Fermentation Of Organic Wastes Research Articles

Pemanfaatan Eco Enzyme sebagai Upaya Pereduksi Limbah Organik di Desa Sumput, Kota Sidoarjo

Organic waste remains a significant problem in various major cities in Indonesia, especially in urban areas such as Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya. Household waste, which predominantly consists of organic materials, is often simply discarded or burned without proper processing, leading to environmental issues. One innovative solution that is beginning to be implemented is the processing of organic waste into eco enzyme. Eco enzyme is a versatile liquid produced through the fermentation of organic waste, such as vegetable and fruit scraps. This study aims to examine the process of making eco enzyme and its benefits for both society and the environment. The research method involves several stages, starting from material preparation, the fermentation process, to the harvesting of eco enzyme. The results of the study indicate that eco enzyme products offer various benefits, including as a natural cleaner, organic fertilizer, and a substance for improving air and soil quality. The three-month fermentation process produces eco enzyme with a fresh acidic smell and a pH below 4. Additionally, eco enzyme can be utilized on a household scale up to a larger scale for agricultural and environmental management purposes. Although eco enzyme has great potential in waste management, the main challenges faced are the lack of awareness and knowledge among the community regarding the benefits and production methods of eco enzyme. Therefore, further efforts in socialization and training are needed to maximize the potential of eco enzyme as a sustainable solution in organic waste management.

Escherichia coli-based biorefining process yields optically pure lactic acid from fermented second-generation feedstocks

Within the circular bioeconomy the production of optically pure LA from 2nd generation feedstocks would be ideal but it is very challenging. In this paper genetically engineered Escherichia coli strains were created to resolve racemic LA solutions synthesised and produced from the fermentation of organic waste or ensiled grass. Refining LA racemic mixtures into either a D- or L-LA was achieved by cells being able to consume one LA isomer as a sole carbon and energy source while not being able to consume the other. A D-LA refining strain JSP0005 was grown on fermented source-sorted organic household waste and different grass silage leachates, which are 2nd generation feedstocks containing up to 33 g/L lactic acid racemate. In all growth experiments, L-LA was completely removed leaving D-LA as the only LA stereoisomer, i.e. resulting in optically pure D-LA, which also increased by as much as 248.6 % from its starting concentration, corresponding to 38 g/L. The strains resulting from this study are a promising first step towards a microbial based LA biorefining process.

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Asam Laktat dari Hasil Fermentasi Limbah Organik Kulit Buah (Eco-Enzyme)

The aim of this research is the isolation and identification based on the morphological characteristics of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation of organic waste from fruit peels. Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria was carried out using the spread plate method on de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe Agar (MRSA) media. The culture was incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours. The growing colonies were observed for morphological characteristics, and bacterial Gram staining was carried out. The results of the research showed that 10 bacterial isolates were obtained from the isolation of BAL from ecoenzymes on de Man, Ragosa, and Sharpe Agar (MRSA) media, namely E-BAL 01, E-BAL 02, E-BAL O3, E-BAL 04, E-BAL 05, E-BAL 06, E-BAL 07, E-BAL 08, E-BAL 09, and E-BAL 10, and 10 isolates were characterized as Gram-positive with a bacillary cell form. In conclusion, 10 isolates were found with characteristics that supported MRSA media, namely isolates of lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus. This is confirmed by the results of biochemical tests, namely that it is immobile, does not produce the catalase enzyme, and does not have the ability to produce gas. Keywords: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), Ecoenzymes, Fruit Skin

Utilization of plant-derived wastes as the potential biohydrogen source: a sustainable strategy for waste management.

The sustainable economy has shown a renewed interest in acquiring access to the resources required to promote innovative practices that favor recycling and the reuse of existing, unconsidered things over newly produced ones. The production of biohydrogen through dark anaerobic fermentation of organic wastes is one of the intriguing possibilities for replacing fossil-based fuels through the circular economy. At present, plant-derived waste from the agro-based industry is the main global concern. When these wastes are improperly disposed of in landfills, they become the habitat for several pathogens. Additionally, it contaminates surface water as a result of runoff, and the leachate that is created from the waste enters groundwater and degrades its quality. However, cellulose and hemicellulose-rich plant wastes from agriculture fields and agro-based industries have been employed as the most efficient feedstock since carbohydrates are the primary substrate for the synthesis of biohydrogen. To produce biohydrogen from plant-derived wastes on a large scale, it is necessary to explore comprehensive knowledge of lab-scale parameters and pretreatment strategies. This paper summarizes the problems associated with the improper management of plant-derived wastes and discusses the recent developments in dark fermentation and substrate pretreatment techniques with the goal of gaining significant insight into the biohydrogen production process. It also highlights the utilization of anaerobic digestate, which is left over after biohydrogen gas as feedstock for the development of value-added products such as volatile fatty acids (VFA), biochar, and biofertilizer.

