m6A methyltransferase associated [VIRMA]) protein in the radioresistance of CRC. CRC cells and a radioresistant cell line were cultured, and KIAA1429 expression was detected. After the down-regulation of KIAA1429, its effect on the radioresistance and ferroptosis of cancer cells was analyzed. The role of ferroptosis in radioresistance was verified. The binding relationship among long non-coding RNA endogenous Bornavirus-like nucleoprotein 3, pseudogene (lncRNA EBLN3P), microRNA (miR)-153-3p, and KIAA1429 was analyzed. KIAA1429 and lncRNA EBLN3P were highly expressed in CRC, while miR-153-3p was poorly expressed. KIAA1429 and lncRNA EBLN3P were further increased/decreased in the radioresistant cells. KIAA1429 knockdown decreased the survival rate of the radioresistant cell line after X-ray irradiation and increased gamma H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX), ferroptosis, and oxidative stress. A ferroptosis inhibitor alleviated the inhibitory effect of KIAA1429 knockdown on radioresistance. KIAA1429-mediated m6A modification up-regulated lncRNA EBLN3P, and lncRNA EBLN3P increased KIAA1429 by competitively binding to miR-153-3p. miR-153-3p silencing or lncRNA EBLN3P overexpression attenuated the promotion of ferroptosis and the inhibition of radioresistance induced by KIAA1429 knockdown. Overall, KIAA1429-mediated m6A modification up-regulated lncRNA EBLN3P expression, and lncRNA EBLN3P increased KIAA1429 expression by competitively binding to miR-153-3p, thus reducing ferroptosis and increasing the radioresistance of CRC.

Targeting Ferroptosis: Small-molecule Inducers as Novel Anticancer Agents.

Ferroptosis, a distinct form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, is increasingly recognized for its role in cancer development and as a potential therapeutic target. This review consolidates insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning ferroptosis and evaluates the therapeutic potential of small-molecule inducers, such as erastin, RSL3, sulfasalazine, and sorafenib, which selectively trigger ferroptosis in cancer cells. It highlights the distinct morphological and molecular signatures of ferroptosis, its complex interplay with iron, lipid, and amino acid metabolic pathways, and the resultant implications for cancer treatment strategies. Strategic manipulation of the ferroptosis pathway offers a groundbreaking approach to cancer treatment, potentially circumventing the resistance that cancers develop against traditional apoptosis-inducing agents. Furthermore, it also emphasizes the necessity of refining these small molecules for clinical application and exploring their synergistic potential when combined with current therapies to augment overall treatment efficacy and improve patient outcomes. Ferroptosis thus emerges as a promising avenue in the realm of cancer therapy. Moving forward, research endeavors should focus on a more nuanced understanding of the interconnections between ferroptosis and other cell death modalities. Additionally, comprehensive evaluations of the long-term safety and therapeutic indices of the involved compounds are imperative. Such investigations are poised to herald a transformative shift in the paradigm of oncology, paving the way for innovative and targeted interventions.

HMGB2-induced calreticulin translocation required for immunogenic cell death and ferroptosis of cancer cells are controlled by the nuclear exporter XPO1

Cisplatin and oxaliplatin cause the secretion of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein from cancer cells, which is necessary for initiation of immunogenic cell death (ICD). Calreticulin (CRT) translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane is also required; oxaliplatin induces this translocation but cisplatin does not. We have discovered that oxaliplatin causes the secretion of both HMGB1 and HMGB2 from the cell nucleus into the extracellular milieu. We previously showed that cisplatin-mediated secretion of HMGB1 is controlled by the nuclear exporter XPO1 (chromosomal maintenance 1; CRM1). We now find that XPO1 regulates oxaliplatin-mediated secretion of both HMGB1 and HMGB2. XPO1 inhibition causes nuclear accumulation of both proteins, inhibition of oxaliplatin-mediated ferroptosis of colon cancer cells, and inhibition of CRT translocation to the plasma membrane of lung and colon cancer cells. Incubation of cancer cells with cell targeted (CT)-HMGB2 confirmed that HMGB2 is required for the CRT translocation. Furthermore, CT-HMGB2 is three orders of magnitude more potent at inducing CRT translocation than oxaliplatin.

