Ferning Patterns Research Articles

Amlodipine Ocular Delivery Restores Ferning Patterns and Reduces Intensity of Glycosylated Peak of Carrageenan-Induced Tear Fluid: An In-Silico Flexible Docking with IL-β1.

The tear ferning test can be an easy clinical procedure for the evaluation and characterization of the ocular tear film. The objective of this study was to examine the restoration of tear ferning patterns and reduction of glycosylation peak after amlodipine application in carrageenan-induced conjunctivitis. At the rabbit's upper palpebral region, carrageenan was injected for cytokine-mediated conjunctivitis. Ferning pattern and glycosylation of the tear fluid were characterized using various instrumental analyses. The effect of amlodipine was also examined after ocular instillation and flexible docking studies. Optical microscopy showed a disrupted ferning of the tear collected from the inflamed eye. FTIR of the induced tear fluid exhibited peaks within 1000-1200 cm-1, which might be due to the protein glycosylation absent in the normal tear spectrogram. The glycosylation peak reduced significantly in the tear sample collected from the amlodipine-treated group. Corresponding energy dispersive analysis showed the presence of sulphur, indicating protein leakage from the lacrimal gland in the induced group. The disappearance of sulphur from the treated group indicated its remedial effect. The flexible docking studies revealed a stronger binding mode of amlodipine with Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The reduction in the intensity of the glycosylated peak and the restoration offering are probably due to suppression of IL-1β. This study may be helpful in obtaining primary information for drug discovery to be effective against IL-1β and proving tear fluid as a novel diagnostic biomarker.

Interplay of hormones and metabolite excretion with fern pattern prove saliva as a potent indicator of male reproductive status in Kangayam breed cattle.

Kangayam cattle are one of the drought breeds in India with distinct attributes. Agricultural transformation has led to a decline in many pure-breed indigenous cattle, including the Kangayam breed. Hence, a study on the reproductive physiology of male Kangayam breed cattle is necessary to disentangle problems in the area of livestock improvement. In this study, we investigated the relationship between serum hormones and bio-constituents and ascertained the potential of saliva as an indicator of the reproductive status of Kangayam cattle (Bos indicus). The present study confirms that cholesterol was higher in intact males and lower in prepubertal and castrated males. Testosterone levels were also higher in intact males than in castrated or prepubertal males. Hence, it can be inferred that high cholesterol levels contribute to active derivatization of testosterone in intact males. In contrast, reduced cholesterol availability leads to decreased testosterone synthesis in castrated and prepubertal males. Furthermore, it is reasonable to speculate that testosterone could have influenced salivary fern patterns in intact males, and thus, fern-like crystallization in the saliva was apparent. The unique salivary compounds identified through GC-MS across various reproductive statuses of Kangayam males may advertise their physiological status to conspecifics. In addition, the presence of odorant-binding protein(OBP) in saliva further supports its role in olfactory communication. This study attested to a posssible interlink between gonadal status and serum biochemical profiles. The salivary fern pattern revealed in this study can be used as a predictive tool, and the presence of putative volatiles and OBP adds evidence to the role of saliva in chemical communication.

Smartphone-based device for point-of-care diagnostics of pulmonary inflammation using convolutional neural networks (CNNs)

In pulmonary inflammation diseases, like COVID-19, lung involvement and inflammation determine the treatment regime. Respiratory inflammation is typically arisen due to the cytokine storm and the leakage of the vessels for immune cells recruitment. Currently, such a situation is detected by the clinical judgment of a specialist or precisely by a chest CT scan. However, the lack of accessibility to the CT machines in many poor medical centers as well as its expensive service, demands more accessible methods for fast and cheap detection of lung inflammation. Here, we have introduced a novel method for tracing the inflammation and lung involvement in patients with pulmonary inflammation, such as COVID-19, by a simple electrolyte detection in their sputum samples. The presence of the electrolyte in the sputum sample results in the fern-like structures after air-drying. These fern patterns are different in the CT positive and negative cases that are detected by an AI application on a smartphone and using a low-cost and portable mini-microscope. Evaluating 160 patient-derived sputum sample images, this method demonstrated an interesting accuracy of 95%, as confirmed by CT-scan results. This finding suggests that the method has the potential to serve as a promising and reliable approach for recognizing lung inflammatory diseases, such as COVID-19.