Dampak Efektivitas Pemberian Ekoenzim Sebagai Agen Pertumbuhan dan Penambah Nutrisi Tanaman pada Berbagai Jenis Tanaman Budidaya di Indonesia

Sustainable agriculture is one of the latest innovations in the agricultural sector. This should consider the importance of environmental sustainability in its application in agriculture to prevent and minimize land damage and environmental pollution. One of the main pollution cases on agricultural land is the excessive use of chemical fertilizers to promote and maintain plant growth. Besides, providing plant nutrition can be done with the presence of ecoenzymes. Ecoenzymes are the result of complex fermentation of organic waste which can be used as plant growth and nutrient enhancers. This review study aimed to examine the effectiveness impact of providing ecoenzymes on various cultivated plants in Indonesia. Based on the results of the review, the ecoenzymes can help the growth of horticultural, ornamental, food, and annual plants which are also influenced by various characteristic factors, plant type, and concentration dose. Dosing ecoenzymes also depends on the use of additional fertilizer during the planting period.

Elevated caproic acid production from one-stage anaerobic fermentation of organic waste and its selective recovery by electro-membrane process

A constructed microbial consortia-based strategy to enhance caproic acid production from one-stage mixed-fermentation of glucose was developed, which incubated with acidogens (Clostridium sensu stricto 1, 11 dominated) and chain elongators (including Clostridium sensu stricto 12, Sporanaerobacter, and Caproiciproducens) acclimated from anaerobic sludge. Significant product upgrading toward caproic acid (8.31 g‧L−1) and improved substrate degradation was achieved, which can be greatly attributed to the lactic acid platform. Whereas, a small amount of caproic acid was observed in the control incubating with acidogens, with an average concentration of 2.09 g‧L−1. The strategy accelerated the shape and cooperation of the specific microbial community dominated by Clostridium sensu stricto and Caproiciproducens, which thereby contributed to caproic acid production via the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. Moreover, the tailored electrodialysis with bipolar membrane enabled progressive up-concentration and acidification, allowing selective separation of caproic acid as an immiscible product with a purity of 82.58 % from the mixture.

Manufacture of Eco-cleaner Based on Eco-enzyme Reinforced Catalyst as Reduction of Metals and Impurities on Roller and Blanked to Improve Offset Quality

Offset printing machines play an important role in the printing process in the printing industry, so many industrial players make various efforts to maintain the quality of offset machine printouts. One of the efforts made is to keep the rollers and blankets on the offset machine clean from metal impurities that come from printing inks. To keep rollers and blankets clean, industry players usually use chemical fluids that can clean rollers and blankets on offset machines. However, the continuous use of chemical fluids can damage the rollers and blankets due to oxidation of these chemicals over time. This affects the printing results, such as the paper getting easily damaged, the blanket becoming sticky, the print being uneven, and the density becoming low. In addition, the cleaning chemicals used can cause environmental damage such as water pollution and soil pollution. This research synthesizes an eco-cleaner from an organic waste fermentation process reinforced with a catalyst that can be used as a substitute for the chemicals used today. This research aims to produce an eco-cleaner product that can reduce metal impurities on rollers and blankets to improve the printing quality of offset machines. The resulting product works effectively to remove metal impurities without damaging the rollers and blankets because the eco-cleaner is non-corrosive. The resulting products can be used by the public and the printing industry. The method used in this research is an experiment with the fermentation synthesis method. Furthermore, the eco-cleaner is tested for characterization for feasibility according to SNI standards. The tests carried out are the organic plating test, physical properties test, test and then analysis of the test results to see the feasibility of the eco-cleaner.
 Keywords: eco-cleaner, roller-blanket, printing quality, offset printing

Recycling of animal protein wastes in the formulation of feed for Labeo rohita and Mystus vittatus—a comparative evaluation

