Fence Posts Research Articles

How did the elephant cross the fence? Electric fence crossing by elephants in Udawalawe, Sri Lanka

AbstractElectric fences are widely used in human–elephant conflict mitigation. However, elephants constantly challenge and overcome fences, which is a growing concern. We studied how elephants crossed the perimeter electric fence around the Udawalawe National Park (UWNP), Sri Lanka. Using camera traps, we monitored 18 fence posts and an open gate in the fence over 605 days from 2016 to 2019. Photographs of 3097 fence crossings were analysed to obtain demographic data for fence crossing elephants, crossing methods, and the daily and seasonal timing of fence crossing. We identified 77 adult males and 12 adult females that crossed the fence, which represent about 17% of the adult elephants in UWNP. Most of the crossings were through the open gate at night. Elephants used a variety of crossing methods, comprised of crossing at the open gate, at previously toppled posts, by crashing through wires and stepping over wires, as well as by using the trunk or forefeet to topple posts. Fence voltage was not a determinant of fence crossing. The frequency and timing of fence crossings varied between locations with later exits and less time spent outside, at crossing points bordering human dominated areas. Our results emphasis on the importance of taking into account the problem solving abilities of elephants in fence design and location, such as energising fence posts and constructing exclosure fences at the boundaries of crop fields and settlements, in employing electric fences to mitigate human‐elephant conflict.

Large-scale fence modifications increase nest survival in sage-grouse

Livestock grazing is the most common land-use practice in aridland ecosystems of the American West. Widespread and long-term declines of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), an umbrella species for other sagebrush-associated vertebrates, has challenged land managers to find solutions to help bolster populations. Livestock grazing infrastructure (e.g., fences) among western rangelands are one potential factor impacting sage-grouse populations as nest survival – a key demographic rate that influences population size – can be 4x higher when placed >100 m away from the nearest fence. We implemented the first-ever long-term (8 years) and large-scale (70 km in length) management action designed to evaluate changes in nest survival related to fence modifications in the Centennial Valley of Montana, USA. Fence modifications included perch deterrents placed atop fence posts to reduce perching by avian nest predators. Additionally, the bottom fence wire was raised to 45 cm from the ground to reduce the funneling of mammalian predators along fences who are in search of carcasses from collisions and/or nests placed near fences. Using a Bayesian statistical framework, we found that fence modifications increased 28-day nest survival within 100 m of mitigated fences by an average of 10.6 % (85 % CRI: 3.7–24.9 %). The difference in survival between fence types was most pronounced for modified fences in low elevations, while modified fences resulted in higher survival rates throughout the nesting season. Our findings suggest that modifying fences designed to reduce the search efficiency of sage-grouse nest predators appear to benefit nest survival in sage-grouse. The highlighted fence modification technique offers practitioners a tool to advance grazing systems that reduce the impacts of grazing infrastructure on greater sage-grouse.

Prevalence and clinico-pathology of PSOROPTIC mange in buffaloes of the Amazon region

Scabies is an important skin disease in several species of domestic and wild animals; however, few reports in Brazil have emphasized its occurrence in buffaloes. This article describes the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects and diagnosis of psoroptic mange in buffaloes in a property in the municipality of Castanhal, PA, Amazon region. Of the 41 buffaloes examined, 38 males and females of the Murrah, Baio, Mediterranean and Carabao breeds and their crossbreeds, aged between 2 and 20 years, had a history of pruritus. Clinical examination was performed to map the lesions, skin scrapings were collected to identify the mites, and a biopsy was performed for histopathological examination. Clinical signs, from mild to severe intensity, varied according to the system of creation and handling of the animals and were more severe in buffaloes raised in bays than those raised under a collective regime (pastures and collective troughs). The characteristic clinical signs were intense itching, extensive areas of alopecia, periocular edema, and thickening of the epidermis with exudative crusts covering the face, chamfer, neck, scapular region, back, base of the horn, thoracic and pelvic limbs and chest. The behavior of rubbing the affected regions of the body against structures (troughs, fence posts, gates) or with the horns was frequently observed and provided relief from itching. In the most severe cases, mites were also noted in the crusts, which were identified as Psoroptes natalensis. Histological skin lesions exhibited alterations consistent with immune-mediated dermatitis, which is typical of hypersensitivity to mite-derived allergens.

PAYMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES IN A MUNICIPALITY IN THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO: EQUIVALENT UNIFORM ANNUAL COST

The implementation and discussion of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) programs has gained prominence in environmental policy. However, there are still knowledge gaps regarding economic indicators that are fundamental for the analysis of the viability and financing of PES projects. Thus, obtaining information related to the analysis of investment projects in PES programs can contribute to future decision-making. In this context, the objective was to estimate the Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost (EUAC) of investment projects for PES in subwatersheds in the State of São Paulo under conditions of uncertainty, as well as to analyze whether the EUAC allows attesting to the economic viability of these investment projects. From the costs of the PES actions, the EUAC was used and then the Monte Carlo method was applied to incorporate stochastic solutions. The average EUAC of the PES investment projects for the priority and non-priority subwatersheds is USD 1,814.11 and USD 1,675.54, respectively. The costs associated with the purchase of organic fertilizer and fence posts have the greatest impact on the EUAC in both the priority and non-priority areas. The EUAC, combined with Spearman's correlation, allows for the analysis of the economic viability of investment projects and thus assists in the decision-making process regarding the prioritization of resource allocation in sub-watersheds.

Hunting Site Behaviour of Sympatric Common Buzzard Buteo buteo and Rough-Legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus on Their Wintering Grounds.

Birds wintering in the northern Palearctic compensate for substantial energy losses and prepare for a food deficit in winter by adjusting their foraging behavior. Apart from weather conditions, interspecific competition also drives hunting strategies. To describe this phenomenon, we observed the behavior of two sympatrically wintering raptor species: the Common Buzzard and the Rough-legged Buzzard. The study was carried out in east-central Poland during four seasons on a study plot where the densities of both species were high. Interspecific differences were detected in the use of available hunting sites. Rough-legged Buzzards conspicuously avoided using fence posts for scanning the surroundings and spent the most time standing on the ground. Common Buzzards more often used trees for this purpose when the snow cover was thick. Thicker snow cover resulted in fewer attempted attacks on prey in both species and caused Common Buzzards to change their hunting sites less frequently. The study also showed that the more often a bird changed its hunting site, the greater the number of attempted attacks. The outcome is that the ultimate effectiveness of hunting is mediated by the overview of the foraging area from different heights and perspectives, not by the type of hunting site. Snow cover was the most important factor in modifying foraging behavior and possibly intensifying interspecific competition.

Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. as an alternative for wood production in Northeast Brazil

Mimosa caesalpiniifolia is a native species from Northeast Brazil, with good soil and climate adaptation, fast growth and potential for multiple use. Because of these characteristics, it has been considered a promising species for forestry. This work aimed to evaluate the growth and productivity of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia at 75 months of age, in a homogeneous plantation located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. The data were collected in a 0.05 ha plot with 84 individuals, submitted to thinning at 12 and 55 months. The variables height (H), diameter at breast height (DBH), and diameter at base (DAB) were evaluated. The productivity of the plantation was estimated in terms of total volume (m3) and stacked volume (st), number of stems and mean annual increment (MAI). On average, the individuals were 4.85 m tall, 12.05 cm in diameter at the base (DAB) and 8.42 cm DBH. Each individual presented an average of 6.07 stems. The estimated productivity was 43.88 m³ ha-1, with MAI of 7.02 m³ ha-1 year-1, and the estimated stacked wood volume was 111.89 st ha-1. The results showed the high potential of the species for the production of stakes and fence posts, as well as for the production of kindling and firewood, aiming at the use of all the biomass produced. Therefore, the planting of this species for the production of wood serves as an alternative to meet demands in the Northeast of Brazil.

Fence post manufacturing system with modified asphalt from used tires

This article presents the design of a system for manufacturing fence posts by reusing end-of-life vehicle tires combined with asphalt, obtaining modified asphalt (CIB asphalt was chosen). A verified design is shown employing simulation, in addition to the evaluation of the industrial operation of the proposed design, obtaining a statistical analysis utilizing computational tools that allow the real system to be emulated (from a computational model) in which the interaction of each of the elements that make up the proposed system is to be shown. We are looking for an approximate and adequate response that meets all the requirements of the process in order to carry out its respective implementation and start-up in future works.

