Fermented Formula Research Articles

Evaluating the Efficacy of the Fermentation Formula of Bacillus velezensis Strain Tcb43 in Controlling Cucumber Powdery Mildew

Powdery mildew is a prevalent disease that affects cucumber crops, leading to yield reductions and declines in quality. Bacillus sp. strain Tcb43 culture medium was shown to be capable of inhibiting fungal spore germination in previous reports. In this study, the identification of the Tcb43 strain was updated to Bacillus velezensis by using whole-genome sequencing. The strain exhibited tolerance to a wide range of temperatures (12–40 °C), salinities (7–10%), and pH levels (ranging from 5 to 11). Additionally, Tcb43 demonstrated insensitivity to most tested fungicides. A new fermentation formula, Tcb43FBSO, was developed by adding 0.25% soybean oil to the fermented formula (Tcb43FB). This new formula exhibited a shelf life of up to 12 months with the decrease in bacterial count from 5.35 × 108 to 1.97 × 108 cfu/mL. Greenhouse assays showed that the treatment of potted cucumber plants with a 100-fold dilution (100×) of Tcb43FBSO for four weeks resulted in a significant reduction (64.64%) of cucumber powdery mildew compared to the mock group. In large-scale greenhouse trials, the treatment of cucumber plants with 200× of Tcb43FBSO for 5 weeks effectively suppressed powdery mildew disease, with a control rate that reached 76.6% compared to the mock group. These findings highlight the potential of Tcb43 as a biocontrol agent for managing cucumber powdery mildew and suggest its promising application in agriculture.

Postbiotics: The concept and their use in healthy populations.

The term postbiotic was recently defined by an panel of scientists convened by the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics as "a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host." This definition focused on the progenitor microbial cell or cell fragments, not just metabolites, proteins or carbohydrates they might produce. Although such microbe-produced constituents may be functional ingredients of the preparation, they are not required to be present in a postbiotic according to this definition. In this context, terms previously used such as paraprobiotics, ghostbiotics, heat-inactivated probiotics, non-viable probiotics, cell fragments or cell lysates, among others, align with the term postbiotics as conceived by this definition. The applications of postbiotics to infant nutrition and pediatric and adult gastroenterology, mainly, are under development. Some applications for skin health are also underway. As postbiotics are composed of inanimate microorganisms, they cannot colonize the host. However, they can in theory modify the composition or functions of the host microbiota, although evidence for this is scarce. Clinical results are promising, but, overall, there is limited evidence for postbiotics in healthy populations. For example, postbiotics have been studied in fermented infant formulas. The regulation of the term postbiotic is still in its infancy, as no government or international agency around the world has yet incorporated this term in their regulation.

Influence of Fermentation on Macro and Micro Nutrient of Toddler Formula

ABSTRACT One of the major causes of poor physical, emotional and cognitive development experience among toddlers of developing and under-developing countries is due to poor feeding practices. The use of commercial formula has been encouraged. However, the high cost of living and low income encountered by must nursing mother has resulted in the use of fermented traditional formula. The study aimed at developing toddler formula from sorghum, soybean and orange-fleshed sweet potato and evaluating the influence of fermentation on macro and micro nutrient of the developed product. Fermentation significantly increases toddler formula macro and micro nutrient, reduced anti-nutritional composition and enhanced better functional properties.

Hair-Growth-Promoting Effects of Fermented Red Ginseng Marc and Traditional Polyherb Formula in C57BL/6 Mice

An abnormal hair-growth cycle induces hair loss, which affects psychological distress and impairs life quality. Red ginseng marc (RGM) is usually discarded as a byproduct after extracting red ginseng, but several studies have shown that the RGM still has bioactive components including ginsenosides. Therefore, the hair-growth effects of fermented RGM (fRGM) and traditional polyherb formula (PH) were examined in C57BL/6 mice. The dorsal hairs of mice were depilated, and they were topically treated with fRGM or PH at 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg or the combination of both middle doses (combi) once a day for two weeks. The hair-covering regions were significantly increased with higher doses of fRGM and PH and in combi groups, compared with the control treated with distilled water. Hair length, thickness and weight also increased in the treatment groups. In particular, the fRGM and PH increased the anagen-phased hair follicles, the follicular diameters and the dermal thickness. Immunostains for Ki-67 showed the anagen-phased cell division in the treatment groups. The beneficial effects were greater in the high doses of fRGM and PH and the combi groups. These suggest hair-growth-promoting effects of fRGM, PH and the combination by enhancing the hair-growth cycle.