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are key players in the fermentation of organic wastes and their recycling as feedstuff for fish. Whey, a common dairy byproduct in India, is a cheap source of LAB and can be used to ferment animal byproducts. An experimental study was designed to explore whether the whey fermented animal protein blend (WFAPB) could be used as a fishmeal replacer in the formulation of feed for both stomach-less carp fish Labeo rohita and stomach-bearing catfish Mystus vittatus. Experiments were performed with five isoproteinous, isolipidous, and isoenergetic feeds with WFAPB replacing fishmeal (FM) by 0% (T1), 25% (T2), 50% (T3), 75% (T4), and 100% (T5). Fifteen days of laboratory experiments with these experimental feeds revealed that more than 50% FM replacement level could result in excess postprandial absorption (6 h) of some essential and non-essential amino acids in the plasma of both fish. The postprandial absorption was more in M. vittatus than L. rohita. Ninety-day experiments were conducted in outdoor cement vats to measure growths and deposition of amino acids (AA) in muscle. Regression analysis was performed to find the optimal FM replacement based on four growth parameters and fifteen AA deposition in muscle. A two-phase fuzzy methodology was used to obtain Pareto-optimal replacement levels for each fish. The results demonstrated that FM replacement levels were 7.63% and 36.79% respectively for L. rohita and M. vittatus when only four growth parameters were considered. However, based on the FM replacement level that maximized deposition of 15 amino acids and growth parameters, it was found that 12.23% and 40.02% replacement of FM by the WFAPB was ideal respectively for L. rohita and M. vittatus. The results revealed that only a fraction of both essential and non-essential amino acids absorbed in plasma could be converted into protein and deposited as bound amino acids in the muscle. It is concluded that fermentation by whey is an inexpensive, easily available, and environmentally sustainable technique to recycle animal protein in the formulation of feed for fish, and the stomach-bearing carnivorous fish are more efficient in utilizing fermented animal protein blend than the stomach-less carps.

Mathematical Model of Biomethane Yield at Anaerobic Methane Fermentation of Organic Wastes: Influence of Various Parameters and Factors

Mathematical Model of Biomethane Yield at Anaerobic Methane Fermentation of Organic Wastes: Influence of Various Parameters and Factors

QUALITY OF ECO ENZYME PRODUCED THROUGH A FERMENTATION PROCESS IN VARIOUS "TEMPE" YEAST CONCENTRATIONS

Organic waste that accumulates and is not adequately managed causes disease and environmental problems. Therefore, one method to solve the problems is to convert it into eco enzyme, a liquid created from the fermentation of organic waste, specifically vegetable and fruit peels, sugar, and water. Anaerobic fermentation is utilized to produce eco enzymes, with yeast added to shorten the fermentation time. The goal of this research is to determine the effect of "tempe" yeast concentration on the quality of eco enzymes. Eco enzyme was made from brown sugar, fruit peels (oranges and melons), and water in a 1:3:10 ratio. "Tempe" yeast concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 %w/v were used in the fermentation process for producing eco enzyme. The eco enzyme products were examined by analyzing pH value, acetic acid content, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) value, organoleptic properties (aroma and color), and protease enzyme activity. The pH and TDS values of eco enzyme products increased as the concentration of "tempe" yeast increased. The results showed that eco enzyme products have pH values in the range of 3.5-4, acetic acid content of 0.81-1.08 %v/v, TDS value of 1000-2000 ppm, with fermented and orange aroma and a bright yellow color. According to the results, the addition of 3 %w/v "tempe" yeast in the production of eco enzyme was selected as a sample tested for protease enzyme activity and a clear zone was identified around the colony, indicating that there was protease enzyme activity.

Mechanistic insights into mitigating Cd stress in plants using typical organic waste fermentation solutions.

Finding practical solutions for utilizing agricultural organic wastes has always been a challenge. To address this, our study investigated the effects and mechanisms of different exogenous organic waste fermentation solutions on alleviating Cd stress in plants using hydroponic experiments. Out of the seven fermentation solutions examined, pea fermentation liquid (T3), chicken manure (T5), molasses (T6), and chitosan oligosaccharide broth (T9) exhibited positive effects. They increased shoot fresh weight by 1.17%, 26.83%, 7.94%, and 15.59%, and root fresh weight by 50.00%, 12.21%, 81.19%, and 19.47%, respectively. Conversely, amino acid mother liquid (T7) and potassium polyaspartate liquid (T8) reduced shoot fresh weight by 34.21% and 24.74%, and root fresh weight by 27.06% and 7.10%, respectively. All organic waste liquids reduced Cd concentration in shoots and roots. Corn fermentation liquid (T4) reduced Cd in shoots from 87.91 to 19.20 mg/kg, while molasses (T6) reduced Cd in roots from 980.94 to 260.47 mg/kg. SEM-EDX results revealed that molasses (T6) effectively repaired Cd damage on root surfaces. In addition, several waste liquids mitigated microelement absorption disturbances. All waste liquids reduced MDA, corn fermentation liquid (T4), chicken manure (T5), molasses (T6), potassium polyaspartate liquid (T8), and chitosan oligosaccharide liquid (T9) significantly decreased H2O2 by 21.6-38.3%. Structural equation model (SEM) and correlation analysis highlighted the importance of root Mg, Cu, and Zn content and CAT activity in relieving Cd stress and promoting plant growth. Overall, molasses (T6) and chicken manure (T5) demonstrated the most beneficial combined effects, while amino acid mother liquid (T7) and chitosan oligosaccharide liquid (T9) should be exercised with caution due to their weaker effects.