A solution-based approach to reducing adult sanitary & PPE waste from rest homes in Aotearoa

Aim: This research project aims to explore solutions for minimising landfill contributions from incontinence and personal protective equipment (PPE) waste produced by rest home facilities (both care/support units and retirement villages) in Aotearoa.Research Question: What evidence-based solutions to decrease sanitary and PPE waste exist and can these be applied to rest homes in Aotearoa?
 Method: A narrative literature review was conducted surrounding PPE and sanitary waste minimisation, alongside interviews with industry representatives and waste experts, to ascertain the practicalities of such solutions in Aotearoa. A waste hierarchy for sanitary waste was created; highly recommended solutions were place at the top and least recommended at the bottom based on factors such as accessibility, environmental impact, and patient wellbeing.
 Results: The order of these solutions was (from top to bottom): pelvic floor muscle exercises, reusing, recycling, organic ecomposition, landfilling, and incineration. Fewer opportunities were available for waste minimisation of PPE; current alternatives to landfilling include companies such as Future Post (an organisation recycling face masks into functional fence posts). Developing technologies such as the disinfecting and recycling of PPE through Auckland University are emerging, although theyare not currently accessible for public contributions.
 Conclusion: For both sanitary and PPE waste, the requirement of such products should be minimised where possible (such as through awareness of hand hygiene (PPE) and pelvic floor muscle strength (sanitary waste)). If necessary, reusable rather than single-use products should be applied.
 Supervised by Ray O'Brien, Head of Sustainability, Sustainability Office, University of Otago and Arveen Horsefield, Arvida.Scholarship funded by: Arvida, Metlife Care, BUPA, Summerset, and Oceania Healthcare

Pentachlorophenol causes redox imbalance, inhibition of brush border membrane and metabolic enzymes, DNA damage and histological alterations in rat kidney

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a synthetic organochlorine compound that is widely used in biocide and pesticide industries, and in preservation of wood, fence posts, cross arms and power line poles. Humans are usually exposed to PCP through air, contaminated water and food. PCP enters the body and adversely affects liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and lungs. PCP is a highly toxic class 2B or probable human carcinogen that produces large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells. This work aimed to determine PCP-induced oxidative damage in rat kidney. Adult rats were given PCP (25, 50, 100, 150 mg/kg body weight), in corn oil, once a day for 5 days while control rats were given similar amount of corn oil by oral gavage. PCP increased hydrogen peroxide level and oxidation of thiols, proteins and lipids. The antioxidant status of kidney cells was compromised in PCP treated rats while enzymes of brush border membrane (BBM) and carbohydrate metabolism were inhibited. Plasma level of creatinine and urea was also increased. Administration of PCP increased DNA fragmentation, cross-linking of DNA to proteins and DNA strand scission in kidney. Histological studies supported biochemical findings and showed significant damage in the kidneys of PCP-treated rats. These changes could be due to redox imbalance or direct chemical modification by PCP or its metabolites. These results signify that PCP-induced oxidative stress causes nephrotoxicity, dysfunction of BBM enzymes and DNA damage.

Evaluating determinants of wire-snare poaching risk in the Boland Mountain Complex of South Africa