Современные подходы к диетодиагностике и диетотерапии у детей первого года жизни с функциональными расстройствами органов пищеварения

The incidence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in infants is very high. They are not only a medical challenge, but also a social problem. The causes of FGIDs are still being discussed by researchers. Particular attention is paid to impairments in functioning of the brain-intestine axis, formation of the intestinal microbiota, as well as psychological factors. FGID is a diagnosis of exclusion; however, no clear criteria for this diagnosis have been developed so far. If a baby has regurgitation, colic and/or constipation, an active search and differential diagnosis with various diseases manifesting themselves with such symptoms are necessary. Nutrition diagnosis is an important step in the diagnosis of FGIDs, which allows timely identification or exclusion of this pathology. In this study, we have demonstrated high efficacy of Comfort baby formulas, adapted fermented milk formulas, and antireflux formulas in artificial feeding of infants with FGIDs. Key words: functional gastrointestinal disorders, regurgitation, colic, constipation, infants, diet therapy, Comfort formulas, functional components

Нова концепція функціонального харчування дітей раннього віку

Pediatric aspects of the problem of preservation of each person, above all, are to provide the baby with complete food in terms of the content of essential nutrients necessary for harmonious development, and it must be — functional. New concepts of adequate feeding of young children provide a balanced composition, biological value, multiple preventive effects of food. These requirements are сompletely presented in breastfeeding, which, despite the balanced content of essential nutrients, contains a mixture of biotics (pre-, pro-, synbiotics), among which a special place is — postbiotics. The most studied biotics are pre-, pro-, synbiotics, while postbiotics have not received adequate coverage in the scientific literature for a long time. Postbiotics — a relatively new term, which means biologically active components that are formed during fermentation, including microbial cells, metabolic products. Functional nutrition with the use of postbiotics has certain advantages in terms of safety, biological properties, pharmaceutical effects, compared with the use of live probiotics. At the same time it is possible to avoid risk of translocation of bacteria from intestine to blood, to provide a proper metabolism, stability. At the same time, the use of postbiotics enhances the effect of their own individual microflora, as opposed to the introduction of foreign probiotics into the intestinal lumen, which should be considered as a safe alternative to living probiotic microbes; which motivates the use of functional nutrition in children who do not receive breast milk. In modern conditions, it is already possible to use a mixture of Nutrilon Premium+, characterized by the content of prebiotics (scGOS/lcFOS), postbiotic (including 3'GL), enriched with a complex of vitamins, minerals, increased content of omega-3 and omega-6, which provides harmonious development and has a preventive effect in children who are deprived of the opportunity to receive breast milk. Conclusions. The use of postbiotics in food (milk formulas) for children of the first years of life provides harmonious physical and psycho+emotional development, has a preventive effect (on functional disorders of the digestive system, infectious and allergic diseases), has a high level of safety and clinical efficacy. The combination of prebiotics (scGOS/lcFOS) and postbiotic — 3-galactosyllactose (3'GL) in new milk formulas has good tolerance, provides multiple prophylactic effects, which determines its functionality and advantages over other dairy formulas. No conflict of interest was declared by the author. Key words: children, functional nutrition, postbiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, fermented formulas.