Enhanced computed tomography radiomics predicts solute carrier family 7, member 11 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Traditional prognostic indicators for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), such as clinicopathological features, human papillomavirus status, and imaging examinations, often lack precision in guiding medical therapy. Therefore, discovering novel tumor biomarkers that can accurately assess prognosis and aid in personalized medical treatment for HNSCC is critical. Solute carrier family 7, member 11 (SLC7A11), is implicated in ferroptosis, and various malignant tumor therapies regulate its expression. However, the mechanisms regulating SLC7A11 expression, the transporter activity, and its specific role in controlling ferroptosis in cancer cells remain unknown. Thus, in this study, we aimed to develop an improved computed tomography (CT) radiomics model that could predict SLC7A11 expression in patients with HNSCC. We used patient genomic data and corresponding augmented CT images for prognostic analysis and building models. Further, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying SLC7A11 expression in the immune microenvironment. Our radiomics model successfully predicted SLC7A11 mRNA expression in HNSCC tissues and elucidated its association with relevant genes and prognostic outcomes. SLC7A11 expression level was high within tumor tissues and was connected to the infiltration of eosinophil, CD8+ T-cell, and macrophages, which was associated with poor overall survival. Our models demonstrated robust predictive power. The distribution of radiomics scores (RAD scores) within the training and validation sets was markedly different between the high- and low-expression groups of SLC7A11. SLC7A11 is likely an important factor in the prognosis of HNSCC. SLC7A11 expression can be predicted effectively and reliably by radiomics models based on enhanced CT.

A glutathione-activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for imaging 4T1 tumor and its ferroptosis

Some tumor cells have higher concentrations of glutathione (GSH) compared to normal cells, and ferroptosis can result in a significant decrease of GSH level in tumor cells. Thus, GSH can be employed as the biomarker for imaging some tumors and their ferroptosis. In this article, a GSH-activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe (QL-NF) with a large Stokes shift (110 nm) was developed for imaging 4T1 tumor and its ferroptosis. QL-NF employs the quinolinium-xanthene dye as the fluorophore and the 2-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonate group as the response unit for GSH. QL-NF has a high selectivity and an applicable linear response range (0.50 mM–10.00 mM) for physiological GSH. Moreover, QL-NF was successfully used for imaging GSH in cancer cells and monitoring the concentration fluctuations of GSH during ferroptosis of cancer cells. Finally, QL-NF was further successfully employed for imaging 4T1 tumor and its ferroptosis in mice. All these results demonstrate that QL-NF is a useful tool for detecting GSH in vivo and imaging tumor ferroptosis, which is helpful for understanding tumor ferroptosis and further promoting the treatment of tumor.

Immunometabolism of ferroptosis in the tumor microenvironment.

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death that results from excess lipid peroxidation in cellular membranes. Within the last decade, physiological and pathological roles for ferroptosis have been uncovered in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, infection, and cancer biology. Excitingly, cancer cell metabolism may be targeted to induce death by ferroptosis in cancers that are resistant to other forms of cell death. Ferroptosis sensitivity is regulated by oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and iron metabolism, which are all influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Whereas some cancer cell types have been shown to adapt to these stressors, it is not clear how immune cells regulate their sensitivities to ferroptosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of ferroptosis sensitivity in different immune cell subsets, how ferroptosis influences which immune cells infiltrate the TME, and how these interactions can determine epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. While much focus has been placed on inducing ferroptosis in cancer cells, these are important considerations for how ferroptosis-modulating strategies impact anti-tumor immunity. From this perspective, we also discuss some promising immunotherapies in the field of ferroptosis and the challenges associated with targeting ferroptosis in specific immune cell populations.

HTB50-2 Inhibits Growth and Migration of Triple-negative Breast Cancer via FOSL2/FOXC1 Signaling Axis and Subsequent Ferroptosis.

The manipulation of ferroptosis in cancer cells is a possible therapeutic technique that has been investigated for use in the treatment of cancer. Consequently, ferroptosis-inducing medications have recently received increased interest in cancer therapy. In this research, we assessed the anticancer efficacy of 14β-hydroxy- 3β-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-5α-bufa-20,22-dienolide (HTB50-2), a natural product derived from the plant Helleborus thibetanus Franch, in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Moreover, we also studied its potential mechanisms. The biological effects of HTB50-2 in a series of breast cancer cell lines were analyzed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) and other methods. The migration ability was analyzed using three methods: wound healing assay, transwell assay, and Western blot. Meanwhile, the potential therapeutic value of HTB50-2 was evaluated in BALB/c mice by orthotopic transplantation. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted to explore the FOS-like antigen 2 (FOSL2) gene, and its role in ferroptosis was verified by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The association of FOSL2 and ferroptosis-related genes was analyzed using NetworkAnalyst databases, and a TF-Gene interaction network was constructed. Ferroptosis was found to be induced in TNBC cells by HTB50-2. Furthermore, HTB50-2 inhibited tumor development by inducing ferroptosis in TNBC in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that a transcription factor FOSL2 mediated ferroptosis by HTB50-2. Additionally, it was found that Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) was regulated by FOSL2 and correlated with ferroptosis. Our data suggest that HTB50-2 exerts its anti-cancer properties by ferroptosis via FOSL2/FOXC1 signaling pathway. Hence, HTB50-2 has an important application potential in the treatment of TNBC.

