Fermented Liquid Feed Research Articles

Effects of wheat-based fermented liquid feed on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microbiota, intestinal morphology, and barrier function in grower-finisher pigs.

Fermented liquid feed (FLF) can improve dietary nutrient absorption levels, degrade anti-nutrient factors in diets, and increase beneficial bacteria abundance in animal guts. However, few systematic studies have been conducted on WFLF in pigs. The present study evaluates the effects of WFLF on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gastric volume, intestinal morphology, intestinal health, intestinal barrier function, serum biochemical immunity, gut microbiota, and intestinal microbial diversity of grower-finisher pigs. In total, 80 weaned pigs were randomly allocated to two treatment groups based on their initial body weight: a basal diet with pellet dry feeding (CON) and a basal diet with wheat-based fermented liquid feed (WFLF), with four replicate pens per group. The experiment lasted 82 d. Compared with CON pigs, those fed WFLF were heavier significantly at 60-82 d and had significantly higher average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and gain: feed ratio at 60-82 d and 1-82 d. WFLF pigs had significantly greater jejunum, total tract, and ileal digestibility for all nutrients and amino acids, excluding arginine, than CON pigs. WFLF intake influenced villus height, villus height: crypt depth ratio of the anterior segment of the jejunum(A-jejunum), crypt depth, and redox potential of the posterior segment of the jejunum (P-jejunum) while significantly affecting body weight. Additionally, FLF improved gastric capacity significantly. Furthermore, mRNA expression of occludin and claudin-1 in the mucosa of the ileum and jejunum was significantly higher in WFLF pigs than in CON pigs. WFLF increased serum concentrations of alanine transaminase and reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and total bile acid content. The alpha diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices) in the stomachs of WFLF pigs was significantly higher than in CON pigs. Microbial diversity in the stomach, ileum, and cecum, as well as the abundance of lactic acid bacteria, were increased in WFLF pigs compared to CON pigs. In conclusion, WFLF intake may positively influence intestinal ecology by improving digestive tract structure, upregulating intestinal barrier-related genes, and improving intestinal morphology to enhance intestinal digestive function and health. Collectively, the present study shows that WFLF intake can increase growth performance while maintaining beneficial nutrient digestibility in grower-finisher pigs.

Effects of Tamarind Seed on the Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Porcine

Pig livestock feed generally competes with human needs; therefore, alternative feed is needed in the form of tamarind seeds, which contain nutrients but are also antinutrients. The technology required was to use fermented liquid feed. This study aimed to examine the effects of tamarind seeds on the nutrient digestibility growth performance of pigs. The study used a randomized blocked design (RBD) with 4 treatments and replications. In the present study, R0 = fermented liquid feed (FLF) without tamarind seeds (TS), R10 = FLF with 10% TS, R20 = FLF with 20% TS, and R30 = FLF with 30% TS. The analyzed data were subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan's test. The research variables were nutrient consumption and nutrient digestive rations. The results showed that increasing the percentage of TS in FLF had no significant effect (P>0.05) on nutrient consumption or crude fat digestibility in Landrace crossed pigs but had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extracts, crude fat, crude fiber, and ash. The conclusion is that tamarind seeds could be used in fermented liquid feed up to 30%, but it is better to use 20% to increase the nutrient digestibility of pigs. Further research regarding its use to determine the performance of carcass production is recommended

The Effect of Tamarind Seeds in Fermented Liquid Feed as Pig Feed on Nutrient and Tannin Content, Lactic Acid Bacteria Population, and Fiber Fraction

Feed is the biggest cost in the pig livestock business, therefore it is necessary to do processing using fermentation technology by utilizing tamarind seeds in the liquid feed. This study aimed to determine the nutrient, tannins, and populations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and fiber fraction. This study was undertaken in May-July 2021. The study consisted of 4 treatments, namely; R0: Fermented liquid feed (FLF) of 0% tamarind seeds, R10: FLF of 10% tamarind seeds, R20: FLF of 20% tamarind seeds, and R30: FLF of 30% tamarind seeds. This study was conducted on the experimental design using a Completely Randomized Designed (CRD). The study variables were nutrient content, tannin, LAB population, and fiber fraction. The results were analyzed quantitatively using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the differences between treatments were further tested by DMRT. The results showed that the percentage of using tamarind seeds in a ratio up to 30% had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the nutrient content (dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), crude fat, and ash), anti-nutrient (tannin), fiber fraction (NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), but did not affect (P>0.05) the population of lactic acid bacteria. In conclusion, the use of tamarind seeds up to 30% in liquid feed increases nutrient content (dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), and ash), anti-nutrient (tannin), and fiber fraction content (NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), but was able to reduce the crude fat content and had no impact on the population of lactic acid bacteria.