THE NEWEST INFANT NUTRITION CONCEPTS: POSTBIOTICS AND LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Early life nutrition significantly impacts on growth and development as well as on health including elder ages. Postbiotics are compounds produced by microorganisms and released from food components or microbial constituents, including non-viable cells that, when administered in adequate amounts, promote health and well-being. Postbiotics: compounds deriving from bacterial metabolism, such as exopolysaccharides, vitamins, lactic acid, bacteriocins, enzymes, surfactants, antioxidants, and SCFAs; complex molecules released from food compounds (enzymatically produced during food fermentation), such as peptides and GOS, e.g., 3’GL and 6’GL; components released from lysed cells including DNA, RNA, cell walls and, perhaps, other cytoplasmic components, and surface layer proteins. Recently, a new fermentation technology has been developed for infant nutrition manufacturing. It uses two types of food-grade lactic acid producing microorganisms (Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) that naturally delivering postbiotics. LCPUFAs have an important role in the immune system regulation, blood clots, neurotransmitters, cholesterol metabolism, and in the structure of membrane phospholipids in the brain and the retina. From February 2020, the new infant formulas standards have been in force in the European Union. They require the mandatory addition of docosahexaenoic acid at concentrations in two to three times higher than normal concentrations in human milk. New recipes of Nutrilon Premium+ infant milk formulas are the first and only fermented formulas that contains scGOS / lcFOS prebiotics (9:1, 0.8g / 100 ml), 3’GL postbiotic and the appropriate amount of omega-3 fatty acids in Ukraine’s market at the present time.

Analysis of immune, microbiota and metabolome maturation in infants in a clinical trial of Lactobacillus paracasei CBA\xa0L74-fermented formula

Mother’s milk is the best choice for infants nutrition, however when it is not available or insufficient to satisfy the needs of the infant, formula is proposed as an effective substitute. Here, we report the results of a randomized controlled clinical trial (NCT03637894) designed to evaluate the effects of two different dietary regimens (standard formula and Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74-fermented formula) versus breastfeeding (reference group) on immune defense mechanisms (primary endpoint: secretory IgA, antimicrobial peptides), the microbiota and its metabolome (secondary outcomes), in healthy full term infants according to the type of delivery (n = 13/group). We show that the fermented formula, safe and well tolerated, induces an increase in secretory IgA (but not in antimicrobial peptides) and reduces the diversity of the microbiota, similarly, but not as much as, breastmilk. Metabolome analysis allowed us to distinguish subjects based on their dietary regimen and mode of delivery. Together, these results suggest that a fermented formula favors the maturation of the immune system, microbiota and metabolome.

Gastrointestinal Tolerance, Growth and Safety of a Partly Fermented Formula with Specific Prebiotics in Healthy Infants: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial.

This study evaluated the effect of a partly fermented infant formula (using the bacterial strains Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) with a specific prebiotic mixture (short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS; 9:1)) on the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms, stool characteristics, sleeping and crying behaviour, growth adequacy and safety. Two-hundred infants ≤28 days of age were assigned either to experimental infant formula containing 30% fermented formula and 0.8 g/100 mL scGOS/lcFOS or to non-fermented control infant formula without scGOS/lcFOS. A group of breastfed infants served as a reference. No relevant differences in parent-reported gastrointestinal symptoms were observed. Stool consistency was softer in the experimental versus control group with values closer to the breastfed reference group. Daily weight gain was equivalent for both formula groups (0.5 SD margins) with growth outcomes close to breastfed infants. No clinically relevant differences in adverse events were observed, apart from a lower investigator-reported prevalence of infantile colic in the experimental versus control group (1.1% vs. 8.7%; p < 0.02). Both study formulae are well-tolerated, support an adequate infant growth and are safe for use in healthy term infants. Compared to the control formula, the partly fermented formula with prebiotics induces stool consistencies closer to breastfed infants.