Wire-snare poaching for bushmeat is increasingly recognised as a global threat to biodiversity and is directly linked to the reduction or extirpation of targeted species, threatened species bycatch and the loss of functional ecosystem processes. However, studies evaluating the extent and underlying dynamics of bushmeat poaching in southern Africa remain limited. Despite growing evidence of wire-snaring incidence in the Boland Mountain Complex of South Africa, formal research has been restricted to unverified reporting. Through systematic anti-poaching patrols on private agricultural properties bordering protected areas, this study characterised snaring, compared interview- and patrol-reported incidence to quantify the influence of socioeconomic and biophysical determinants of bushmeat poaching, and spatially predicted poaching risk throughout the region. In total, 671 snares were located during 96 (46%) bi-annual patrols (June 2019 to June 2020), covering a total distance of 1,332 km across 112 private properties. Of these snares, 537 (80%) were anchored and active. Furthermore, snares were primarily positioned along game trails (47%) and fence lines (39%) where they were predominantly anchored to trees (40%) or fence posts (39%). Snares were mainly made of wire (70%) or nylon (19%) and suspended at 0–60 cm (97%). Snaring incidence did not differ significantly (P = 0.186) between interviews (n = 307) and patrols (n = 180), reporting on average 2.32 ± 0.23 (SE) snares on the property in the month preceding each interview and 3.34 ± 0.55 snares removed on interviewed properties (n = 92). Interview-reported snaring positively correlated with the number of resident families per property and the use of lethal control measures but was negatively correlated with owners endorsing punitive measures and where orchards were the primary agricultural output. In contrast, patrol-reported snaring frequency increased with the number of resident families per property, farmer residency and a primary agricultural output of orchards. High risk areas for snaring were predicted between 2.2 and 5.8 km from the nearest public street, between 1.5 and 2.2 km from the nearest settlement, at elevations of 300–500 m, between 1.8 and 2.5 km from the nearest protected area and 0.5–3.2 km from the nearest river, thus identifying new poaching hotspots across the region. This study features a novel interdisciplinary approach to understanding the complex nature of bushmeat poaching and adds applied conservation value by optimising current monitoring and law enforcement efforts.

Influence of chromated copper arsenate type-C concentration on the quality of treated fence posts

This study aimed to reduce the concentration of chromated copper arsenate type-C (CCA-C) in preservative treatments of Eucalyptus sp. for use in applications with ground contact. The genetic materials used were Eucalyptus cloeziana of seminal origin and the clonal hybrid (E. urophylla x E. camaldulensis), which was derived from six year old crops at commercial plantations. The basic density, moisture content, percentage of sapwood, and wood treatable volume were determined, and the anatomical structures were characterized. The genetic materials were treated with concentrations of 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, and 1.6% active ingredients (AI) of CCA-C. The quality of the preservative treatment was evaluated via penetration and retention tests. The treated wood volume of E. cloeziana exhibited 44% irregular partial penetration, 40% vascular penetration, 12% peripheral partial penetration, and 4% no penetration. For the hybrid, the wood volume exhibited 68% total penetration, 24% peripheral partial penetration, and 8% irregular partial penetration. The concentrations of 1.4% AI and 1.5% AI for E. cloeziana and of 1.4% AI and 1.6% AI for hybrid reached the minimum retention required by standard.

Condition Monitoring using Convolutional Neural Network in Agricultural Machinery - Use Case: Disc Mower

Recent advances in sensing technologies and increasing computation power have accelerated the development of condition monitoring systems based on different approaches. There has been intensive research to automate the detection of anomalies in machines and processes by monitoring the changes in collected sensor data. Especially, a disc mower is prone to damage if it is frequently deployed in places where it might hit solid objects such as boulders and old fence posts. These anomalies cannot be easily recognized by the operator and may cause suboptimal results. In this paper, two deep learning models for intelligent condition monitoring in a disc mower are investigated to notify the machine operator when a failure occurs. For this, a basic convolutional neural network (CNN) and a residual neural network (ResNet) were trained, evaluated and the preliminary results are presented.

ANALISIS RESIKO KECELAKAAN KERJA DI UD. MITRA UTAMA PAVING BLOK MENGGUNAKAN METODE HIRARC

Occupational Health and Safety (K3) is an effort to create a safe, comfortable working atmosphere and achieve the goal of highest productivity. Occupational health and safety (K3) training can reduce the risk of work accidents. UD. Mitra Utama which is a building shop located in Brangbara where this shop makes several buildings such as paving blocks, wholesale, fence posts, pillars, funeral decorations etc. Based on observations in research at UD. Mitra Utama, implementation of occupational health and safety (K3) is still minimal. Workers in carrying out unsafe work, one of which is when working they do not use PPE (personal protective equipment) and also the work environment is not safe. Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) is a method for preventing or minimizing work accidents. The purpose of this research is to create a safe and comfortable workplace. Work equipment in the road area, less ergonomic body position (paving block printing process, sand taking process with a shovel and workers not using PPE (sand filtering process and cement mixing process) and unsafe work area. There were 7 potential hazards found and from the 7 potential hazards the level of risk was for low category (1), medium (4) and very high or extreme category (1). Suggestions for improvement are ensure the work area is free of work equipment, making assistive devices so that the worker's body position is ergonomic while working, the business owner checks the use of PPE for employees while working, and rearranges the layout of work equipment by making a place for work equipment and work support equipment. Keywords: HIRARC, paving blocks, work accident risk