Mucin and salt combination simulate typical fern-like pattern of buffalo saliva smear at estrus.

Estrus detection in buffaloes primarily relies on behavioral and physiological signs. Especially during summer, these signs are less prominent to recognize. Thus, estrus detection is a pronounced challenge within the realm of buffalo husbandry, particularly in the summer. Therefore, a simple and accurate estrus detection method is required for buffalo farmers. The observation of fern-like salivary crystallization patterns is one such simple method to detect estrus in buffaloes, bactrian camels, beagle bitches, and cows. However, the exact mechanism for the formation of typical fern-like is not known. We hypothesized that it might be because of the estrus-specific mucins and salts. To test this hypothesis, we prepared the smears by combining different concentrations of mucin type -2 (MUC2) and -3 (MUC3) with sodium chloride (NaCl). Microscopic examination confirmed that fern-like patterns resulted from a combination of the MUC3 and NaCl produced more realistic fern patterns than that of MUC2 or BSA with salt. To predict possible mucin and salt concentration showing natural fern-like patterns at the estrus stage in buffalo saliva, we constructed a guide tree of artificially generated fern-like patterns using an image analysis online tool. This computation analysis revealed that most of the natural buffalo estrus saliva samples showing typical fern-like patterns clustered in the cluster 2 of the guide tree comprising of 13 clusters. In the cluster 2, MUC3 in combination with the salt concentrations of 100, 150, and 250 mM was commonly found in a close proximity to the natural typical fern-like patterns of saliva smear of buffaloes at estrus. Conclusively, the buffalo saliva at estrus is predicted to have a gel-forming heavily glycosylated protein such as mucin along with at least 100 mM of NaCl. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Glycoprotein and salts combination replicates fern-like pattern of buffalo saliva at estrus. MUC3 and NaCl salt combination produces more realistic fern-like patterns compared with MUC2 or BSA and salt combination. MUC3 with NaCl at 100, 150, and 250 mM consistently resembled natural estrus saliva fern-like patterns. During estrus, buffalo saliva is expected to contain heavily glycosylated mucin and at least of 100 mM NaCl.

Therapeutic management of non-infectious repeat breeder buffaloes by using phytomedicine

The goal of the current study was to assess the efficacy of powder Harbominvit in non-infectious repeat breeder buffaloes with a selective test such as white side test, cervical pH, PMNs cell count, Fern patten and estimation of serum phosphorous. 24 buffaloes that tested negative for white side test was chosen for the current study out of a total of 51 buffaloes that underwent the test from Nanded and Parbhani districts of Marathwada region in Maharashtra under infertility camps organized by NDDB, Mother dairy, and Collage of animal and veterinary science Parbhani. MAFSU. In the Treatment group at day 0 before treatment repeat breeder buffaloes showed a Mean ± SE cervical pH value was 7.38±0.07 while the Control group showed a Mean ± SE cervical pH value was 7.59±0.08. The white side test was 100% negative for both groups. The mean ± SE value for PMN cell count for the Treatment group is 2.67±0.31 while the Control group was 2.08±0.22. The mean ± SE value for serum phosphorus value for the Treatment group before treatment is 3.81a±0.11 and after treatment is 4.937a±0.18 while the Control group shows before 3.68a±0.09 and after treatment 4.17a±0.20 and mean ± SE value for Fern pattern for Treatment group and Control group was 0.750±0.13 and 0.66±0.14 respectively. The conception rates in buffaloes of Group 1 with the treatment of powder Harbominvit and Group 2 with no treatment serve as control were 75% (09/12), and 41.66 % (05/12) respectively (Table 2). The overall conception rate in the present study was 58.33% (14/24) in non-infectious repeat-breeding buffaloes. As an herbal combination with chelated minerals and some vitamins has best conception rate in non-infectious repeat breeder buffaloes having the advantage of reducing the cost of treatment in repeat breeding as compared to other treatment protocols.