Curcumol promotes ferroptosis of colon cancer by targeting the ubiquitination and degradation of GPX4

Background and aimColon cancer (CC) is one of the common malignant tumors in the digestive tract, the prognosis of CC patients has never been satisfying. A Ferrous-dependent form that regulates cell death, plays a key role in cancer development. As a core regulator of ferroptosis, GPX4 has become a potential molecular target for the development of antitumor drugs. Curcumol (Cur), a sesquiterpene natural product, it has significant anti-tumor effect. However, whether Cur mediates ferroptosis in colon cancer and its mechanism are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Cur anti-tumor. Experimental procedureBy investigating the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and tissue immunofluorescence staining was also used to detect the levels of GPX4 protein in CC and matching paracancerous tissues. The anti-CC and pro-ferroptosis effects of Cur were detected in the vivo and vitro experiment. The interaction between Cur and GPX4 was predicted. In addition, the potential mechanism of Cur anti-CC was further discussed. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to confirm Cur-mediated GPX4 ubiquitination. Results and conclusionGPX4 was upregulated in CC tissue and was correlated with poor survival of patients. Cur inhibited the proliferation of CC cells, accompanied by regulating Fe2+ overload, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, malondialdehyde (MDA) production and superoxide dismutase (SOD) consumption. Furthermore, GPX4 was predicted and verified as the direct target of Cur by molecular docking and structure-based virtual prediction. Meanwhile, Cur could promote the ubiquitination-mediated degradation of GPX4, induce ferroptosis in CC cells and regulate the expression of ferroptosis-related protein FTH1 and TfR1. In addition, when GPX4 was overexpressed (GPX4-OE), the inhibitory effect of Cur on the expression of GPX4 and ferroptosis-related protein FTH1 and the promotion of TfR1 expression were abolished. Cur could inhibit CC by increasing the ubiquitination degradation level of GPX4 to induce ferroptosis in CC cells.

NAT10 inhibition promotes ac4C-dependent ferroptosis to counteract sorafenib resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Sorafenib, an anticancer drug, has been shown to induce ferroptosis in cancer cells. However, resistance to sorafenib greatly limits its therapeutic efficacy, and the exact mechanism of resistance is not fully understood. This study investigated the role of N-Acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) in influencing the anticancer activity of sorafenib in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its molecular mechanism. NAT10 expression was significantly upregulated in NPC. Mechanistically, NAT10 promotes proteins of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) expression through ac4C acetylation, inhibiting sorafenib-induced ferroptosis in NPC cells. The combined application of sorafenib and the NAT10 inhibitor remodelin significantly inhibits SLC7A11 expression and promotes ferroptosis in NPC cells. Invivo knockout of NAT10 inhibited the growth of sorafenib-resistant NPC. Our findings suggest that NAT10 inhibition might be a promising therapeutic approach to enhance the anticancer activity of sorafenib.

Novel Carbon Quantum Dots Precisely Trigger Ferroptosis in Cancer Cells through Antioxidant Inhibition Synergistic Nanocatalytic Activity.

High levels of glutathione (GSH) are an important characteristic of malignant tumors and a significant cause of ineffective treatment and multidrug resistance. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) therapy has been shown to induce tumor cell death, the strong clearance effect of GSH on ROS significantly reduces its therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, there is a need to develop new strategies for targeting GSH. In this study, novel carbon quantum dots derived from gentamycin (GM-CQDs) were designed and synthesized. On the basis of the results obtained, GM-CQDs contain sp2 and sp3 carbon atoms as well as nitrogen oxygen groups, which decrease the intracellular levels of GSH by downregulating SLC7A11, thereby disrupting redox balance, mediating lipid peroxidation, and inducing ferroptosis. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that GM-CQDs downregulated the expression of molecules related to GSH metabolism while significantly increasing the expression of molecules related to ferroptosis. The in vivo results showed that the GM-CQDs exhibited excellent antitumor activity and immune activation ability. Furthermore, because of their ideal biological safety, GM-CQDs are highly promising for application as drugs targeting GSH in the treatment of malignant tumors.

Targeting hTERT Promoter G-Quadruplex DNA Structures with Small-Molecule Ligand to Downregulate hTERT Expression for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy.

