Feminine Strategies Research Articles

Гендерная идентичность и гендерная ментальность: теоретико-обзорный анализ

The aim of the paper is to identify the peculiarities of the content of definitions of the categories “gender identi-ty” and “gender mentality”. It is revealed that the first of them corresponds to a greater extent to the thematized socio-cultural reality. This concept is more developed in modern science, while the concept of “gender mentali-ty” is a relatively new and not yet sufficiently developed concept in scientific terms, therefore, in modern litera-ture one can rarely find studies that analyze this concept. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to take into account the differences in the depth of conceptualization of the terms “gender mentality” and “gen-der identity”. Currently, there is a transformation of gender mentality, which leads to an inversion of masculine and feminine strategies of human behavior. Gender identity depends on a person’s ability to understand him-self, realize his position in the sociocultural space and effectively adapt to society.

Silence as a Tool for Managing Conflict in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus

This paper explores the significance of silence in a conflict-charged situation as represented in Chimamanda Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus. It emanates from a hiatus perceived from existing scholarship on a specific function of silence in the novel. While a few critical assessments of the role of silence in Purple Hibiscus exist, none examines that form of human behaviour from the point of view of conflict management. This study, therefore, aims at demonstrating that conflict, which is an intrinsic part of human experience manifesting in multiple ways among individuals, groups and societies, represents a genuine and potent tool for conflict management. Using a descriptive and analytical approach with insight from Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber’s relevance theory of silence and Richard L. Johannesen’s “typical potential meanings” of silence, this paper stresses that silence is a language, one of the ways humans respond to conflict. And how this is portrayed in terms of a refusal to react could improve, deteriorate or keep a conflict situation tensed or calm. The silence that this paper explores is the one which emanates from a woman, particularly Beatrice, the wife of Eugene. The paper argues that though silence in a marital situation may be associated with submissiveness, passivity, docility and powerlessness, Adichie deploys it as a feminine strategy for conflict management. This resonates with the idea of women stooping to conquer within the marital space, especially that characterized by male abuse.

Gender and its role in critical thinking and critical thinking strategies used by EFL learners

Among many aspects of reading that were under investigation rightfully and thoroughly, the effect of gender on critical thinking in general and critical thinking strategy use, in particular, seemed to be neglected. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible role of gender in the critical thinking and critical thinking strategy use of EFL learners. To do so, a qualitative case study consisting of four participants was conducted. Two of them were male and the other two were female students at the University of Mazandaran. Analysis of participants' recorded think-aloud protocols reveals that first, gender had no role to play in the critical thinking and critical thinking strategy use; Second, both male and female participants of the study used the same variety of strategies. In this way, there was no difference in male and female strategy use and nothing particular emerged as feminine strategies.

Thematic Representation and Linguo-Cognitive Structure of the Businesswoman Image from the Perspective of Gender-Professional Axiology

The article is devoted to the field modeling of the verbal representation of the stereotypical image of a businesswoman - a new phenomenon in the Russian mentality. A comprehensive description is carried out in the sociolinguistic, linguo-cognitive, discursive and gender aspects based on the integrative cognitive-functional analysis of the linguo-culturally marked components of the stereotype image by the methods of a semantic-cognitive, discursive, contextual, conceptual analysis, the method of field modeling and interpretation of the data obtained. The described fragment of the worldview is a pioneering field of comprehension of new phenomena of reality in the framework of the analysis of business discourse and national conceptual spheres. The empirical material of the study was the results of a survey of professional feminine and masculine groups. The nucleus of the heterostereotype of a businesswoman was revealed, based on the ideas enshrined in the minds of the male entrepreneurs - feminine strategies of business communication and an integral set of roles and status positions of the performer and assistant, in which the leading place is given to men, and the secondary - to women. In addition, the analyzed linguistic material demonstrated the transformation of traditional female roles of a wife and a mother towards male roles of a breadwinner and a leader. So, the autoimage of a businesswoman is a complex cognitive structure that includes a set of social roles and functions, numerous gender prescriptions and stereotypes. The nucleus of auto-representations of a businesswoman has also made up a cognitive attribute of female business communication strategies. The feminine role-playing set, according to the women entrepreneurs, includes the traditional roles of a housewife, a mother, a wife, a weak woman, a parity spouse and a hybrid feminine-masculine image. According to the study, the actualization of new feminine roles does not eliminate the socio-cultural background of a womans development in society, but tends to preserve traditional female behavior patterns in combination with components determined by civilizational processes.