Immediate effects of artificial tears with and without preservatives containing hyaluronic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose

Background: Currently, hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) are common polymers incorporated in artificial tears (ATs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immediate effect of preservative- and preservative-free HA- and CMC-containing ATs on tear-film parameters and determine patient preference after AT instillation.
 Methods: In this prospective, double-blind, randomized, comparative study, we assessed fluorescein tear break-up time (TBUT), bulbar redness, and tear ferning pattern (TFP) up to 60 min after the instillation of ATs with and without preservatives containing HA and CMC in the recruited participants. To test patient preference, each patient was administered with the Ora Calibra™ Ocular Discomfort and 4-Symptom Questionnaire (OOD4SQ; scale of 0–5) before and 60 min after the instillation of ATs. The selection of 14 descriptive words based the 11-point Ora Calibra™ Drop Comfort Scale (ODCS; scale of 0–10) was administered immediately after instillation of each AT to test the drop comfort score.
 Results: We enrolled 200 eyes of 200 patients, including 163 (81.5%) women and 37 (18.5%) men, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 28.38 (5.42) years. Immediately or 5, 15, or 60 min after the instillation, the mean TBUT did not differ by presence of preservatives, HA, or CMC (all P > 0.05). However, it was significantly higher 5-min post-instillation compared to baseline and significantly lower 15- and 60-min post-instillation (all P < 0.05). The mean grade of bulbar redness immediately or 3, 5, 15, or 60 min after instillation did not differ by presence of preservatives for HA or CMC containing ATs (all P < 0.05). It did not differ significantly 3-, 5-, 15-, or 60-min post-instillation compared to baseline (all P > 0.05). The mean drop comfort scale after the instillation of ATs did not differ significantly by presence of preservatives, HA, or CMC (all P < 0.05). Positive descriptive words were selected by a higher proportion of participants in both groups. According to OOD4SQ, the overall discomfort and mean dryness scores improved significantly after instillation of HA-containing ATs (both P < 0.05), while the mean burning sensation, grittiness, and stinging scores remained unchanged (all P > 0.05). The overall discomfort and mean scores for each ocular symptom (P < 0.05), except for stinting (P > 0.05), improved significantly after instillation of CMC-containing ATs. The TFP did not change significantly from baseline to 60 min after the instillation of any AT (P > 0.05).
 Conclusions: Both ATs with and without preservatives containing HA and CMC produced positive short-term objective and subjective effects. However, TBUT, TFP, bulbar redness, and patient feedback were comparable for both HA- and CMC-containing ATs. Further trials with longer observation periods or the recruitment of patients with different severities of dry eye could provide more robust and clinically applicable conclusions.

Improvement of tear ferning patterns of artificial tears using dilute electrolyte solutions

The purpose of the research was to examine how the addition of dilute solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), or a combination of the two would impact the tear ferning (TF) patterns in artificial tears. Artificial tears (1 μL) were mixed with solutions (1–7 μL) of NaCl, KCl, or both (10–30 mg), prepared in double-distilled water (100 mL), to produce homogenous mixtures. A sample (1 μL) of each mixture was dried on a microscopic glass slide at 20 °C and with less than 20% humidity. The TF patterns were inspected using a light microscope, graded, and compared with the corresponding TF grades of pure artificial tears. Significant improvements (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.001) in the TF grades of the artificial tears were observed after the addition of solutions of NaCl and KCl or a mixture of both. The TF grades of the artificial tears decreased after adding different volumes and concentrations of electrolyte solutions. Generally, NaCl was more efficient than KCl in improving such grades. The TF grades of Blink Contact Soothing Eye Drops and Refresh Plus Tears were noticeably improved compared to the other grades. For example, Blink Contact Soothing Eye Drops' TF grade improved from 1.7 to 0.6 when 6 μL of NaCl solution (30 mg/100 mL water) was added to 1 μL of the eye drops. When a mixture of NaCl and KCl (1:2; 5–7 μL; 30 mg each in 100 mL water) was added, the TF grade improved to 0.5. In conclusion, the TF test evaluated the effect of adding dilute electrolyte solutions to artificial tears in vitro. Adding dilute solutions of NaCl and KCl, or a mixture of both, significantly improved the TF grades of artificial tears.

