Ferric Stearate Research Articles

Peculiarity of the Mechanism of Early Stages of Photo-Oxidative Degradation of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Films in the Presence of Ferric Stearate.

Ferric stearate (FeSt3) is very efficient in accelerating polyethylene (PE) degradation, but there is a lack of exploration of its role in accelerating the early stages of polyethylene photo-oxidative degradation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of FeSt3 on the photo-oxidative degradation of PE films, especially in the early stages of photo-oxidative degradation. The results show that FeSt3 not only promotes the oxidative degradation of PE but also contributes significantly to the early behavior of photo-oxidative degradation. Moreover, the results of the density functional theory (DFT) calculations proved that the C-H in the FeSt3 ligand was more easily dissociated compared with the PE matrix. The generated H radicals participate in the coupling reaction of the primary alkyl macro radicals leading to the molecular weight reduction, thus significantly increasing the initial rate of molecular weight reduction of PE. Meanwhile, the transfer reaction of the dissociation-generated C-centered radicals induced the PE matrix to produce more secondary alkyl macroradicals, which shortened the time to enter the oxidative degradation stage. This finding reveals the mechanism by which FeSt3 promotes the degradation of PE at the early stage of photo-oxidative degradation. It provides guiding significance for the in-depth study of the early degradation behavior in photo-oxidative degradation on polyolefin/FeSt3 films.

Developing fire retardant composites of biodegradable polyethylene reinforced with agricultural wastes

Developing novel natural fiber thermoplastic composites is twofold effective. The Added-value of local agricultural wastes is enhanced and the environmental burden is reduced by less use of imported synthetic fibers and more recycling of agricultural waste. Material selection, parametric optimization, and characterization of biodegradable natural fiber thermoplastic composites with flame retardant properties are carried out in this work. Thermoplastic matrix is linear aliphatic low-density Polyethylene PE. [0–30 wt%] natural fibers of locally produced jute, corn silk, and Bagasse are used for reinforcing. Fibers are cut to different lengths after being alkali-treated. 16–24 % ammonium polyphosphate APP is used for fire retarding at different loadings. A coupling agent is added to link the polymer matrix with the fiber. 3% Ferric Stearate is used for biodegradability activation. The samples are produced using a compounding kneader at 180 °C. Mechanical, water absorption, and flame-retardant properties are characterized. The biodegradability index, which is an indication to what extent the products manufactured from the composite are eco-friendly, is being measured. Jute composites show the highest mechanical properties of 11 MPa ultimate strength and 8 GPa modulus of elasticity, whereas the corn silk composites have better performance of V-2 according to the UL94 flame retardancy test. Water absorption of 15% fiber content is reduced to 1%.

Fundamental insight into pyrolysis and oxidation process of ferric(III) stearate

Recently, metal organic complexes have attracted a lot of attention as oil-dispersed catalysts for in-situ combustion and upgrading of heavy oil. As a relatively new topic, their catalytic mechanism has not been clearly understood. The pyrolysis and oxidation process of metal organic complexes is very important for their catalytic function. In this work, we investigated the pyrolysis and oxidation process of ferric(III) stearate by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis. The results indicated that the pyrolysis and oxidation of ferric(III) stearate is a multistage process. Isothermal treatments experiments show that ferric(III) stearate begins to decompose at about 200 °C and produce ferrous(II) stearate. From 200 to 300 °C, there are three processes that may occur simultaneously: ferric(III) stearate → ferrous(II) stearate; ferrous(II) stearate → Fe3O4; and ferric(III) stearate → Fe3O4. At 300–350 °C, iron(II) oxide (FeO) is formed with a complete decomposition of ferric(III) stearate. A further heating up to 500 °C leads to the oxidation of FeO to Fe3O4, and Fe3O4 is the final solid-state product. The degradation kinetics of ferric(III) stearate were analyzed by both isoconversional model and reaction-order model. For reaction-order model, five contributions with the activation energy values in the range of 110–250 kJ/mol were identified and compared with isothermal experiments results. The findings in this work are of great value for understanding the catalytic mechanism of ferric(III) stearate as oil-dispersed catalysts for in-situ catalytic upgrading of heavy oil as well as in-situ combustion for heavy oil recovery.