Research Progress and Analysis on Comprehensive Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Biogas Slurry as Agricultural Resources

Anaerobic fermentation of organic waste, such as livestock manure, in biogas projects is an environmentally friendly and effective treatment method. The resulting biogas, mainly composed of methane, is a combustible gas with energy properties, while the digestate, containing nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and other organic matter, can be used for agricultural irrigation. This article analyzes the current situation of resource utilization of livestock manure in various countries and the progress of biogas projects. It introduces the process, composition, and commonly used filtration methods before applying the digestate to farmland. The summary focuses on the improvement of crop quality, enhancement of soil fertility and the risks of pollution, and environmental hazards associated with the utilization of biogas slurry. The limitations and corresponding solutions for the agricultural utilization of livestock digestate are discussed, and recommendations are made for the technology of digestate irrigation and application to farmland.

Nonsterilized Fermentation of Crude Glycerol for Polyhydroxybutyrate Production by Metabolically Engineered Vibrio natriegens.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is an attractive biodegradable polymer that can be produced through the microbial fermentation of organic wastes or wastewater. However, its mass production has been restricted by the poor utilization of organic wastes due to the presence of inhibitory substances, slow microbial growth, and high energy input required for feedstock sterilization. Here, Vibrio natriegens, a fast-growing bacterium with a broad substrate spectrum and high tolerance to salt and toxic substances, was genetically engineered to enable efficient PHB production from nonsterilized fermentation of organic wastes. The key genes encoding the PHB biosynthesis pathway of V. natriegens were identified through base editing and overexpressed. The metabolically engineered strain showed 166-fold higher PHB content (34.95 wt %) than the wide type when using glycerol as a substrate. Enhanced PHB production was also achieved when other sugars were used as feedstock. Importantly, it outperformed the engineered Escherichia coli MG1655 in PHB productivity (0.053 g/L/h) and tolerance to toxic substances in crude glycerol, without obvious activity decline under nonsterilized fermentation conditions. Our work demonstrates the great potential of engineered V. natriegens for low-cost PHB bioproduction and lays a foundation for exploiting this strain as a next-generation model chassis microorganism in synthetic biology.

Green hydrogen production using doped Fe2O3 foams

Hydrogen is the ideal energy vector to reduce our fossil-fuels dependency and diminish the climate change consequence. However, current production is still methane based. It is possible to produce hydrogen using bioethanol from the alcoholic fermentation of organic waste by chemical looping processes, but unfortunately current redox systems generate hydrogen with significant traces of CO. In the case of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), hydrogen must be highly purified to produce electricity. Here, high porosity interconnected Fe2O3 foams doped with 2 wt% Al2O3 were manufactured by the freeze-casting method, obtaining around 5.1 mmolH2·gsample−1 of highly pure hydrogen (<10 ppm of CO) consuming only 3.42 mmol of ethanol on each redox cycles, with no deactivation. This result shows the possibility of using an abundant and inexpensive raw material as the iron oxide to scale-up the direct pure H2 production and facilitates its use in the automotive sector.

Enhancing PHA production through metal-organic frameworks: Mechanisms involving superproton transport and bacterial metabolic pathways

The effective fermentation of organic waste for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production is crucial for waste pollution prevention and comprehensive utilization. Glycerol, a common component of organic waste and a by-product of biodiesel production, can serve as a valuable raw material for PHA synthesis. This study explored the potential of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), specifically MOF-808, to enhance the PHA production by Cupriavidus necator (C. necator) and Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) using glycerol as the substrate. Our results demonstrated that the addition of MOF-808 significantly promoted PHA synthesis without altering the PHA composition. Notably, the proportion of PHA to cell dry weight (CDW) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both C. necator (from 17.17% to 30.43%) and B. cereus (from 11.30% to 37.93%), with a shortened growth period observed in the latter. The enhanced superproton transport properties of MOF-808 elevated the ATP energy supply level, regulated coenzyme A metabolism, and modulated the PHA synthesis pathway in the bacterial strains. Additionally, MOF-808 improved the utilization of the PHA precursor acetyl-CoA by C. necator, and enhanced the PHA production in B. cereus by facilitating cell growth and PHA synthesis in two distinct stages. Importantly, the recovered MOF-808 structure remained stable, enabling potential recycling. This study provides compelling evidence for the enhancement of PHA production and offers valuable insights into the utilization of organic waste as a valuable resource.