Methane Production Characteristics of an Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Pig Manure and Fermented Liquid Feed.

Methane production characteristics of anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure (PM) and fermented liquid feed (FLF) were investigated in a continuous digester under mesophilic conditions. The experiment followed three phases. PM alone was digested in phase I. In phases II and III, PM and FLF were mixed in a ratio of 95:5 and 90:10 (% v/v), respectively. The specific methane yields (SMYs) during phases I, II, and III were 238, 278, and 326.8 mLCH4·gVS−1-added, respectively. It was due to the effect of balancing the feedstock carbon-to-nitrogen ratio by adding FLF. This improvement can also be attributed to the readily biodegradable compounds in the FLF. The higher SMY obtained in this study showed a positive synergistic effect in the anaerobic co-digestion of PM and FLF. The results also indicate that adding the FLF positively affected and maintained a constant pH level, avoiding volatile fatty acid accumulation and ammonia inhibition in the anaerobic digestion (AD). Thus, this study provides valuable information regarding the usage of unused or wasted FLF as a co-substrate for the practical AD of PM. The production of fermented liquid additives such as FLF to improve the methane production from the AD of PM is a potential novel alternative to food waste recycling in Japan, besides compost and animal feeding.

Effect of Fermented Liquid Feed (FLF) on Performance and Feed Efficiency of Large White Yorkshire (LWY) Pigs under Tropical Climate of North-East India

Background: Feeding of fermented feed is not popular among the pig farmers inspite of manifold advantages as preparation is laborious, involves technical knowledge requiring considerable time. An attempt was made to standardise a preparation method of FLF and comparative assessment was made with dry and liquid feed in LWY pigs. Methods: Twenty-four weaned LWY piglets (11.45±2.42 to 11.46±2.37 kg) were assigned - dry feed (T1), Liquid feed (T2), liquid feed fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus (T3) and liquid feed fermented with Enterococcus faecium (T4) in a 180 days feeding trial. Liquid feed was prepared by mixing feed and water at 1:2 (w/w) and the FLFs were prepared by fermenting liquid feed with Lactobacillus acidophilus for T3 and Enterococcus faecium for T4. Pigs were fed individually ad libitum considering each piglet as replicate. Nutrient digestibility was estimated at 18th and 30th week of age conducting two feeding trials. Carcass traits and sensory quality of pork were evaluated by slaughtering 3 pigs from each treatment at the end of trial. Result: No significant effect (P greater than 0.05) of FLFs was observed in feed intake in the growing phase, but it was significantly high in T3 and T4 in the finishing phase. Significantly (P less than 0.05) high body weight gain with improvement of 17.76% in T3 and 17.71% in T4 were recorded. Apparent nutrient digestibility was better in T3 and T4 and crude protein digestibility was significantly (P less than 0.05) high in T3 in finishing phase. Significantly improved feed efficiency was recorded for T3 and T4. The feeding cost/kg body weight gain was Rs. 128.36, 120.43, 112.87 and 115.51, respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4. Significantly high dressing% and carcass length with positive effect on water holding capacity were observed for feeding FLFs, but without any significant effect on proximate composition and sensory attributes of pork.