E-nose for the monitoring of plastics catalytic degradation through the released Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) detection

The work presents the results of an artificial olfaction E-nose system application for detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) – destruction products of OXO-biodegradable polyethylene films when exposed to Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and heating. The E-nose system was based on eight piezoelectric quartz resonator sensors coated with polymeric sensing materials with various selectivity to analytes. The effect of prooxidants, materials based on variable valence metals, such as D2w, ferric stearate and ferric carboxylate, addition on polyethylene films (PE) photo destruction was studied. The dependence of the composition of VOCs mixtures emitted by PE films on the processing time, the power of the UV irradiation and on the nature of the modifying additive was established. In addition, the main emitted volatile compounds were identified and the dynamics of their formation for different catalysts during the plastics destruction were studied. The proposed E-nose system has proved to be an effective tool for assessing catalyst-prooxidants properties.

Performance of photo-degradation and thermo-degradation of polyethylene with photo-catalysts and thermo-oxidant additives

Nano-TiO2 particles were used as photo-catalysts and ferric stearate (FeSt3) powders were used as the thermo-oxidant promoters for degradable low-density polyethylene films in order to increase the rate of abiotic degradation of waste PE in the natural environment. The TiO2–FeSt3–polyethylene (TFPE) composite film was synthesized through two stages: a melt-granulating process and a film-blowing process. The final TiO2 and FeSt3 in composite film were controlled at around 1 wt%. The film thickness was about 25 μm. The photo-degradation and thermo-degradation of the composite film were investigated by exposing to UV irradiation for 240 h and/or in an air oven maintained at 70 °C for 30 days. Their residues were assembled in a aquatic test systems, and the effective biodegradation was assessed by monitoring the amount of CO2 developed over time according to the international standards ISO 14852 (1999). After 30 days of thermo-oxidative degradation, TFPE film containing both TiO2 and FeSt3 exhibited the strong characteristic absorptions of the carbonyl group (> C=O) and the amorphous region in ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The loss rate for tensile strength and elongation at break of TFPE film reached 60% and 97.7%. After 240-h UV irradiation, the weight loss of TFPE film was 14%, and also, the absorption peaks appeared for carbonyl (> C=O) group and hydroxyl group in FTIR spectroscopy. The results showed that the addition of TiO2 and FeSt3 into the PE film could promote the photo-degradation and thermo-oxidative degradation of PE film. A lot of oxygenated groups were inserted into PE matrix during photo- or thermo-aging treatments, which was helpful for further biodegradation of films. Residues of TFPE films could be degraded completely by microorganism after incubation in aqueous medium.

Oxidative Degradation of Polyolefins in the Presence of Cupric and Ferric Stearate Additives

Ferric stearate‐ and cupric stearate‐containing masterbatches were successfully prepared by reactive extrusion compounding in a twin screw compounder. These prodegradant additives were formed by the reaction of the corresponding hydrated sulfate salts with calcium stearate in the polyethylene melt. High density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) films containing these metal‐based additives showed accelerated ageing in both QUV artificial UV ageing as well as oven ageing at 63 °C.

Kinetic study on the thermal degradation of ethylene–norbornene copolymers under the effect of Fe and Mn stearates

A kinetic study on the thermal degradation of ethylene–norbornene cyclic olefin copolymers (COCs), pristine and formulated with iron and manganese stearate, was performed. Three different COCs with cyclic structure (norbornene) contents of 30 mol% (COC30), 38 mol% (COC38), and 55 mol% (COC55) were analyzed. The thermal degradation order (n), activation energy (E a), and pre-exponential factor (A) were evaluated using multiple heating rates based on three different “model-free” methods: Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Friedman (FR). The thermal stability of virgin and formulated COC films with ferric and manganese stearates were calculated using a non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric analysis. The reaction order of the thermodegradation of the tested copolymers was close to unity according to the KAS and FR methods. The calculated E a for pristine copolymers increased from 232 to 254 kJ mol−1 when the content of cyclic norbornene units in the pure copolymers was diminished from 55 to 30 mol%. The calculated E a for the stearate-formulated COC copolymers had values between 214 and 238 kJ mol−1. TGA curves of the thermal degradation in a nitrogen atmosphere show a one-step reaction in the range of temperatures between 30 and 600 °C. It was found that manganese stearate is more efficient than ferric stearate in initiating the thermodegradation of COC38 and COC55 copolymers.