Existential and Psychological Problems of Aging: The Perspective of Ukrainian Lyrics’ Art Representation

Purpose. Aging is intricate process of self-transformation in view of involution of body, loss of sexual attractiveness, but at the same time, old age is a time for reconsideration of self-existence in time and in the world within coherence of life sense targets and their (successful) realization. Unique individual experience of growing old implemented in Ukrainian literature (and lyrics) can complete the data received by gerontology. Moreover gender approach in literary gerontology highlights masculine / feminine phenotypical features of internal reverberating of aging. Theoretical basis. To inquire into existential and psychological problems of aging exemplified in the twentieth-century Ukrainian Lyrics it is seems to be the most effective to employ philosophical (A. Anhelova, V. Demidov, T. Dziuba, K. Pigrov, S. Lishaev, O. Khrystenko and others) and psychological (O. Berezina, S. Hamilton, V. Savchyn, Y. Sapogova and others) approaches in gerontology, as well as feministic studies on elder female body discrimination, in particular in literature (K. Woodward, J. King). Originality. This research paves the way to the development of gender and literary dimensions in Ukrainian gerontology and anthropology in general. Some of the existential and psychological problems of aging (as anxiety of body involution and decline of strength, as well as finding the compensatory pleasure in wisdom and spiritual treasures) are revealed on the material of 20th-century Ukrainian poetry (N. Livytska-Kholodna, B. Lepkyi, M. Zerov, Yurii Klen, Y. Malaniuk, Y. Tarnawsky, I. Zhylenko, S. Yovenko and others). The individual lyric experience of aging in different gender moods is anchored mostly in psychic, mental, sense-life strategies. Conclusions. Among the feminine strategies of aging self-reception there are observation of own elder body with anxiety and fear, its "invisibility", deepened feelings of loneliness, self-estrangement, but also finding the sense of life and soul harmony in own family, offspring. Masculine self-reception of aging deals with ideal spiritual model of Wise old man – more abstract than personal; masculine anxiety is caused by physical bodily declining, not attractiveness, but strength and power loosing.

Normative Women and Patriarchal Hegemony in Ariyoshi Sawako’s Hanaoka Seishu no Tsuma (1966)

This research examines the depiction of normative women in the Edo period (1603-1868) in the novel entitled Hanaoka Seishu no Tsuma (1966) by Ariyoshi Sawako, a Japanese female writer in the post World War II Showa era. Reflecting on the novel’s normative female characters, it analyzes the silenced voices of women. It will contribute to the discussion on how the normative female figures criticizing the patriarchal hegemony that has not been revealed in the literary canon of the Edo period. This research shows how normative women characters are presented in the text as a feminine strategy to criticize this hegemony. The researchers use feminist criticism theory from Butler’s gender performativity (1990). The study concludes that although normative women characters are commonly represented as men dominating women, those can also be used to criticize the patriarchal hegemony.

Feminine Power: A New Articulation

ABSTRACT Consider the messages that Western, patriarchal cultures create and disseminate about femininity: that it is weak, passive, deceitful, and manipulative. Systems of male domination devalue femininity relative to hegemonic masculinity by framing feminine attributes as opposite and in service to men and masculinity, and naturalising these characteristics to female and feminine bodies. Much gender studies scholarship critiques the constraints of feminine socialisation in patriarchy. While such feminist critiques are important and necessary, they also unwittingly uphold the second-class status of femininity, reduce the complexity of all femininities, and erase the presence and power of multiple types of femininity. In this article, the authors situate their analysis in femme theory to show how, under specific conditions, feminine ways of being are powerful on their own terms. Drawing on data from exotic dancers and bedside nurses, the authors operationalise four types of feminine power: yielding, re-direction, vulnerability, and establishing connections, arguing that feminine strategies do not universally serve hegemonic masculinity, do yield success, and do increase joy.

Slow + Fashion – Women’s Wisdom

Building on ideas I first published in 2008 as, “Slow + Fashion - An Oxymoron or a Promise for the Future…?”, this paper brings new insights to the value of a slow approach to fashion. The cases explored for that research indicated the significant role of women practitioners. As a consequence, further investigation and thinking leads me to propose here a development of the slow + fashion discourse that respects and is informed by feminine strategies and values, or what I am choosing to call women's wisdom. In this paper, the work of women thinkers, scholars and design professionals is discussed to explore the potential of developing further the “+” of slow + fashion and to draw from and value the long-established existence of beliefs and methods common to women that can also pre-date and transcend capitalism, modernity, and Eurocentricity, and which are not formed on the basis of patriarchy. Attention is drawn to everyday values, history, sensory studies, micro-phenomenology, and fashion design practices that indicate the potential for a system change in fashion. Implicit is a shift in worldview to challenge the fashion status quo, and to introduce different economic logic, business models, values and processes than those that currently dominate the fashion system. The paper demonstrates that models already exist in theories and practices which have been devised and applied by women. It concludes that women's wisdom added to a slow + fashion can contribute to establishing much needed sets of principles to move us forward and change perspectives.