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) may have noncanonical functions in transcriptional regulation and metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, but it is a challenging target. We thus developed small-molecule ligands targeting hTERT promoter G-quadruplex DNA structures (hTERT G4) to downregulate hTERT expression. Ligand 5 showed high affinity toward hTERT G4 (Kd = 1.1 μM) and potent activity against triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, IC50 = 1 μM). In cell-based assays, 5 not only exerts markedly inhibitory activity on classical telomere functions including decreased telomerase activity, shortened telomere length, and cellular senescence but also induces DNA damage, acute cellular senescence, and apoptosis. This study reveals that hTERT G4-targeting ligand may cause mitochondrial dysfunction, disrupt iron metabolism and activate ferroptosis in cancer cells. The in vivo antitumor efficacy of 5 was also evaluated in an MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse model and approximately 78.7% tumor weight reduction was achieved. No observable toxicity against the major organs was observed.

DLPC induces ferroptosis in cancer cells.

DLPC induces ferroptosis in cancer cells.

Discovery of piperine derivatives as inhibitors of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase to induce ferroptosis in cancer cells

Inhibition of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) represents a promising strategy for suppressing the proliferation of cancer cells. To identify novel and potent hDHODH inhibitors, a total of 28 piperine derivatives were designed and synthesized. Their cytotoxicities against three human cancer cell lines (NCI-H226, HCT-116, and MDA-MB-231) and hDHODH inhibitory activities were also evaluated. Among them, compound H19, exhibited the strongest inhibitory activities (NCI-H226 IC50 = 0.95 µM, hDHODH IC50 = 0.21 µM). Further pharmacological investigations revealed that H19 exerted anticancer effects by inducing ferroptosis in NCI-H226 cells, with its cytotoxicity being reversed by ferroptosis inhibitors. This was supported by the intracellular growth or decline of ferroptosis markers, including lipid peroxidation, Fe2+, GSH, and 4-HNE. Overall, H19 emerges as a promising hDHODH inhibitor with potential anticancer properties warranting development.

An RNA Helicase DHX33 Inhibitor Shows Broad Anticancer Activity via Inducing Ferroptosis in Cancer Cells.

RNA helicase DHX33 has been identified as a critical factor promoting cancer development. In the present study, a previously developed small molecule inhibitor for DHX33, KY386, was found to robustly kill cancer cells via a new path, the ferroptosis pathway. Mechanistically, DHX33 promotes the expression of critical players in lipid metabolism including FADS1, FADS2, and SCD1 genes, thereby sensitizing cancer cells to ferroptosis mediated cell death. Our study reveals a novel mechanism of DHX33 in promoting tumorigenesis and highlights that pharmacological targeting DHX33 can be a feasible option in human cancers. Normally differentiated cells are insensitive to DHX33 inhibition, and DHX33 inhibitors have little cellular toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Our studies demonstrated that DHX33 inhibitors can be promising anticancer agents with great potential for cancer treatment.

Fucoxanthin Induces Ferroptosis in Cancer Cells via Downregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 Pathway.

This study investigated the mechanism by which fucoxanthin acts as a novel ferroptosis inducer to inhibit tongue cancer. The MTT assay was used to detect the inhibitory effects of fucoxanthin on SCC-25 human tongue squamous carcinoma cells. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total iron were measured. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting were used to assess glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Keap1, solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFR1), p53, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression. Molecular docking was performed to validate interactions. Compared with the control group, the activity of fucoxanthin-treated SCC-25 cells significantly decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The levels of MMP, GSH, and SOD significantly decreased in fucoxanthin-treated SCC-25 cells; the levels of ROS, MDA, and total iron significantly increased. mRNA and protein expression levels of Keap1, GPX4, Nrf2, and HO-1 in fucoxanthin-treated cells were significantly decreased, whereas levels of TFR1 and p53 were significantly increased, in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular docking analysis revealed that binding free energies of fucoxanthin with p53, SLC7A11, GPX4, Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1, and TFR1 were below -5 kcal/mol, primarily based on active site hydrogen bonding. Our findings suggest that fucoxanthin can induce ferroptosis in SCC-25 cells, highlighting its potential as a treatment for tongue cancer.