Hierarchical flower like double-layer superhydrophobic films fabricated on AZ31 for corrosion protection and self-cleaning

The designed sample is prepared by self-assembly of octadecyltrichlorosilane and deposition of ferric stearate, and the contact angle is 160°.

Simple and Green Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic Surface by One-Step Immersion for Continuous Oil/Water Separation.

In this paper, stainless steel meshes with superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surfaces were fabricated by rapid and simple one-step immersion in a solution containing hydrochloric acid and stearic acid. The apparent contact angles were tested by a video contact angle measurement system (CA). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were conducted to characterize the surface topographies and chemical compositions. The SEM results showed that mesh surfaces were covered by ferric stearate (Fe[CH3(CH2)16COO]2) with low surface energy. The CA test results showed that the mesh had a maximum apparent contact angle of 160 ± 1.0° and a sliding angle of less than 5.0° for the water droplet, whereas the apparent contact angle for the oil droplet was zero. Ultrasound oscillation and exposure tests at atmospheric conditions and immersion tests in 3.5 wt % NaCl aqueous solution were conducted to confirm the mesh with excellent superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties. On the basis of the superhydrophobic mesh, a miniature separation device pump was designed to collect pure oil from the oil/water mixture. It showed that the device was easier and convenient. The techniques and materials presented in this work are promising for application to wastewater and oil spill treatment.

Catalyst-free bottom-up growth of graphene nanofeatures along with molecular templates on dielectric substrates.

Synthesis of graphene nanostructures has been investigated to provide outstanding properties for various applications. Herein, we report molecular thin film-assisted growth of graphene into nanofeatures such as nanoribbons and nanoporous sheets along with a predetermined molecular orientation on dielectric substrates without metal catalysts. A Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method was used for the formation of the molecularly patterned SiO2 substrates with ferric stearate layers, which acted as a template for the directional growth of the polypyrrole graphene precursor. The nanofeatures of the graphene were determined by the number of ferric stearate layers (e.g., nanoribbons from multiple layers and nanoporous sheets from a single layer). The graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) containing pyrrolic N enriched edges exhibited a p-type semiconducting behavior, whereas the nanoporous graphene sheets containing inhomogeneous pores and graphitic N enriched basal planes exhibited the typical electronic transport of nitrogen-doped graphene. Our approaches provide two central methods for graphene synthesis such as bottom-up and direct processes for the future development of graphene nanoelectronics.

Thermal Oxidation of Polyolefins by Mild Pro-Oxidant Additives Based on Iron Carboxylates and Lipophilic Amines: Degradability in the Absence of Light and Effect on the Adhesion to Paperboard