ANALISA PROJECT MANAGEMENT TERHADAP PRODUK ECO ENZYME

Eco Enzyme is a result of organic waste fermentation, derived from leftover fruits, vegetables, sugar, and water. It was first discovered by Dr. Rosukon Poompanvong, a member of the Organic Farming Association from Thailand. Eco Enzyme serves as a versatile liquid for household, agricultural, and livestock purposes. According to an article by Vama &amp; Chekar in 2020, eco enzyme can be utilized as an antifungal, antibacterial, insecticide agent, and cleaner. Some of its functions include being a floor cleaner, dish cleaner, and toilet cleaner.The author created a business around eco enzyme using leftover fruits. The raw materials for eco enzyme are obtained from fruits that are no longer consumable or have become spoiled. Although there have been numerous studies on utilizing leftover fruits for eco enzyme production, not many people in the community are aware of or use eco enzyme. Therefore, the author came up with the idea of a business centered around eco enzyme, both as a value proposition for utilizing leftover fruits and as a means to educate people who are unfamiliar with eco enzyme.

The effect of anaerobic thermophilic fermentation of organic waste on changes in the content of biogenic elements

The effect of anaerobic thermophilic fermentation of organic waste on changes in the content of biogenic elements

Metabolismo respirofermentativo en levaduras cultivadas en estado sólido: El efecto Crabtree y la producción de etanol

A strong inoculum in solid-state culture (SSC) is achieved by using a high-density, high-activity microbial population. To determine the best conditions for yeast propagation, the Crabtree effect was analyzed. Inoculum production was carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks with different designs (baffled, coiled and conventional) and filling volumes (20 and 40 %). A 20% filling volume resulted in better air diffusion, leading to improved yeast growth independently of the flask configuration. Yeasts have adapted to produce ethanol under aerobic conditions to compete with other microorganisms. With commercial baker's yeast, the highest ethanol production was achieved at the laboratory scale (195.70±17.25 g ethanol/kg dry matter [DM]). There was no difference in ethanol production between the tubular reactor (171.10±10.87 g ethanol/kg DM) and in the pilot batch bioreactor (165.03±9.90 g ethanol/kg DM) using S. cerevisiae yeast ITD00196 as inoculum. Crabtree-positive yeasts have potential for rapid ethanol production in organic waste fermentation without thermochemical or enzymatic pre-treatment by SSC in the laboratory and at pilot-scale.

Potentiality of Biogas Production from Waste in Bangladesh

Biogas is treated as a prominent renewable source in the world for mitigating fuel crises in developing countries. Using biogas technology toxic waste can be handled with an anaerobic process helping to generate natural fertilizers. So, it is a major concern for the researchers to find the proper solution by selecting a suitable renewable energy source in the present world. Biogas is treated as a type of biofuel that can be obtained from the fermentation of organic waste. The main goal of this research is to show the potential of a biogas generator in terms of cow dung, vegetable waste, kitchen waste, and poultry to generate biogas. The produced biogas from the decomposition of the organic waste can be utilized in electric power generation to fulfill the power demand of a house. From the analysis, it is seen that cow dung is the most powerful waste for the generation of biogas in comparison to other types of waste. The calculation shows that cow dung is almost 86.75 % more efficient than the kitchen waste and 44.49 % more efficient than the vegetable waste. And some practical data of a biogas power plant has been included to show the potentiality of biogas in the present world.

UTILIZATION OF ORGANIC WASTE AS LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Garbage accumulation is still a problem that pollutes the environment. There is still a lot of waste or organic waste that has not been managed properly because people think that organic waste can decompose naturally. If left unchecked, this will cause an unpleasant odor and disturb the environment. One way of processing organic waste is to make it into Liquid Organic Fertilizers (LOF). LOF is a liquid resulting from the fermentation of organic waste. LOF contains nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and others that are beneficial to plants and soil. The method used in carrying out community service activities is through lecture and demonstration methods. The material is presented through lectures using an LCD and direct demonstrations of making LOF from organic waste. Increased understanding of participants will be measured through pre-test and post-test. This community Service activity was carried out at the Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital for 10 participants who acted as cleaners. The result obtained is Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) which is brownish-yellow in color and gives off a rotten aroma after being fermented for 1 week. In addition, all 10 participants experienced an increase in post-test scores compared to pre-test scores after participating in this activity, where the average score increased by 31.5. This value can be interpreted as seminar participants having experienced increased understanding and being able to participate in this community service activity properly.