Putty and the Paper Figure

Putty and the Paper Figure Emi Noguchi (bio) In a former ghost town in the desert there was a person made of kneaded eraser who lived and worked in the art room at the community school. Among the century-old buildings lining the cobbled street, the community school was well respected: a place for neighbors of all ages to gather and express themselves. Putty was the finest member of the cleaning staff in recent memory, for she used the tackiness of her flesh to roll up the detritus abandoned by each class. A little bit lonely in disposition, Putty found great satisfaction in gathering up all the paper scraps and glue-hardened yarn that fell from the town’s imaginations. What strange inner worlds she had access to! The little bits cropped or torn or deemed unfinishable. She collected the students’ unwanted works and reused them to wallpaper her little cubby, layer after layer, until she felt cocooned by vulnerability, sincerity, and effort. At the end of a long night, Putty was often too tired to go out for karaoke at the old theater, or to a friend’s for a few hours of stories and food and drink. Instead, she usually asked someone in the community school’s live-work exchange program to roll her out in the pottery studio. Flattened thus, she could more easily extract the day’s flotsam. Cut felt; brittle drips of paint. As many jobs do, Putty’s work left its mark upon her, little scars adding up in her flesh. How long until she was more town than herself? Just before sleep, she would switch off the headlamp that glowed pink in her cubby and count her breaths, tracing in her memory the wiggly silhouette of a vase just above her head. No one but Putty demanded such thorough work from her. Perhaps she didn’t feel she deserved the kind of leisure her coworkers enjoyed. Perhaps, Putty thought, she didn’t love herself because whoever made her forgot to include it in her design. And who was that person, her maker? Putty believed she’d been created by the witch who lived with an old cat at the top of the town’s winding stairs. There, beyond the [End Page 44] final steps, sun-bleached fence posts marked the dotted line between the town and the dark, wild mountains above. The witch and the old cat were disinterested in weaving their lives into the fabric of the town. Instead, they lived on the outskirts. Around their little house crept lizards they’d made out of grass and sap, miniature jackrabbits built from the springs of mechanical pencils and ballpoint pens. In the witch’s garden, a skeleton puttered about, filled with crocheted muscles, sinews, organs, and nerves. Occasionally, a little jackrabbit would launch itself indoors to have a look around. The house was dark and filled with old things. In the kitchen: forest-green cabinets and a discolored arch of oil over the iron stove. Stiff wooden chairs and a table made from an old door. Around the hearth: two cushioned chairs on which the witch and the old cat rested when the nights grew chilly. On the far side of the house was a screened-in porch where the old cat spent hours sunning itself. A dark, wooden hallway built of fragrant wood extended out from the house to a dark, wooden toilet. Seated there, a person could peep out from a little window at the cactus brush. To Putty, the house was a fearsome place. She had never visited it, of course, but her morning walks brought her closer and closer, as though the witch’s house exerted a kind of magnetic pull and deep inside Putty was some iron core that drew her to the spot. ________ One day, the witch and the old cat were eating breakfast—a wild rice gruel with roasted chiles and oregano—when the witch said, “We really should do something with that old notebook.” In the breakfast nook, atop a stack of reference texts, was an old, weathered notebook. It was leatherbound, and its pages had been filled long before the witch...

Does the faxinal system help to maintain the genetic diversity of Curitiba prismatica (D.Legrand) Salywon & Landrum?