Marine and inland pollution by non-degradable plastic bags and other plastic articles is a topic of great concern. Natural degradation processes based on oxidation of plastic pollutants could possibly contribute to limit the extent of pollution. Thermal degradation of polyolefins in the absence of light by non-polluting pro-oxidants has not been presented before. In this study, we show that two amines, stearyl amine and [(3-(11-aminoundecanoyl) amino) propane-1-] silsesquioxane (amino-POSS) in combination with ferric stearate (FeSt3) tremendously accelerate the thermal oxidation of polyolefins compared with reference samples. Both amines and FeSt3 are to a large extent based on renewable resources. Polyethylene and polypropylene samples containing less than 100 ppm of iron and 1% of amine were extremely brittle after 10 days in a circulation oven in the absence of light. No significant degradation could be seen with samples containing iron but no amine. In a different application, the initial oxidation of polyethylene can be used in order to increase its adhesion to cardboard. Excellent adhesion between polyethylene and cardboard is important for liquid packaging based on renewable resources. Amino-POSS has been chosen for food packaging applications due to its expected lower leakage from polyethylene (PE) compared with stearyl amine. Film samples of PE/amino-POSS/FeSt3 blends were partly oxidized in a circulation oven. The oxidation was documented by increased carbonyl index (CI) and melt flow index (MFI). The limited extent of oxidation has been proved by unchanged tensile strength and only moderate changes in elongation at break when compared to reference polyethylene films containing no FeSt3 or amino-POSS. The PE/amino-POSS/FeSt3 blends were compression moulded to paperboard. The adhesion of non-aged blends to paperboard decreased with increasing amino-POSS content which is in good compliance with an earlier reported lubricant effect of high amounts of POSS in PE. Thermal ageing of PE/amino-POSS/FeSt3 films prior to coating however led to a significant increase in adhesion. Improved physical interlocking due to increased MFI and interaction between C=O of the blends and OH of paperboard can explain the adhesion improvement. The films were not brittle after thermal ageing, which makes their use in industrial packaging feasible. A mechanism explaining the role of amines during thermal oxidation of polyolefins in the presence of iron is proposed.

Study of the effect of natural weathering on degradation of Polypropylene/starch filled polymer containing photo initiators by spectroscopic methods

Two series of the compounded polypropylene(PP)containing 0.5 wt% of the photo initiators, PIs, (four aromatic carbonyl and, two ferric compounds) with and without 6 wt% corn starch were processed in a torque rheometer at 180 °C for 5 min in a closed system. The uniform compression molded films (0.15 mm thick) were solar radiated in the natural weathering conditions during a summer days. The aim of this work is to show susceptibility of these compounds to natural weathering conditions. The solar radiation effects on chemical changes of the film samples were studied using a FTIR and UV spectrophotometers. The results show that the PP-PI and PP-starch-PI samples are much more susceptible to degradation than pure PP. The presence of Starch and PI in the PP increase the formation of carbonyl group as a result of chain scission. Ferric stearate and Irgacure184 among the PIs in the PP with and without starch show the highest and lowest susceptibility, respectively. Carbonyl formation of the films (measured by FTIR) shows a linear increase followed by higher rate after 5 days of solar radiation. UV absorption spectra of the films show a significant reduction (in the range of 235–270 nm) during first 2 days of sunlight exposure. Also, embrittlement time of the samples was reduced by increase in the radiation time.

Investigating effect of ferric stearate on stabilization efficiency of a phenolic antioxidant during thermal oxidation of polyethylene

This study aimed to achieve a formulation for an additive to produce oxo-biodegradable films that accelerates oxidative degradation of the films after preservation of properties over a span of desired service life. Thermal oxidation behavior of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) films (approximately 250 μm thick) containing various weight ratios of a commercially used phenolic antioxidant (Irganox 1010) to ferric stearate as pro-oxidant has been studied in both melt and solid states. Thermo-oxidative stability in melt state was studied using differential scanning calorimetry. The rate of thermal oxidation in solid state was investigated via oven aging experiments at 90 °C followed by measuring changes in tensile properties, gel content, carbonyl index and density. Comparing thermo-oxidative stability of the HDPE samples containing a combination of Irganox 1010 and ferric stearate with the samples containing Irganox 1010 alone confirmed that ferric stearate reduces the stabilization efficiency of the phenolic antioxidant in the polymer either in melt or in solid state. It was also shown that the efficiency of the phenolic antioxidant in thermo-oxidative stabilization of the polymer in both melt and solid states could be changed by altering weight ratio of Irganox 1010/ferric stearate. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that weight ratio of 0.1/0.1 wt% of the antioxidant to the pro-oxidant is suitable for attaining desired stability during melt processing as well as retaining properties during a reasonable service life when is used as a film and a favorable rate of thermal oxidation after the service life.