HYALURONIC ACID USING THE “FERN PATTERN TECHNIQUE” TECHNIQUE - SLEEP WRINKLES TREATMENT

The skin, due to its protective role, suffers from exogenous factors (ultraviolet radiation, pollution and trauma) and endogenous factors (endocrine-metabolic diseases, alcohol and tobacco use), a sequence of functional alterations and/or structural problems that could harm its integrity, leading to dyschromia, dehydration, loss of elasticity and microvascular alterations. Wrinkles are an indicator of facial aging, with fault lines occurring in the skin, due to skin distortions resulting from facial expression or mechanical movements and compressions during sleep. Expression and sleep wrinkles differ in etiology, location and anatomical pattern. The skin during sleep undergoes compression, shear and tension forces that act on the face when we are in lateral or prone sleeping positions. Hyaluronic acid, since the 1990s, has been employed as a favorable temporary filler option for facial augmentation and for the regulation of various biological processes, such as skin repair, wound healing, tissue regeneration, reaching the prominent place regarding the treatment of wrinkles. This work aims to report a case of treatment of sleep wrinkles, in a female patient, only treated with fillers based on hyaluronic acid, with the “Fern Pattern Technique” technique with evolution of 2 years and with a single application.

Assessing the Structure of Tear Ferning in a Group of Healthy Young Subjects: A Pilot Study

Purpose: The purpose of the current pilot study is to investigate the structure of tear ferning in female and male subjects of different ages. Methods: A total of six normal subjects participated in the current pilot cross-sectional study. The female subjects were 11, 28, and 42 years old, whereas the male subjects were 28, 32, and 34 years old. Five tear samples were collected from each subject using capillary tubes. A small drop (1 μl) of tears was dried on a glass slide and observed under a light microscope (Olympus BX1). Rolando (four grades) and Masmali (five grades) scales were used to classify the tear ferning patterns. Results: The tear film pattern of all the subjects was surrounded by three thick and homogenous peripheral layers. The layers surrounding the ferning were better distinguished in the 11-year-old female compared to the layers around the ferning in other subjects. The tear ferning of the 11-year-old female was very fine without any spacing and considered as a Grade 0 (Masmali), Type 1 (Roland), whereas the 28-year-old female had Grade 3 (Masmali), Type 4 (Rolando). The 28-year-old male had Grade 1 (Masmali), Type 2 (Rolando), whereas the 34-year-old male and 42-year-old male had ferning of Grade 3 (Masmali), Type 4 (Rolando). Conclusion: The current pilot study showed that irrespective of gender, ferning patterning and grading degenerated and increased, respectively, as the age of the participants increased. Furthermore, the grading of ferning was better in male participants compared to female participants.

Effect of monovalent electrolyte solutions on the human tear ferning pattern.