Sanggenol L induces ferroptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells via regulating the miR-26a-1-3p/MDM2/p53 signaling pathway

Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death marked by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Tumor cells that survive by evading chemotherapy-induced apoptosis are vulnerable to ferroptosis. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to explore active ingredients that can selectively induce ferroptosis in cancer cells. Here, we revealed that sanggenol L, the active agent of Morus Bark, predisposed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to ferroptosis, evidenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial shrinkage, and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the ferroptosis-related miRNA array showed that sanggenol L treatment upregulated the level of miR-26a-1-3p, which directly targeted the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. In addition, silencing MDM2 by miR-26a-1-3p resulted in a notable increase in p53 protein levels and decrease of its downstream target SLC7A11, ultimately triggered ferroptosis. The subcutaneous xenograft model and patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) model of NSCLC further confirmed the anti-tumor efficacy and safety of sanggenol L in vivo. Collectively, our data suggest that miR-26a-1-3p/MDM2/p53/SLC7A11 signaling axis plays a key role in sanggenol L-induced ferroptosis, which implies that sanggenol L can serves as an anticancer therapeutic arsenal for NSCLC.

CuO Nanozymes Catalyze Cysteine and Glutathione Depletion Induced Ferroptosis and Cuproptosis for Synergistic Tumor Therapy.

The latest research identifies that cysteine (Cys) is one of the key factors in tumor proliferation, metastasis, and recurrence. The direct depletion of intracellular Cys shows a profound antitumor effect. However, using nanozymes to efficiently deplete Cys for tumor therapy has not yet attracted widespread attention. Here, a (3-carboxypropyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide-derived hyaluronic acid-modified copper oxide nanorods (denoted as MitCuOHA) are designed with cysteine oxidase-like, glutathione oxidase-like and peroxidase-like activities to realize Cys depletion and further induce cellular ferroptosis and cuproptosis for synergistic tumor therapy. MitCuOHA nanozymes can efficiently catalyze the depletion of Cys and glutathione (GSH), accompanied by the generation of H2O2 and the subsequent conversion into highly active hydroxyl radicals, thereby successfully inducing ferroptosis in cancer cells. Meanwhile, copper ions released by MitCuOHA under tumor microenvironment stimulation directly bind to lipoylated proteins of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, leading to the abnormal aggregation of lipoylated proteins and subsequent loss of iron-sulfur cluster proteins, which ultimately triggers proteotoxic stress and cell cuproptosis. Both in vitro and in vivo results show the drastically enhanced anticancer efficacy of Cys oxidation catalyzed by the MitCuOHA nanozymes, demonstrating the high feasibility of such catalytic Cys depletion-induced synergistic ferroptosis and cuproptosis therapeutic concept.

Synergistic Effect of Layered Double Hydroxides Nanodosage Form to Induce Apoptosis and Ferroptosis in Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Ferroptosis, a promising mechanism of killing cancer cells, has become a research hotspot in cancer therapy. Simvastatin (SIM), as a potential new anti-breast cancer drug, has been shown to cause ferroptosis of cancer cells and inhibit breast cancer metastasis and recurrence. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel strategy boosting ferroptotic cascade for synergistic cancer therapy. In this paper, iron base form of layered double hydroxide supported simvastatin (LDHs-SIM) was synthesized by hydrothermal co-precipitation method. The characterization of LDHs-SIM were assessed by various analytical techniques, including ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Biological activity, ferroptosis mechanism and biocompatibility were analyzed through in vivo and in vitro analysis, so as to evaluate its therapeutic effect on breast cancer. The constructed LDHs-SIM nanosystem can not only release SIM through mevalonate (MVA) pathway, inhibit the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), inhibit the expression of SLC7A11 and reduce the synthesis efficiency of GSH, but also promote the accumulation of Fe2+ in cells through the release of Fe3+, and increase the intracellular ROS content. In addition, LDHs-SIM nanosystem can induce apoptosis of breast cancer cells to a certain extent, and achieve the synergistic effect of apoptosis and ferroptosis. In the present study, we demonstrated that nanoparticles of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) loaded with simvastatin were more effective than a free drug at inhibiting breast cancer cell growth, In addition, superior anticancer therapeutic effects were achieved with little systemic toxicity, indicating that LDHs-SIM could serve as a safe and high-performance platform for ferroptosis-apoptosis combined anticancer therapy.

Ferroptosis is an effective strategy for cancer therapy.

Ferroptosis is a form of intracellular iron-dependent cell death that differs from necrosis, autophagy and apoptosis. Intracellular iron mediates Fenton reaction resulting in lipid peroxidation production, which in turn promotes cell death. Although cancer cell exhibit's ability to escape ferroptosis by multiple pathways such as SLC7A11, GPX4, induction of ferroptosis could inhibit cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In tumor microenvironment, ferroptosis could affect immune cell (T cells, macrophages etc.) activity, which in turn regulates tumor immune escape. In addition, ferroptosis in cancer cells could activate immune cell activity by antigen processing and presentation. Therefore, ferroptosis could be an effective strategy for cancer therapy such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. In this paper, we reviewed the role of ferroptosis on tumor progression and therapy, which may provide a strategy for cancer treatment.