HARGA DAN ESTIMASI NILAI EKONOMIS PAKAN CAIR YANG MENGANDUNG PERSENTASE BIJI ASAM BERBEDA

One of the conventional feed ingredients commonly used as pig feed to reduce ration prices is tamarind seeds. However, tamarind seeds have a hard seed coat texture, therefore liquid feed is fermented by formulating it with other feed ingredients, in order to know whether the liquid feed has economic value or not. The purpose of this research is to examine the price of liquid feed containing different percentages of tamarind seeds and estimate their economic value in the form of total consumption costs and feed cost per gain. The research was using yellow corn, rice bran, soybean meal, meat and bone meal, whole tamarind seeds, and aquades. Liquid feed is formulated according to the needs of the grower phase of pigs. The research treatments were R0: Fermented liquid feed (FLF) containing 0% tamarind seeds, R10: FLF containing 10% tamarind seeds, R20: FLF containing 20% ​​tamarind seeds, and R30: FLF containing 30% tamarind seeds. The variables studied were the price of liquid feed (Rp/kg), total consumption cost (Rp/kg/e), and feed cost per gain (Rp). The data were analyzed descriptively according to the research variables. The results showed that the price of liquid feed, the total cost of consumption, and the cost of the R30 treatment feed were Rp. 6868/kg, Rp. 12,579,711/kg/e, and Rp. 18,177 lower or more economical than treatment R0, R10, and R20. It was concluded that the presentation of the use of tamarind seeds in liquid feed at a level of 30% was more profitable.

121 Use of Fermentation Co-products in Pet Food and Animal Feeds

Abstract Fermentation is used to create foods and beverages that are enjoyed by people around the world. Similarly, fermentation creates direct opportunities for feed application such as fermented liquid feed or fermented feedstuffs. Other opportunities exist: fermentation followed by extraction of a main product for human or biofuel application also creates co-products that require application in petfood or animal feeds for valorization. Indeed, cereal grains are fermented to produce beer, distilled spirits, or bioethanol and their associated co-products can be fed either wet or dry. For example, traditional beer production using fermentation of barley grain produces abundant brewer’s spent grains and also brewer’s spent hops and yeast as co-products. Brewer’s spent grains are mostly fed wet to ruminants due to its greater fiber content than barley grain and avoiding the cost of its drying required for compound feed application. Wet brewer’s yeast can be used as feedstuff in liquid feed systems for swine. Dried brewer’s yeast can be considered for pet food application due to included nutrients, nucleotides, mannan oligosaccharides, and β-glucans. Other cereal grains such as corn and rice are also used for beer production. Whiskey is produced using fermentation of an array of cereal grains, and distiller’s co-products have traditionally been fed wet or dry mostly to cattle. For the last two decades, large-scale production of ethanol as biofuel has created the co-product distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as commodity feedstuff. Subsequently, DDGS has been used in livestock feed and petfood as protein source. With animal feed application, dietary inclusion of fermentation co-products provides opportunities for circular agriculture whereby nutrients excreted by livestock will be applied to soil to support grain production. Finally, depending on price and quality, fermentation co-products may be part of pet food and livestock feed formulations to achieve competitive cost and functionality.

An integrated method to produce fermented liquid feed and biologically modified biochar as cadmium adsorbents using corn stalks

The recycling of agricultural waste is a global challenge to the sustainable development of agriculture. By using corn stalks, we studied the feasibility of combining anaerobic fermentation and pyrolysis processes to produce both fermentated liquid feed and biologically modified biocharas cadmium adsorbents. Anaerobic ensiling enhanced the biodegradation of corn stalks by increasing crude protein and reducing fiber contents. After 24-h anaerobic fermentation, corn stalks silage was decomposed into the liquid filtrate and non-fermented residue. Fermented liquid feed (FLF) was prepared by storing feed and liquid filtrate (1:4.0, wt/wt) in a closed tank at 20 °C for 4 days, which showed desired properties (pH < 4.5, lactic acid bacteria greater than 9.0 lg cfu g−1, lactic acid greater than 100 mmol L-1). The non-fermented residue was pyrolyzed at 500 °C to prepare biologically modified biochar (BCB24). In comparison with pristine biochar produced from corn stalks (CB), anaerobic ensiling and anaerobic fermentation significantly increased the surface area, oxygen-containing functional groups, as well as mineral components in BCB24. The maximum sorption capacity of Cd(II) for BCB24 was 2.1 times of CB, suggesting that BCB24 is an effective adsorbent for Cd(II) removal from water. Our results indicated that coupling anaerobic fermentation and pyrolysis technology can significantly improve the efficiency of corn stalks recycling.