To investigate the effect of the addition of a low concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) solutions on the tear ferning (TF) patterns of tears collected from humans. A tear sample (20 μL) was collected from the right eye of 23 males and 7 females (25.4 ± 6.6 years). The tears were collected in one sitting for healthy subjects (N = 13). For dry eye participants (N = 17), the tear samples were collected in two separate settings with five minutes gap in between. A sample (1 μL) from each tear was dried on a glass slide, and the obtained ferns were observed using a microscope and graded using the five-point TF grading scale. Mixtures of tear samples (0.5 μL) and different volumes (0.5-2.5 μL) of each electrolyte (10-30 mg in 100 mL of water) solution were prepared, and their TF patterns were recorded and compared with those of the corresponding pure tears. Significant improvements (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.001) have been seen in the TF grades of the tear samples after the addition of NaCl and KCl solutions. A significant difference (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.016) was found between the TF grades when NaCl and KCl solutions were added to the tear samples. The TF grades of pure tears collected from dry-eye subjects ranged from 2.1 to 3.5, based on the five points grading scale, and decreased to be in the range of 0.4 to 1.6 after the addition of electrolyte solutions. While the TF grades of pure tears collected from normal-eye ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 and improved after the addition of electrolyte solution to be in the range of 0.4 to 1.5. The TF test was used in vitro to assess the impact of the addition of a low concentration of sodium and potassium chloride solutions on tears collected from humans. The TF grades of human tears significantly improved after the addition of either sodium or potassium chloride solution. The mechanism for the improvement in TF grades due to the addition of electrolyte solutions must be investigated.

Association of Ovarian Structures, Uterine Characteristics and Cervico-vaginal Mucus Attributes with Conception in Dairy Cows

This study was conducted to evaluate the association between ovarian structures, uterine characteristics and physical attributes of cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) with conception rate in normal cyclic dairy cows (N=20) at estrus. Different physical parameters of CVM at estrus such as quantity, consistency, color, pH, Spinnbarkeit value and fern pattern were evaluated. Transrectal ultrasonography was done at estrus to carry out the morphometry of follicles and uterine horns as well as following artificial insemination, the mid-cyclic corpus luteum size and functionality were assessed on the 10th day using B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography. Among the physical parameters, significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) Spinnbarkeit values were recorded for subsequently pregnant (n=12) as compared to non-pregnant cows (n=8). The mean diameter of the preovulatory follicle at estrus and corpus luteum vascularity (%) was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in subsequently pregnant as compared to non-pregnant cows while, no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) was recorded for intraluminal uterine fluid diameter and endometrium thickness. In conclusion, higher spinnbarkeit and preovulatory follicle diameter at estrus led to a better conception rate in dairy cows.

Ferning and Schirmer Test 1 for the Detection of Grading Severity of Dry Eye Syndrome in Post Phacoemulsification Patients

Highlights: 1. Females were the most gender who suffer from dry eye syndrome than males.2. Undergone phacoemulsification patients had frequent dry eye syndrome.3. Post-phacoemulsification patients were not statistically significant between the Ferning and the Schirmer test. Abstract: Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disease on the surface of the eyeball characterized by loss of tear film homeostasis, which is associated with eye symptoms, where there is tear instability and hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and damage to the surface of the eye, as well as neurosensory disorders that act as the cause of this syndrome. The aim of this study was to identify relationship between the Ferning pattern and the Schirmer test 1 in post-phacoemulsification patients. The design of this study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional data collection method where the Ferning and Schirmer test 1 were examined to determine the severity of dry eye syndrome in post-phacoemulsification patients. The Ferning test was assessed according to Rolando’s classification. In this study, it was found that the gender who suffer from dry eye syndrome are women. The most considerable age is age ≥ 60 years (56,7%). The results showed that the majority of patients experienced dry eyes measured with the Ferning test, and these results were following the previous Schirmer Test 1 examination. The Ferning and Schirmer tests were found to be abnormal in most of the subjects. It was found that there was a significant relationship between the Ferning pattern and the Schirmer test with the calculation of the t-value of 7.345 with a p-value of 0.001. There was a statistically significant difference between the results of Ferning and the Schirmer test in post-phacoemulsification patients.