Solid‐phase photocatalytic degradation of polystyrene with TiO2/Fe(St)3 as catalyst

AbstractA novel photodegradable TiO2‐Fe(St)3‐polystyrene (TiO2‐Fe(St)3‐PS) nanocomposite was prepared by embedding TiO2 and Fe(St)3 into the commercial polystyrene. Ferric stearate was added into polymer as cocatalyst in order to improve the dispersion in polystyrene and photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 nanoparticles. Solid‐phase photocatalytic degradation of the TiO2‐Fe(St)3‐PS nanocomposite was carried out in an ambient air at room temperature under ultraviolet lamp. The properties of TiO2‐Fe(St)3‐PS composite film were compared with that of the pure PS film and the TiO2‐PS composite film, through weight loss monitoring, scanning electron microscope, gel permeation chromatogram, and FTIR spectroscopy. The photodegradation efficiency of TiO2‐Fe(St)3‐PS composite film was higher than that of the pure PS film and the TiO2‐PS composite film under the UV light irradiation. The average molecular weight (Mw) of TiO2‐Fe(St)3‐PS composite film decreased 63.08%, and the number of average molecular weight (Mn) decreased 79.49% after UV light irradiation for 480 h. Photo‐oxidation leads to an increase in the low molecular weight fraction by chain scission, thereby facilitating biodegradation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Effect of iron carboxylates on the photodegradability of polypropylene. II. Artificial weathering studies

AbstractThe various iron carboxylates such as ferric caprate, ferric laurate, ferric myristate, ferric palmitate, and ferric stearate were synthesized to enhance the photodegradability of polypropylene (PP). The prodegradants (0.2%) synthesized were blended with virgin PP and then blown into films. All the PP films mentioned were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of 365 nm at room temperature to study the photodegradation behavior of PP with and without the prodegradants under artificial weathering conditions. The photoirradiated films were found to degrade after certain hours of UV exposure, which could be found from the steep increase of hydroxyl, carbonyl, lactone, ester, carboxylic acid, and crystallinity index. At the same time, a sudden decrease of elongation at break percentages and tensile strength; development of surface cracks indicated the scission of the main chain of the PP. The results revealed that PP containing prodegradants degraded at a faster rate than the virgin material. However, the effectiveness of the prodegradants for the photodegradation of PP was found to be in the order: ferric caprate > ferric laurate > ferric myristate > ferric palmitate > ferric stearate. The results showed that the number of carbon atoms present in the alkyl part of the various prodegradants played a vital role in the degradation phenomenon. Furthermore, it could be concluded that the mobility of the alkyl radicals formed from the decomposition of the incorporated prodegradants during artificial weathering played a prominent role in the photooxidative degradation behavior of PP films. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Photocatalytic Decolorization of Methylene Blue by Ferric Stearate, Ferrocene and NiDBC under Sunlight Irradiation

In this work, ferric stearate, ferrocene and nickel N,N-dibuty dithiocarbamate (NiDBC) were utilized as photocatalyst for the decolorization of methylene blue (MB) aqueous solutions under sunlight irradiation. Pure MB solution was used as reference. Absorption intensities and surface morphology of these photocatalyst were investigated by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).The study indicated that ferric stearate had minimal promotion to the decolorization of MB aqueous solutions; and ferrocene exhibited better photocatalysis ability after had been irradiated 60 hours. In this study, NiDBC showed the best photocatalysis ability from the beginning. Furthermore, NiDBC enhanced the decolorization of MB after been irradiated for 31 hours. And after being irradiated 270 hours, the MB aqueous was completely decolorized by NiDBC.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue by Modiflyed TiO<sub>2</sub> under Visible Light

In this paper, we have studied the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 which was modified by ferric stearate; ferrocene and nickel N,N-dibuty dithiocarbamate (NiDBC) , respectively. Innovatively, methylene blue (MB) was used as model pollutant. Under visible light irradiation, this paper studied the effect of the photocatalytic degradation of MB. The result shows that when the mass ratio is 5:1, the catalytic effect is C>B>A. When mass ratio is 1:1, the catalytic effect is B>C>A. Another result shows that with the increase of the amount TiO2, catalytic effect of TiO2 modified by ferric stearate significantly increases, otherwise, TiO2 modified by ferrocene and NiDBC were different.