The usefulness of fermented katuk (Sauropus androgynus) plus bay leaves to modify fat accumulation, cholesterol and chemical composition of broiler meat

The usefulness of the addition of fermented herbs (katuk/Sauropus androgynusplus bay leaves) onfat accumulation, and chemical, amino acids and fatty acids composition ofbroiler meats was investigated.At 15 days of age, 280female broilers were divided into seven treatments, as follows:T0) the control;T1) broilers were given a ration with 2.5% fermented katuk plus bay leaf mixture formula 1;T2) broilerswere givena ration with 2.5% fermented katuk plus bay leaf mixture formula 2;T3) broilerswere givena ration with2.5% fermented katuk plus bay leaf mixture formula 3;T4) broilers were given a rationswith 5% fermented katuk plus bay leaf mixture formula 1;T5) broilers were givena ration with 5% fermented katuk plus bay leaf mixture formula 2;T6) broilers were givena ration with 5% fermented katuk plus bay leaf mixture formula 3. The results of this study showed that the administration of fermented herbs to the ration significantly reduced abdominal fat, gizzard fat, total fat deposition, meat fat, and cholesterol contents. Their inclusions changed calcium, iron, moisture, serine, threonine, arginine, valine, lysine, methionine, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid, cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid, and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids of female broiler meats. It can be concluded that administration of fermented herbs formula 2 at5% levels producedchicken meat with lowerfat and cholesterol levels, but higher protein, minerals and n-3 unsaturated fatty acidslevels.

Comparing the antidiabetic effects and chemical profiles of raw and fermented Chinese Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian decoction by integrating untargeted metabolomics and targeted analysis

BackgroundMicrobial fermentation has been widely applied in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years in China. Various beneficial effects of fermentation for applications in TCM or herbals have been reported, such as enhanced anti-ovarian cancer, antioxidative activity, and neuroprotective effects. Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian decoction (GQD), a classic TCM formula, has been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus in China. In this study, GQD was fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the antidiabetic activities and overall chemical profiles of raw and fermented GQD (FGQD) were systematically compared.MethodsFirst, the antidiabetic effects of GQD and FGQD on high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were compared. Then, high-performance liquid chromatography Q Exactive MS was applied for rapid characterization of the chemical components of GQD. Additionally, we proposed an integrated chromatographic technique based untargeted metabolomics identifying differential chemical markers between GQD and FGQD and targeted analysis determining the fermenting-induced quantitative variation tendencies of chemical marker strategy for overall chemical profiling of raw and fermented GQD.ResultsBoth GQD and FGQD displayed effects against HFD and STZ-induced diabetes, and FGQD showed a better recovery trend associated with profound changes in the serum lipoprotein profile and body weight gain. In addition, 133 compounds were characterized from GQD. It was demonstrated that the integrated strategy holistically illuminated 30 chemical markers contributed to the separation of GQD and FGQD, and further elucidated the fermenting-induced chemical transformation mechanisms and inherent chemical connections of secondary metabolites. Although there were no new secondary metabolites in FGQD compared with GQD, the amounts of secondary metabolites, which were mostly deglycosylated, were redistributed in FGQD.ConclusionThe anti-diabetic activities of GQD could be improved by applying fermentation technology. Moreover, the proposed strategy could serve as a powerful tool for systematically exploring the chemical profiles of raw and fermented formulas.

Enteral administration of bacteria fermented formula in newborn piglets: A high fidelity model for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