Differential Responses in Estrus Induced Salivary Ferning Pattern Vis-A-Vis the Ambient Temperature - A Comparative Study in Water Buffaloes and Crossbred Cattle

Differential Responses in Estrus Induced Salivary Ferning Pattern Vis-A-Vis the Ambient Temperature - A Comparative Study in Water Buffaloes and Crossbred Cattle

The Effect of the Addition of Electrolyte Solutions on the Ferning Patterns of Tears Collected from Normal Eye Subjects.

The current study is the first report to describe the improvement of ferning patterns of human tears using electrolyte solutions. The results can help in the production of new artificial tears to improve the quality of tears. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the addition of different volumes of various electrolyte solutions on ferning patterns of human tears. Tear samples (20 μL) were collected from the right eye of 13 subjects (5 men and 5 women) aged 19 to 36 years (27.1 ± 5.1 years) with normal eyes. Then, 1 μL of each tear sample was dried on a microscopic glass slide, and obtained ferns were observed using light microscopy and graded using the 5-point tear ferning (TF) grading scale. Homogenous mixtures of each tear sample (0.5 μL) and different volumes (0.5 to 5 μL) of each electrolyte were prepared. A sample (1 μL) of each mixture was dried, and the ferns obtained were graded and compared with those of the corresponding tears collected from subjects before the addition of electrolyte solutions. After the addition of electrolyte solutions, the TF grades of tears collected from healthy humans were generally improved. Significant (Wilcoxon test) improvements have been seen in the TF grades of the tear samples after the addition of a solution of potassium chloride (P = .03), calcium chloride (P = .01), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (P = .002), and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (P = .002). No significant improvements in the TF grades were seen after the addition of sodium chloride solution (P = .33). Ferning grades of human tears improved with most of the electrolytes used.

Improving tear ferning patterns collected from goats and camels after adding various electrolyte solutions.

Good quality of tear film is essential for healthy vision in both animals and humans. Therefore, improving the quality of tears through the addition of electrolytes is important. To assess the effect of adding various electrolyte solutions on tear ferning (TF) patterns collected from goats and camels. Tear samples (20 ƒÊL) were collected from 5 goats (2 males and 3 females; 3.4 }1.6 years) and 5 camels (2 males and 3 females; 4.0 }1.1 years) using microcapillary tubes. A tear sample (0.5 ƒÊL) from each animal was mixed with various volumes (0.5.5 ƒÊL) of each electrolyte solution to produce homogenous mixtures. A sample (1 ƒÊL) of each mixture was dried on a microscopic glass at 22°C with a humidity .40%. The obtained TF pattern was observed, graded and compared with those obtained for the corresponding pure tear samples. The effect of dilution using purified water on the TF patterns of animals was also tested. The TF grades of animals were generally enhanced when mixed with electrolyte solutions. Specifically, the TF grade for tears collected from a goat was improved from 1.4 to 0.7 and to 0.8 when magnesium chloride hexahydrate and calcium chloride were added, respectively. Similarly, the TF grade for tears collected from a camel was improved from 1.8 to 0.9 and to 1.1, when calcium chloride and sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions were added, respectively. The TF grades of tears collected from both goats and camels were improved after adding electrolyte solutions, and they were most remarkably improved when divalent electrolyte solutions were added, followed by the hydrogenated electrolyte.

Physico-chemical properties of cervical mucus discharge and endocrine profile during oestrus and metoestrus period in crossbred dairy cows with and without metoestrual bleeding