Background: Curitiba prismatica (D.Legrand) Salywon & Landrum belongs to the Myrtaceae family and it is popularly known as murta. Endemic to the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest of south Brazil, is predominant in Faxinal System, which is a traditional agricultural system in the State of Paraná. This species also has several uses and potentials, such as wood for fence posts and essential oils with pharmacological properties. For this reason, this study aimed to select molecular markers and assess whether the Faxinal System contributes to the maintenance of the genetic diversity of the species, helping in its management and conservation. As such, 120 adult reproductive individuals were sampled, 60 in two areas managed in the Faxinal System, and 60 in two conservation areas. Results: Initially, 30 ISSR markers were selected, but only eight showed considerable variability, resulting in 68 polymorphic loci. The results show that the average diversity within populations is 80.54%. The Shannon (I) and Nei’s (He) diversity indices were 0.53 and 0.36, respectively. According to Nei’s genetic identity, the populations form two groups. With the analysis of the genetic structure of the populations, which indicated the existence of two distinct genetic groups (K = 2). Conclusion: Thus, the populations in the Faxinal System had higher rates of genetic diversity, despite constant human activity within the system. Therefore, the Faxinal System contributes to the conservation of C. prismatica genetic diversity; however, considering the economic potential of the species and to minimize impacts on the existing fragments, there is a need to work with the local population to ensure sustainable forest management of the species.

Rokokowe rzeźby z ogrodzenia pałacu Mniszchów w Gdańsku. Autorstwo – styl – program ikonograficzny

In 1751, Jerzy August Mniszech purchased a plot in Długie Ogrody Street: the area where a large -scale residence was erected. Its designer was most probably Pierre Ricaud de Tirregaille. An important element in shaping the spatial composition of the entire palace and garden ensemble was formed by the main gate, characterized by an extremely dynamic, sculptural form, typical of Rococo art. At the top of the gate and on the fence posts there were figures: personifications of Minerva and Ceres, four putti representing the seasons and vases. At the beginning, the article presents the history and style of the sculptures. Then the question of attribution is discussed. In literature, Johann Heinrich Meissner is the most frequently indicated creator of the entire sculptural ensemble. This attribution, in view of the shortage of sources, requires confrontation with other, preserved works of the artist. Johann Heinrich Meissner (1701–1770) was born in Królewiec. He was present in Gdańsk, where from 1726 he owned a valued workshop. Having lived in the Old Town, near the Church of St Catherine, in 1755 he moved to Długie Ogrody where he located his studio, so he was a direct witness to the project carried out for Jerzy August Mniszech. Meissner’s workshop created, among other things, garden sculptures and elements of temple decorations. Among the sacred implementations, mention should be made of the decoration of the main altar in the Cathedral in Frombork, which includes four full -figure angelic figures, vases, flames and garlands made of pine wood. Meissner was also responsible for the statues of angels from the organ front in Gdańsk’s Church of St Mary, expanded in 1757–60. The soft modelling of forms precisely emphasizes the anatomy. Figures’ gestures are naturalistic. The sculptures in front of the Mniszech Palace are stylistically different from them: strongly stylized, exaggerated, they feature vibrating surface characteristic of the Rococo. Their authorship should therefore be associated with another sculpture workshop operating in Gdańsk in the mid -18th century. Another thread is the symbolic diagram of the fence decoration. In order to understand the ideological meaning of the figures in question, it is necessary to juxtapose them with the iconography found in Gdańsk’s art (e.g. Minerva decorated the façade of the Great Armory and the hall of the Main Town Hall, while the statues of Ceres were placed at the tops of tenement houses) and with European trends.

Multiscale modelling of dynamic impact on highly deformable compound rockfall fence nets

Herein a discrete-element model of a full-scale compound mesh barrier, formed by interweaved double-twist hexagonal meshes and strand rope square meshes is presented. A plastic hardening model is employed to investigate the energy dissipation terms within the barrier. The computational effort required for model initialisation is reduced through a novel generation procedure. The effect of different impact positions on the energy dissipation within the barrier and the way the impact load is transmitted to the main structural elements of the barrier are investigated through a sensitivity analysis. The results show that the impact position has both qualitative and quantitative effects on the barrier response, which significantly modify the peak load acting on the structural elements and the combination of shear, tensile and moment loading on the fence posts.