ObjectiveTo develop an animal model which replicates neonatal NEC and characterizes the importance of bacterial fermentation of formula and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in its pathogenesis. BackgroundNEC is a severe form of intestinal inflammation in preterm neonates and current models do not reproduce the human condition.MethodsThree groups of newborn piglets: Formula alone (FO), Bacteria alone (E.coli: BO) and E.coli-fermented formula (FF) were anesthetized, instrumented and underwent post-pyloric injection of formula, bacteria or fermented-formula. SCFA levels were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At 6 h bowel appearance was assessed, histologic and molecular analysis of intestine were performed. Gut inflammation (p65 NF-κB, TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1β), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3, BAX, apoptosis) and tight junction proteins (claudin-2, occludin) were measured.ResultsSCFAs were increased in FF. Small bowel from FF piglet’s demonstrated inflammation, coagulative necrosis and pneumatosis resembling human NEC. Histologic gut injury (injury score, mast cell activation) were increased by Bacteria, but more severe in FF piglets. Intestinal expression of p65 NF-κB, NF-κB activation, TNF-α and IL-1β were increased in BO and markedly increased in the FF group (P<0.05 vs. FO). Intestine from Bacteria piglets demonstrated increased apoptotic index, pro-apoptotic protein expression and decreased tight junction proteins. These changes were more severe in FF piglets.ConclusionsOur piglet model demonstrates the findings of NEC in human neonates: systemic acidosis, intestinal inflammation, pneumatosis and portal venous gas. Bacteria alone can initiate intestinal inflammation, injury and apoptosis, but bacterial fermentation of formula generates SCFAs which contribute to the pathogenesis of NEC.

Rapid review shows that probiotics and fermented infant formulas do not cause d-lactic acidosis in healthy children.

Extensive ongoing research on probiotics and infant formulas raises a number of safety questions. One concern is the potential influence of d-lactic acid-containing preparations on the health of infants and children. The aim of this review was to summarise the available knowledge on the ingestion of d-lactic acid-producing bacteria, acidified infant formulas and fermented infant formulas as a potential cause of paediatric d-lactic acidosis. A Medline database search was performed in July 2017, with no restrictions on the language, article type or publication date. The 1715 search results were screened for clinical trials, review articles, case series and case reports of relevance to the topic. We identified five randomised controlled trials from 2005 to 2017 covering 544 healthy infants and some case reports and experimental studies. No clinically relevant adverse effects of d-lactic acid-producing probiotics and fermented infant formulas were described in healthy children. However, a harmless, subclinical accumulation of d-lactate was theoretically possible. The only known cases of paediatric d-lactic acidosis occurred in patients with short bowel syndrome or, historically, in infants fed with acidified formulas. Our main finding was that probiotics and fermented formulas did not cause d-lactic acidosis in healthy children.

Fermented herbal formula KIOM-MA-128 protects against acute colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in mice

BackgroundColitis is a well-known subtype of inflammatory bowel disease and is caused by diverse factors. Previous research has shown that KIOM-MA elicits anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects on various diseases. KIOM-MA-128, our novel herbal formula, was generated from KIOM-MA using probiotics to improve the therapeutic efficacy. We investigated whether KIOM-MA-128 has protective activity in a mouse model of acute colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS).MethodsColitis was induced by DSS administered to ICR mice in drinking water. KIOM-MA-128 (125 or 250 mg/kg) was orally administered once per day. The body weights of the mice were measured daily, and colonic endoscopies were performed at 5 and 8 days. Colon length as well as histological and cytokine changes were observed at the end of drug administration.ResultsKIOM-MA-128 has pharmacological activity in an acute colitis model. KIOM-MA-128 reduced the loss of body weight and disease activity index (DAI) and inhibited the abnormally short colon lengths and the colonic damage in this mouse model of acute colitis. Moreover, KIOM-MA-128 suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and maintained the integrity of the tight junctions during DSS-induced colitis.ConclusionThe results indicated that KIOM-MA-128 protects against DSS-induced colitis in mice and suggested that this formula might be a candidate treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Fermented Chinese formula Shuan-Tong-Ling attenuates ischemic stroke by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis.