The physicochemical properties of cervical mucus discharge (CMD), serum oestrogen and progesterone profiles during oestrus (day 0) and metoestrus (day 2) period in crossbred cows with (Group I, n=12) and without (Group II, n=12) history of profuse metoestrual bleeding were studied. Majority of group I cows exhibited clear and transparent CMD (83.33 per cent) with thin consistency (100 per cent), typical fern pattern (83.33 per cent), pH (7.58±0.12) and spinnbarkeit value of 12.64±0.50 cm during oestrus. However, during metoestrus all the cows (100 per cent) exhibited bloody CMD with thin consistency (66.67 per cent), ‘nil’ fern pattern (0.0 per cent), mean pH of 7.96±0.10 and mean spinnbarkeit value of 9.35±0.5 cm. In group I cows, the mean pH and spinnbarkeit values of CMD (7.96±0.10 and 9.35±0.5 cm, respectively) was significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher than that of group II cows (7.64±0.07 and 7.75±0.30 cm, respectively) during metoestrus. The mean serum progesterone concentration of group I cows (1.61±0.55 ng/mL) was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than that of group II cows (0.36±0.07 ng/mL) on day of oestrus. The mean serum oestradiol concentration of group I cow (6.85±0.53 pg/mL) was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower when compared to group II cows (8.48±0.49 pg/mL) during metoestrus. In conclusion, the physicochemical properties of CMD, serum progesterone and oestrogen profiles significantly altered in group I cows during oestrus and metoestrus which showed lower conception rate than that of group II cows.

Clinical Evaluation of Uttar Bastiand some Herbo-Mineral Compounds in Female Infertility

Introduction: Infertility is an emerging health problem that has profound socioeconomic and health implication on both the individual and society. Ayurveda explained female infertility as Vandhyatvaand mentioned Garbha Sambhava Samagri(proper union of four factors like fertile period, healthy reproductive system, nutrition and healthy ovum and sperm) and Manasika Abhitapa(psychological and emotional factors) as chief factors responsible for conception.The efficacy of Uttar basti of Kalyanak Ghritawith oral Garbhadharak yogwith anupana of Ashwagandha Ksheerpakamixed with Kalyanak Ghritahas encouraging effects for the management of primary cases of Bandhyatva. Methods: In this trial, randomly categorized the patients of primary infertility and grouped them into A, B &amp; C who were ineligible for fertility after the several years of unprotected intercourses.The Group A patientswere treated with Kalyanak Ghrita Uttarbasti, 3 days alternatively in a month for consecutive three cycle. The Group B patients were treated with Oral Garbhadharak Yogawhile Group C patients were treated with Kalyanak Ghrita Uttarbasti and OralGarbhadharak Yoga for three months consecutively. Result:Total 60 patients were investigated for Bandhyatvafor present study. The effect of Uttar basti of Kalyanak Ghritawith oral yog (Garbhadharak yogwith the anupana of Ashwagandha Ksheerpakamixed with Kalyanak Ghrita) in Group C Patients Shows maximum relief in cervical mucus was 50.00%, Viscosity 65%, Spinnbarkeit formation 54.54%, cellularity 37.83% reduced Fern pattern on 22ndday was 48.27%, PCT 27.77%, Leucorrhea 83.33%, Amount of blood loss 17.50%, Regularity 71.42%, Dysmenorrhea 88.88%, and improvement in follicular growth was 54.16%. Conclusion:In Group C, out of 20 patients 05 patients were conceived showing 25% relief in primary infertility.The overall effectiveness of therapy in all studied 60 patients of primary infertility was 15%.The statistical analysis data of the clinical research work done on all 60 patients of infertility shows the highly significant result (p&lt;0.001)

Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions

Objective: This study aimed to improve the tear ferning (TF) patterns in the sheep tears after the addition of various electrolyte solutions in different proportions.Animal Studied: Sheep were located at a small farm in the outskirts of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The sheep had no ocular disorders or diseases, and none of the female sheep were pregnant.Methods: Tear samples (20 μl) were collected from the right eyes of seven healthy sheep (five female sheep and two male sheep; age 7–36 months with an average of 17.0 ± 10.3 months). A tear sample (1 μl) from each sheep was dried on a microscopic glass slide at 22°C and <40% humidity. The TF patterns were graded based on the five-point grading scale in 0.1 increments. Homogenous mixtures were prepared by mixing tears from each sheep (0.5 μl) with various electrolyte solutions in different proportions (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10). A sample of each mixture (1 μl) was dried on a glass slide, and the TF patterns for each mixture were observed, recorded, graded, and compared with those of the corresponding pure sheep tears. In addition, each sheep tear sample (0.5 μl) was diluted with pure water (0.5 μl) and the TF images were recorded and graded to test the dilution effect.Results: General improvement was noted in TF grades after the addition of electrolyte solutions, ranging from 1.7–1.4 to 1.3–0.3 regardless of the ratio between the electrolyte solutions and sheep tears within the mixture. TF grades of sheep tear samples improved significantly after adding different volumes of calcium chloride solution. Similar improvements in TF grades were observed when magnesium chloride hexahydrate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions were used as the electrolytes. Some improvements in the TF grades occurred with the addition of potassium chloride to sheep tear samples. There was little improvement in TF grades after the addition of sodium chloride solution.Conclusion: Tear ferning grades of sheep tear samples improved when mixed with a number of electrolyte solutions at different volumes, in particular with calcium chloride or magnesium chloride solutions. Some improvements in TF grades were seen with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium chloride solution added as the electrolyte. Clearly, divalent electrolytes lead to a greater improvement in TF grades of sheep tear samples as compared with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or monovalent electrolytes.

Clinical manifestations of Grinspan–Potekaev syndrome on the buccal mucous membrane (a case report)

Grinspan–Potekaev syndrome is a rare disorder facing dentists in practical activity. That is why the detailed analysis of the disease clinical course peculiarities is important and urgently needed. The aim of the work: to analyze the clinical course of Grinspan–Potekaev syndrome on the buccal mucous membrane using the example of a patient treatment in the dental clinic Denta Plus (Zhytomyr city). Materials and methods. Bibliosemantic method (analysis, correlation, comparison, generalization, systematization of scientific literature on the studied issues), system analysis and logical generalization (for developing the algorithm of diagnostics and treatment), medical documentation analysis of the patient, who sought medical assistance in the dental clinic Denta Plus, were used. Results. The clinical course of Grinspan–Potekaev syndrome on the buccal mucous membrane was described and analyzed. The conducted diagnostic methods allowed to determine the diagnosis, to develop and to apply the complex drug therapy that positively influenced the general well-being, promoted the transformation of erosive-ulcerous form of lichen planus into less aggressive and safer exudative-hyperaemic one. The difficulties during the diagnostic and differential diagnostic stages concerned the fact that typical skin lesions were not observed and the “fern pattern” on the buccal mucous membrane (within the period of exacerbation) was not clear. Besides, the patient did not have any complaints specific to diabetes mellitus, therefore a blood glucose level and glycemic profile were determined only in the process of case follow-up, the patient was further referred to an endocrinologist, who diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusions. The described case of Grinspan–Potekaev syndrome allowed to analyze the clinical course of the disease in the oral cavity within the exacerbation period and to examine the components of diagnostic and treatment process. The treatment response in Grinspan–Potekaev syndrome (with isolated manifestations of lichen planus on the buccal mucous membrane) depends not only on a dentist competence but also on cooperation between other specialists: dermatologist, oncologist, psychotherapist, family physician, and endocrinologist. Despite the positive clinical effect, the need to follow-up the further course of the disease is associated with the possibility of erosive-ulcerous form of lichen planus relapses and its malignant transformation.

Pattern of induced estrus during superovulatory programme in Kangayam donor cows

The objective of the present study is to report the pattern of induced estrus before the superovulatory treatment in Kangayam donor cows. A total of 16 Kangayam donor cows were selected for this study. The animals were treated with two doses of 500 µg PGF2α intramuscularly at an interval of 11 days. At 24 hours after the administration of 2nd dose of PGF2α, all the Kangayam donor cows were observed for estrus response, onset of estrum, sign of induced estrus, duration of induced estrus, fern pattern and intensity of estrus. The onset of estrus was 61.00±1.89 hours, duration of estrus was 18.25±1.4 hours and the intensities of estrus were 62.5%, 25% and 12.5% as intense, intermediate and weak respectively in Kangayam donor cows.