Impact of beaver dam analogues on hydrology in a semi‐arid floodplain

AbstractNatural beaver ponds help connect the stream to the floodplain, maintain late summer low flows and reduce peak flow during high flow events by offering temporary surface water (SW) storage. When beavers are extirpated from the landscape, stream degradation often ensues. This study assesses the impact of beaver dam analogues (BDA) as a stream restoration technique to help maintain low flow water levels and enhance stream‐floodplain interactions on a seasonal basis in Red Canyon Creek, Lander, WY. BDAs increased SW and groundwater (GW) levels, favoured the occurrence of flow reversals (i.e., stream‐to‐floodplain GW flow) during high flow events associated with mid‐winter and early‐spring thaw events, and reduced the groundwater‐to‐stream hydraulic gradient on an annual basis. Although GW temperatures varied seasonally, relatively cooler GW temperatures were observed in the BDA impacted reach compared to the control reach away from BDA influence. BDAs however did not significantly impact stream temperatures. Overall, results suggest that when installed in sequence, BDA complexes can successfully reconnect the stream to its floodplain, and ultimately increase SW‐GW exchange at the floodplain scale by allowing flow reversals to occur and by reducing the GW to stream hydraulic gradient. Although BDAs built with fence posts, willow branches, sediments and small boulders are naturally porous and require regular maintenance, this study also highlights the viability of small BDAs as a restoration practice to enhance landscape resilience to drought and high flow events in deeply incised channels where beavers would not come back naturally.

Understanding of Mexican Migration to the United States: Rifts and Challenges

It has been decades since legislative issues have thought about social, defense, and compassionate issues of migration which has become a touchstone in U.S strategy discussion. Mexican migration to the U.S started in 1848. It has proceeded to the present with no critical interference, something that makes this work movement very particular as a basic segment of the American work advertise. Generally started with enormous development, driven by starvation, political problems, open doors in the U.S; that point eased back, tightened, or unexpectedly finished, from 1850 to 1882, similar to the case of the Chinese. The details show that Mexico is a key source of settlers in U.S and has long been a major source of enemy contact with refugees, but so many have been focusing on Mexico and not the other countries which have also become major sources of illegal immigrants. The United States and Mexico are bordered with California, San Diego, and Baja California, Tijuana, and the Pacific Ocean. The boundary stretches eastward to El Paso, Ciudad Juarez and Chihuahua, Texas, on the Rio Grande. From that point the border continues south-east along the Rio Grande River until the end of it in the Gulf of Mexico. Border stretching of over 1945 miles is insufficiently regulated. Only old solid markers, rusty safety clasp and spoiled dry fence posts can be found in many parts of the place, and the river Grande that over the centuries has continuously changed its course separating both nations. U.S endeavors to control passages and exit adequately have been focused principally along the most profoundly dealt transit courses driving to north. U.S. powerlessness to control all the Mexican boundary has proven that any Mexican involved in operating in the U.S seldom discovers that the frontier is an unlikely trap Through the span of the most recent 170 years, Mexican migrants have to a great extent worked in horticulture, farming, mining, and railroad development.

Breeding ecology of Rufous Casiornis Casiornis rufus in south-east Brazil

We present new reproductive information for the Rufous Casiornis Casiornis rufus, based on studies undertaken during 1991–99 and in 2018, in the municipality of Arcos, Minas Gerais, south-east Brazil. We found eight nests, all sited in cavities of dead trees or wooden fence posts, on average 62.8 cm above ground. Clutch size was usually three eggs, pale beige overlain with complex markings throughout, similar to those of the genus Myiarchus. Eggs measured on average 22.8 × 16.96 mm, mass c.3 g. Incubation lasted c.15 days, and nestlings remained in the nest 15–17 days, being fed by both adults, mainly with orthopterans. Three of the eight nests produced young that fledged. One nest was predated by both a Black-striped Capuchin Sapajus libidinosus and a Crane Hawk Geranospiza caerulescens, and another by a Black-tufted Marmoset Callithrix cf. penicillata. Nests were constructed in August, and the last nestlings fledged in late October. Most aspects of the breeding ecology of Casiornis are identical to those of other members of the Myiarchini.