The fermented Chinese formula Shuan-Tong-Ling is composed of radix puerariae (Gegen), salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), radix curcuma (Jianghuang), hawthorn (Shanzha), salvia chinensis (Shijianchuan), sinapis alba (Baijiezi), astragalus (Huangqi), panax japonicas (Zhujieshen), atractylodes macrocephala koidz (Baizhu), radix paeoniae alba (Baishao), bupleurum (Chaihu), chrysanthemum (Juhua), rhizoma cyperi (Xiangfu) and gastrodin (Tianma), whose aqueous extract was fermented with lactobacillus, bacillus aceticus and saccharomycetes. Shuan-Tong-Ling is a formula used to treat brain diseases including ischemic stroke, migraine, and vascular dementia. Shuan-Tong-Ling attenuated H2O2-induced oxidative stress in rat microvascular endothelial cells. However, the potential mechanism involved in these effects is poorly understood. Rats were intragastrically treated with 5.7 or 17.2 mL/kg Shuan-Tong-Ling for 7 days before middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced. The results indicated Shuan-Tong-Ling had a cerebral protective effect by reducing infarct volume and increasing neurological scores. Shuan-Tong-Ling also decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β levels in the hippocampus on the ischemic side. In addition, Shuan-Tong-Ling upregulated the expression of SIRT1 and Bcl-2 and downregulated the expression of acetylated-protein 53 and Bax. Injection of 5 mg/kg silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor EX527 into the subarachnoid space once every 2 days, four times, reversed the above changes. These results demonstrate that Shuan-Tong-Ling might benefit cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing inflammation and apoptosis through activation of the SIRT1 signaling pathway.

Buffer capacity of infant formulas diluted with different types of water

Artificial feeding of infants under 1 year old deserves a special attention. It is generally accepted that the infant formula is approximated to the human milk and adapted to the infantile digestive system. Important properties of breast milk are pH and acid-based buffer capacity. According to this fact, the results of the experimental determination of pH and buffer properties of fresh, fermented, and anti-reflux infant formulas, diluted with water of different pH, have been presented. It was found that reconstituted fermented infant formulas has one unit pH less than the antireflux and fresh mixtures. When restoring infant formula with waters of different alkalinity, pH value changed slightly. Thus, pH of fresh and antireflux mixtures varied in the range 6.67±0.76, of fermented milk mixtures - 5.75±0.55. The buffer capacity with respect to acid of infant formulas play an important role in the nutrition of the child. It depends on the proteins (having different amino acid composition) comprising the milk mixture, and on the type of water, which is used for restoring. Restored infant formulas having a greater buffer capacity for acid can reduce infant gastric acidity. Six of submitted infant formula reconstituted with children bottled water "Nutrilak AQUA", "HiPP" and "Arhyzik" observed the lowest values of the buffer capacity (9.00±3.00 mmol/l). The larger value of the buffer capacity by acid (>12.00 mmol/l)) was observed in formulas reconstituted with boiled tap water and children bottled water "Agusha" and "FrutoNyanya".

The Experience of Using Fermented Milk Formula Supplemented with B. lactis (BB12) in Infant Nutrition

It’s generally known that early switching over to formula feeding leads to a number of long-term problems associated with functional disorders of the immature gastrointestinal tract and intestinal microbiota. Despite the ongoing process of compositional improvement of baby formula realized by manufacturers, it is not always possible to find the proper formula included basic functional ingredients. We have evaluated the efficacy of fermented milk formula for infants and studied its effect on the composition and formation of intestinal microbiota. The study included children under the age of 4 months being formula-fed by the studied fermented milk formula. The control group included children receiving standard infant milk formula. While taking fermented milk formula, the reduction in the incidence of intestinal colic, and normalization of defecation are stated in all children with functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. It is shown that feeding by fermented milk formula leads to elimination of imbalances in intestinal microbiota (the ratio of opportunistic and bifido-/lactoflora), and helps to improve the concentration of secretory IgA in the feces.

Fermented Chinese Formula Shuan-Tong-Ling Protects Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells against Oxidative Stress Injury.