Influence of Fermented Diets on In Vitro Survival Rate of Some Artificially Inoculated Pathogens—A Preliminary Study

Improving the hygienic status of feed ingredients by biotechnological processes as fermentation is of the greatest concern. This preliminary study aimed to investigate whether there are relevant effects of fermented liquid feed (FLF) on the survival of potential pathogens in vitro. The feed (fresh basis) consisted of 50% rye, 30% rapeseed extracted meal, 10% barley and 10% wheat. Glass bottles were filled about 14.1 g water (38 °C) containing the diluted starter culture and feed (8.81 g). Fermentation led to high levels of lactate (5–7% of dry matter), low pH values (&lt;4.0) and low levels of acetic acid (&lt;1% of dry matter) in the FLF. The survival rate of pathogens added, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens after 6 h of controlled fermentation, was significantly reduced (&lt;2 log10 CFU/g). The counts of Candida krusei in FLF at 3 h and 6 h post inoculation remained almost unchanged regardless of the incubation time. Even adding sodium-benzoate at a concentration of up to 0.25% in the liquid feed did not reduce the survival of C.krusei during fermentation. Based on this in vitro study, feeding of FLF seems a promising strategy to reduce pathogen transmission but has to be confirmed on natural feeds by pathogens for increasing the hygienic properties.

Intestinal Microbiota of Fattening Pigs Offered Non-Fermented and Fermented Liquid Feed with and without the Supplementation of Non-Fermented Coarse Cereals.

Introducing high numbers of lactic acid bacteria into the gastrointestinal tract of pigs via fermented liquid feed (FLF) could have an impact on intestinal bacterial ecosystems. Twenty piglets were allocated into four groups and fed a botanically identical liquid diet that was offered either non-fermented (twice), fully fermented or partially fermented but supplemented with 40% of non-fermented coarse cereals. Microbiota studies were performed on the small and large intestine digesta and faecal samples. A 16S rRNA gene amplification was performed within the hypervariable region V4 and sequenced with the Illumina MiSeq platform. R (version 3.5.2) was used for the statistical analyses. The digesta of the small intestines of pigs fed FLF were dominated by Lactobacillaceae (relative abundance up to 95%). In the colonic contents, the abundance of Lactobacillaceae was significantly higher only in the pigs fed the FLF supplemented with non-fermented coarse cereals. Additionally, the digesta of the small and large intestines as well as in the faeces of the pigs fed the FLF supplemented with non-fermented coarse cereals were significantly enriched for two operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The FLF supplemented with non-fermented coarse cereals had probiotic and prebiotic-like impacts on the intestinal and faecal bacterial composition of pigs.

Effect of dietary inclusion of benzoic acid (VevoVitall®) on the microbial quality of liquid feed and the growth and carcass quality of grow-finisher pigs

Benzoic acid has long been used as a food preservative due to its antibacterial and antifungal effects. Supplementation to pig diets has also been shown to inhibit microbial free amino acid degradation and to control yeast growth in fermented liquid feed. However, the effect of dietary inclusion of benzoic acid (BA) in fresh liquid feed for grow-finisher pigs on feed quality and the resultant effects on pig growth remain unclear. The objective of the current study was to compare four inclusion levels of BA (VevoVitall®) on feed microbial quality and on the growth performance of grow-finisher pigs. Two-hundred and sixteen pigs with a starting weight of 30.0kg (± 7.43 SD) were used in the experiment. The four dietary treatments were as follows: (1) Basal diet + 0kg/t BA (0kg/t BA), (2) Basal diet + 2.5kg/t BA (2.5kg/t BA), (3) Basal diet + 5kg/t BA (5kg/t BA), (4) Basal diet + 10kg/t BA (10kg/t BA). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts in the mixing tank were similar across treatments (P>0.05) but were lower in the troughs for the feed supplemented with 10kg/t BA than for all other treatments (P<0.01). The pH of the 10kg/t BA treatment was also lower than that of the other three treatments. However, this only occurred in the mixing tank (P<0.01), as in the trough, the basal diet had the lowest pH (lower than the other three treatments; P<0.01). Dietary BA inclusion did not affect average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, final live-weight, carcass weight or carcass quality during the experimental period (P>0.05). In conclusion, while BA may limit the growth of LAB in liquid feed and stabilise feed pH, its inclusion in the diet did not improve the growth performance or carcass quality of grow-finisher pigs.

Complete Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum Strain LQ80, Selected for Preparation of Fermented Liquid Feed for Pigs.