Synthesis of magnetic hollow nanotubes based on the kirkendall effect for MR contrast agent and colorimetric hydrogen peroxide sensor

We developed a simple solvothermal approach to synthesize hollow Mn ferrite nanostructures. A mixture of ferric stearate (Fe(SA)3) and manganese stearate (Mn(SA)2) reacted with [Fe3+]/[M2+] ratio = 1 : 1 in 1-octanol solvent at 240 °C. No additional capping agent was necessary in this reaction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) showed that solid tetragonal-structured hausmannite nanorods were primary formed at ∼1 h and then followed by a hollowing process to form core-free spinel-type Mn ferrite nanotubes at ∼12 h. The as-obtained Mn ferrite nanotubes showed a non-stoichiometric composition, which has an average ratio of Fe and Mn elements of ∼1 based on the measurement of an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). High resolution TEM (HRTEM) analysis was carried out to understand the hollowing process which is suspected to have a crystallographic relationship of facet orientation and epitaxial growthvia a Kirkendall effect pathway. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements determined that the paramagnetic behavior of hausmannite nanorods with low mass magnetization converted to superparamagnetism of Mn ferrite nanotubes with high mass magnetization. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast signal was significantly enhanced by using high magnetic Mn ferrite nanotubes. Both solid hausmannite nanorods and hollow Mn ferrite nanotubes performed the potential application in peroxidase-like catalytic activity. Furthermore, this hollowing strategy using solvothermal method could be easily used to prepare stoichiometric composition of hollow Mn ferrite nanospheres by adjusting the [Fe3+]/[M2+] ratio (2 : 1) of metal precursors through either a one-step or step-by-step syntheses.

Iron sulphide formation in the ferric stearate Langmuir–Blodgett films

Ferric stearate (FeSt) Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films have been reacted chemically with H 2S gas for making iron sulphide within the organic matrix. Films, before and after the reaction with H 2S, have been analyzed with the X-ray reflectivity (XRR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. After sulphidation, more ‘pinhole’ defects form which changes the film morphology and the number of layers increases due to the rearrangement of the molecules. Formation of less ordered iron sulphide within the stearic acid multilayers after sulphidation increases the interfacial roughness that decreases the reflectivity. XPS analysis shows that polysulphide forms within the microenvironment of the FeSt LB films after reaction with H 2S whereas both mono and polysulphide are produced when the reaction occurs with FeSt in bulk.

Effect of iron carboxylates on the photodegradability of polypropylene. I. Natural weathering studies

AbstractTo enhance the photodegradability of polypropylene (PP), various carboxylates of iron, including ferric caprate (MF03), ferric laurate (MF04), ferric myristate (MF05), ferric palmitate (MF06), and ferric stearate (MF07), were synthesized. Virgin PP was blended with the synthesized prodegradants (0.2%) and blown into films. To study the photodegradation behavior of PP with and without the prodegradants under natural weathering conditions, all of the films were exposed to sunlight according to the procedure of ASTM 1435. All of the weathered films were found to degrade after a certain number of days of exposure; this was found from the steep increases in the carbonyl, hydroperoxide, hydroxyl, lactone, ester, carboxylic acid, and crystallinity indices. At the same time, a sudden decrease in the elongation at break percentages and tensile strength and surface cracks were also observed. PP containing the prodegradants degraded at a faster rate than the virgin material. The time taken for the material to lose half of the elongation at break value was taken as the half‐time, and this was used to determine the effectiveness of the prodegradants. The effectiveness of the prodegradants for the photodegradation of PP was found to be in the following order: MF03 > MF04 > MF05 > MF06 > MF07. With increasing alkyl chain length of the prodegradants, the stability of the alkyl radical increased, whereas the mobility of the radical in the PP matrix decreased. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010