Fermented Chinese formula Shuan-Tong-Ling (STL), composed of fourteen medicinal herbs, was an experiential formula by Dr. Zhigang Mei for treating vascular encephalopathy, but the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of fermented STL on hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced injury in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and the possible mechanisms. Cultured BMECs were treated with H2O2, STL, or nicotinamide (NAM, a SIRT1 inhibitor). Then, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was employed to detect cell proliferation and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) was used to examine cell senescence. Cell nuclei were observed by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Additionally, changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Expression of SIRT1, p21, and PGC-1α was determined by western blot. Cell proliferation significantly increased with STL treatment in a dose-dependent manner. H2O2 treatment could intensify cell senescence and nuclei splitting or pyknosis. With STL treatment, the reduced ROS level was accompanied by increased SOD and GSH activity. Further assays showed upregulation of SIRT1 and PGC-1α and downregulation of p21 after STL treatment. The results revealed that STL could protect BMECs against oxidative stress injury at least partially through the SIRT1 pathway.

OP‐18 THE COMBINATION OF SCGOS/LCFOS AND FERMENTED INFANT FORMULA SOFTENS STOOLS OF INFANTS COMPARED TO UNFERMENTED INFANT FORMULA WITHOUT SCGOS/LCFOS

Objectives and study:Hard stools can be commonly observed in formula‐fed infants, but rarely in breast fed infants. The effects on stool frequency and stool consistency of a novel infant formula were evaluated in a randomized, controlled, double‐blind, multicenter, parallel‐group, intervention study on gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance. The novel infant formula (FF+) combined fermented formula (Lactofidus™) with short‐chain galacto‐oligosaccharides and long‐chain fructo‐oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS, ratio 9:1, 0.8 g/100 ml).Methods:Healthy, term infants aged 0–28 days were randomized after parent's autonomous decision to discontinue breastfeeding, to receive either infant formula with scGOS/lcFOS and 30% fermented formula (FF+, n = 95 infants), or infant formula without fermented formula and scGOS/lcFOS (IF‐, n = 105 infants). Exclusively breast fed infants (n = 100) were included as a reference group. Parents completed standardized diaries with daily entries on stool consistency and frequency until 17 weeks of age. Stool consistency was rated on a five point scale. Starting at an age of 4 weeks, the distributions of the weekly average of the daily mean stool consistency, and distributions of the daily average number of stools were compared between intervention groups.Results:Based on low GI symptom‐scores and adverse events, the newly‐developed infant formula FF+ was well tolerated. The average stool consistency of infants fed with FF+ was closer to the breast fed reference group, and had a significantly softer median stool consistency than IF‐ fed infants from 4 weeks of age for the remaining study period (Mann Whitney, p ≤ 0.005). From 9 weeks of age, FF+ fed infants had a significantly higher median stool frequency than IF‐ fed infants (Mann Whitney, p ≤ 0.05).Conclusions:The specific combination of 30% fermented formula with scGOS/lcFOS yielded stool consistencies closer to that of breastfed infants, and significantly softer stools than those of infants fed a standard formula.

Fermented infant formulas without live bacteria: a systematic review.

Fermented formulas, i.e., those fermented with lactic acid-producing bacteria during the production process and not containing significant amounts of viable bacteria in the final product, are widely available in many countries. Our aim was to systematically review published evidence related to the safety and health effects of the administration of fermented infant formulas compared with standard infant formulas. The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases and major pediatric conference proceedings were searched. Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1326 infants met the inclusion criteria. Compared with standard formula, the use of fermented formula resulted in a similar weight gain and length gain during the study period. Data from one RCT, albeit large, suggest the effectiveness of fermented formula in preventing and treating acute diarrhea. Fermented formula has the potential to reduce some, albeit not well-defined, digestive symptoms. Current evidence does not support the use of fermented formula for preventing cow's milk allergy. Limited available evidence suggests that the use of fermented infant formula, compared with the use of standard infant formula, does not offer clear additional benefits, although some benefit on gastrointestinal symptoms cannot be excluded. What is known • Fermented formulas, i.e., those fermented with lactic acid-producing bacteria during the production process and not containing significant amounts of viable bacteria in the final product, are widely available in many countries. What is new • Limited evidence available suggests that the use of fermented infant formula, compared with the use of standard infant formula, does not offer clear additional benefits, although some benefit on gastrointestinal symptoms cannot be excluded. At the same time, no negative health effects have been documented.