ABSTRACTLactobacillus plantarum LQ80 is a strain isolated from liquid feed for pigs. We determined the complete genome sequence of this strain using the PacBio RS II platform. LQ80 contained a single circular chromosome of 3,230,192 bp, with 44.66% G+C content and seven plasmids.

Influence of ad Libitum Feeding of Piglets With Bacillus Subtilis Fermented Liquid Feed on Gut Flora, Luminal Contents and Health

Some scholars caution that long-term ad libitum feeding with probiotic fermented food poses potential health risks to baby animals. We conducted a feeding experiment to investigate the influence of ad libitum feeding of pre-and post-weaned piglets with a Bacillus subtilis fermented diet on the gut microbiome, gut metabolomic profiles, bile acid metabolism, proinflammatory cytokines and faecal consistency. Compared with piglets fed a Bacillus subtilis-supplemented pellet diet, piglets fed the Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet had lower intestinal bacterial diversity (P > 0.05), higher intestinal fungal diversity (P > 0.05), more Firmicutes (P > 0.05), fewer Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria (P > 0.05), higher concentrations of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (P < 0.05), orotic acid (P < 0.05), interleukin-6 (P < 0.01), lactic acid (P < 0.01), deoxycholic acid (P > 0.05) and lithocholic acid (P < 0.01) and a higher incidence of diarrhoea (P > 0.05). The data show that ad libitum feeding of piglets with a Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid diet during the suckling and early post-weaning periods promotes the growth of lactic acid bacteria, bile salt hydrolase-active bacteria and 7a-dehydroxylase-active bacteria in the intestinal lumen; disturbs the normal production of lactic acid, orotic acid and unconjugated bile acids; and increases circulating interleukin-6 levels and diarrhoea incidence.

Pyrosequencing investigation into the influence of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I- mixtures on fungal diversity and toxigenic fungal growth in a fermented liquid feed.

A L9(34) orthogonal experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of 9 mixtures which consisted of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− ions at different ion concentrations on fungal diversity and toxigenic fungal growth in a Bacillus subtilis-fermented liquid feed (FLF) using pyrosequencing. The maximal Chao estimator and Shannon index were achieved in the FLF with a mixture of Cu2+ (200 mg/kg), Zn2+ (160 mg/kg), Fe2+ (150 mg/kg) and I− (2.4 mg/kg). The minimal relative abundance of Aspergillus was achieved when a mixture of Cu2+ (200 mg/kg), Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− was added to the FLF. Compared with Zn2+, Fe2+ and I−, Cu2+ was the most important ion in inhibiting Aspergillus growth. Adding Zn2+ (160 mg/kg), Cu2+, Fe2+ and I− to the FLF minimized the relative abundance of Fusarium. It was Zn2+ instead of Cu2+ played a critical role in suppressing the growth of Fusarium. The proper use of the mixture of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− in FLF contributes to inhibit the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi during storage. The new findings of this study help farmers properly use the mixture of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I− to inhibit the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi in the production of high quality FLF and alleviate mycotoxins damages to animals and humans.

Fermented liquid feed for weaned piglets: impact of sedimentation in the feed slurry on performance and gut parameters

In two experiments with weaned piglets, the effects of fermented liquid feed (FLF) (produced with probiotic strain Pediococcus acidilactici, Bactocell®, Lallemand S.A.S.) on performance and some bacteriological and morpho-histological parameters of the gut were investigated, and the impact of sedimentation of the solids in the FLF thereon. In experiment I, FLF or the same dry feed (DRY) was offered ad libitum for 28 days to two groups of 15 weaned piglets (28 days of age) each (3 replicates of 5 pigs). Performance was negatively affected by feeding FLF and concomitant with that the group fed the FLF diet showed shorter villi (501 vs 550 µm) and smaller crypts (264 vs 289 µm) in the small intestine at 3 m proximal to the caecum (P < 0.05). It was assumed that these poorer results were due to sedimentation of the solids in the FLF and therefore a second experiment was conducted with sepiolite (10 g/kg) added to the feeds. Sepiolite tends to slow down the segregation of particles in slurry. The three feeding groups (weaned piglets, 27 days of age) in this experiment were DRY, DRY with probiotic (DRY+), and FLF. The group fed FLF (body weight gain (BWG) 254 g/piglet/day; feed : gain ratio 1.38) did now perform better (P < 0.05) than the groups fed the DRY (BWG 184 g/piglet/day; feed : gain ratio 1.52) and DRY+ (BWG 185 g/piglet/day; feed : gain ratio 1.48) diets, which did not differ. Villus length in the small intestine at 3 m proximal to the caecum was also higher for the group fed FLF (558 µm) compared with the group fed the DRY+ diet (490 µm; P < 0.05). It was concluded that feeding FLF is beneficial to freshly weaned piglets on condition that sedimentation of the solids in the feed slurry can be controlled.

Impact of fermentation and addition of non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on microbial population and on digestibility of dried distillers grains with solubles in pigs

Fluctuating prices on feedstock has led to a growing interest in alternative feed ingredients. Co-products from the biofuel industry are hence interesting to include in pig feeds, primarily due to the high protein content. Low nutritional value due to a high content of dietary fibre, however, limits the use of these ingredients. The current study aimed to increase the digestibility of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), based on 80% wheat and 20% barley, by fermentation and enzyme addition. Four experimental diets were prepared based on 60% DDGS (fermented or not, without or with the addition of carbohydrases) and 40% of a basal diet composed mainly of maize starch: (1) a nonfermented liquid feed treatment (n-FLF); (2) a fermented liquid feed treatment (FLF); (3) the FLF supplemented with a mixture of xylanase and β-glucanase (XylGlu); and (4) the FLF supplemented with a mixture of cellulase and xylanase (CelXyl). Microbial population during fermentation of the treatments was determined and apparent ileal and total tract digestibility were measured on eight barrows surgically fitted with a simple T-shaped cannula at the distal ileum and fed the four treatments according to a double-Latin square design. Microbial activity of the three fermented DDGS treatments was relatively low with lactic acid bacteria counts between 8.8 and 8.9logcfu/g and lactic acid concentrations between 60.2 and 70.5mmol/kg. The addition of CelXyl to DDGS resulted in a significant decrease in the amount of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) compared to the fermented DDGS (from 341.8g/kg DM to 312.9g/kg DM, P<0.001). Furthermore, addition of CelXyl to DDGS showed a reduction in the level of putrescine (46.5mg/kg DM in the DDGS versus 3.7mg/kg DM in the DDGS added CelXyl). Fermenting DDGS prior to feeding led to significantly increased apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of NSP (P=0.02), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM (P=0.01), CP (P=0.003), and P (P=0.04), along with tendency to increased ATTD of NSP (P=0.1). Addition of XylGlu and CelXyl resulted in further increases of both AID and ATTD of NSP compared to n-FLF (P≤0.03); with the greatest effect on the CelXyl treatment. In conclusion, the digestibility of DDGS in pigs was increased by fermentation. Addition of carbohydrases during fermentation can be a way of further increasing the NSP digestibility of DDGS.

Fermented liquid feed for pigs: an ancient technique for the future.

Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1:1.5 to 1:4. By mixing with water, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow’s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.

Keeping under control a liquid feed fermentation process for pigs: A reality scale pilot based study

An original and fully automated liquid feeding pilot has been designed and implemented to monitor and optimize the fermentation process of liquid feed for pigs at a pre-industrial scale. The installation was designed and instrumented to continuously record the temperature, pH and redox potential (Eh) during the fermentation course of wheat flour based feed mixed with water in a 1:2.5 (w:w) ratio. Single and multiple batches experiments were carried-out with feed inoculation achieved by leftover or with a selected culture of lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB). Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the fermentation process which include lactic and acetic acids and ethanol concentrations, enumerations of lactic acid producing bacteria, yeasts, total coliforms and Escherichia coli, were monitored and analyzed as a function of the main feed control factors: incubation time, operating temperature, feed time schedule and percentage of leftover. From batch experiments, it was observed that increasing the operating temperature from 15 to 30°C, accelerates the rate of fermentation by reducing about 5–6-folds the process latency and the duration to reach a pH value of 4.0 which is considered as optimal to achieve biosafety. Nevertheless, this does not prevent the blooming of coliforms as their counts increases from 4 to 6 log10CFU/mL within 24h. In opposite, multiple batches are proved to be effective in both accelerating the fermentation rates and reducing the survival of Coliform bacteria in fermented liquid feed (FLF). Feed fermented at 25°C during 24-h cycles with a 22% leftover ensures the prominence of LAB strains over yeasts with a population level that stabilizes at around 9 log10CFU/mL (vs. 7 log10CFU/mL for single batches), a lactic acid production up to 35g/kg dry matter (DM) and a pH value between 5 and 3.5 throughout the period. Concomitantly, total Coliforms number decreases from 7.5 to 2.2 log10CFU/mL within 72h whereas E. coli became undetectable beyond 48h. Addition of a starter culture (Pediococcus acidilactici, Bactocell®) at 9 log10CFU/kg DM at the initial stage of FLF production reduces 25–35 times the total coliforms and E. coli counts. No significant differences in the amounts of organic compounds produced by the microflora as compared to the control FLF after 80h nor in the microbial levels are observed. It is concluded that sequences of fermentation cycles allows, in a given temperature range, establishing a positive, robust, microbial ecosystem.

Impact of silage additives on aerobic stability and characteristics of high-moisture maize during exposure to air, and on fermented liquid feed

To (i) measure the aerobic stability- and describe the characteristics, during aeration, of high-moisture maize (HMM) treated with various additives, and (ii) describe the microbial characteristics of fermented liquid feed (FLF) added HMM. Four treatments were prepared with each of three HMM samples: (i) The HMM as is (CONTROL); and the control added (ii) acids (ACID); (iii) heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (HETERO); or (iv) homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (HOMO). After ensiling, aerobic stability was measured (Aim 1) and FLF prepared (Aim 2). The ACID treatment improved the aerobic stability of samples 1 and 3 from 9 to 14 h in the CONTROL to 67-115 h. All additives improved aerobic stability of sample 3 from 32 h in the CONTROL to 104-168 h. No proliferation of Enterobacteriacaea was detected during incubation of FLF. The microbial profile during aeration- and impact of additives on the aerobic stability of HMM depended on the characteristics of the samples. No blooming of Enterobacteriaceae was observed in FLF containing c. 20 g HMM 100 g(-1) . The impact of silage additives on aerobic stability of HMM should be tested in samples with varying characteristics. Inclusion of HMM could be a way of improving biosafety of FLF.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented liquid feed on growth performance, relative organ weight, intestinal microflora, and organ antioxidant status in Landes geese1

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Bacillus subtilis var. natto N21 (BAC) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y10 (SAC) fermented liquid feed (FLF) during different incubation times on the growth performance, relative organ weight, intestinal microflora, and organ antioxidative status in Landes geese. Two hundred forty male Landes geese (10 wk old) with the BW of 4.163 ± 0.108 kg were selected for a 3-wk trial and randomly allotted to 3 treatments according to their BW (10 replicates/treatment and 8 geese/replicate). The treatments included 1) CON, dry basal feed (corn-soybean basal diet mixed with water) before feeding (2:1 wt/wt), 2) FLF24, 24 h FLF, and 3) FLF48, 48 h FLF. The FLF diet was prepared by storing basal diet with 10(9) cfu/g feed of each BAC and SAC and water (2:1 wt/wt) in a closed tank at 20°C fermented for 24 or 48 h. The BW gain and feed intake of geese fed FLF24 and FLF48 was greater (P < 0.05) than CON treatment. Feeding geese with FLF24 and FLF48 feeds increased (P < 0.05) the relative weight of leg muscle whereas the liver was heavier (P < 0.05) in FLF48 treatment than CON and FLF24 treatments. The FLF24 and FLF48 increased (P < 0.05) the Lactobacillus population and depressed (P < 0.05) Escherichia coli population in small and large intestine. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was greatest (P < 0.05) in FLF48 whereas the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was less (P < 0.05) in FLF24 and FLF48 treatments than CON. Geese fed FLF48 diet had greater glutathione peroxidase activity and less malondialdehyde content in heart and liver than those fed CON diet. In breast muscle, the superoxide dismutase activity were increased (P < 0.05) by FLF24 and FLF48 treatments than CON diet. In conclusion, the results indicated that feeding geese with BAC and SAC mix FLF can improve growth and feed intake, modulate the intestine ecology, and decrease the blood cholesterol concentrations; it also can improve the antioxidative status of organs and breast muscle.