National Allegory as Feminist Critical Discourse: Boni, Tadjo, and Ivoirité

Novels by Tanella Boni and Véronique Tadjo during Ivory Coast's civil war and its preparation are rife with allegorical elements contributing to the conflicted definition of the nation: its outside and its inside, its potential for solidarity and its exclusionary pathology, considered on the ground and from the diaspora. Each through female characters navigating identity on shifting grounds, Boni and Tadjo reframe what it means to be Ivorian and consequently what it means to be African from a woman's perspective. Far from producing reductive readings, a study of second-order allegories of all eight of the novels they produced between 1990 and 2010 reveals an emergent hope that through reframing the nation from a feminine standpoint and through feminine strategies of resistance, the potential for the nation to achieve solidarity will win out over internal division, and the structures are laid bare, which pose as the primary obstacles to that solidarity.

«Donde ay damas, ay amores». Relaciones ilícitas en la corte de Felipe II: el caso de don Gonzalo Chacón y doña Luisa de Castro

In this article we intend to analyze the illicit relationships that some ladies in waiting maintained with gentlemen in the courtly space during Philip II’s Reign. Through the cases concerning doña Luisa de Castro–whose history is the central piece of this contribution– and doña Magdalena de Guzmán, we can analyze the feminine strategies in these «dishonor» cases. We are going to make a thematically, and not chronologically, approach to better understand the implications and strategies displayed; so, we are going to pay attention to the beginning of the relationships, the obstacles they suffered and how, once the scandal was notorious in the courtly space, these women and their entourage displayed a good number of strategies to afford themselves and honorable solution.

Do they speak SNAG?

PurposeBarrett compared the perceptions of female management students and senior female managers about effective and probable workplace communication strategies, and the extent to which each group's perceptions were influenced by gender norms in communication. The purpose of this paper is to compare male students' perceptions of the strategies to those of female students and female managers.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 255 second‐year male management students evaluated strategies for the same dilemmas as the two female groups.FindingsOverall, male students resemble female students rather than senior female managers. They reject some stereotypically male strategies, seeing them as more effective for women. Yet, male students regard an ineffective but probable approach to getting credit for ideas as even less effective for men than for women, and an effective, but feminine, strategy for getting noticed for promotion as more effective for women. Male students may believe using overtly feminine strategies penalizes men. Like female students, male students' confidence affects their personal choice of strategy.Research limitations/implicationsThe study used a limited number of dilemmas and demographic factors, limiting the results' generalizability. “Paper” scenarios, even if drawn from typical workplace dilemmas, may not reflect the work world. Nevertheless, the findings suggest language ideologies at work are changing for both genders.Originality/valueThis paper describes the first study comparing students' and senior women managers' reactions to classic workplace communication problems. In addition, it investigates the perceptions of young men rather than stereotypical males.

"Beauty Will Save The World": Feminine Strategies in Ukrainian Politics and the Case of Yulia Tymoshenko

"Beauty Will Save The World": Feminine Strategies in Ukrainian Politics and the Case of Yulia Tymoshenko

Divided Fictions: Fanny Burney and Feminine Strategy

Divided Fictions: Fanny Burney and Feminine Strategy

<i>Gendered Interventions: Narrative Discourse in the Victorian Novel</i> (review)

170Philosophy and Literature Rortian principles to the global political arena underscores his own contribution to the reconstruction of "Rorty's humanistic pragmatism." Here it would be especially interesting to know what Rorty himself thinks of this extension and application of his ideas. Those readers who expect from Kolendaa polemical engagementwith Rorty's thoughtare likely to be disappointed. His avowed taskis to provide a sympathetic reconstruction of the humanistic pragmatism that lies at the heart of Rorty's philosophy. Kolenda performs this task deftly, combining a careful explication of Rorty's pragmatism with an inspired vision of its possible ramifications. His reconstruction of Rorty's pragmatism not only situates Rorty within an identifiable tradition of humanistic thought, but also deflects the common charge that Rorty's approach to philosophy is nihilistic. Rorty's Humanistic Pragmatism is a welcome addition to the growing body of literature devoted to Rorty's influence on philosophy. Pennsylvania State UniversityDaniel W. Conway Gendered Interventions: Narrative Discourse in the Victorian Novel, by Robyn R. Warhol; xvii & 246 pp. New Brunswick , New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1989, $37.00. In her preface to Gendered Interventions, Robyn Warhol claims ". . . that our prejudice against earnest (as opposed to ironic) direct address stems from our culture's aversion to feminine gestures" (p. vii). Whereas female novelists attempt to make the reader/narratee sympathize with the characters' plights, their male counterparts remind the reader of the artificiality of the novelistic world and encourage detachment from the characters. Warhol's distinction is not, however, engraved in stone. Several of the authors in her study—both male and female—employ both engaging and distancing strategies, although one method tends to predominate over another even in these "cross-gendered" novels. Gendered Interventions is divided into three parts, the first of which castigates feminist critics' reluctance to practice narratology. To redress this lack, Warhol proposes in Part Two a structuralist approach to narratology based largely on Gérard Genette's and Gerald Prince's work on narrative discourse. Throughout the book she essays to detach herself from reader-response critics by implementing Genette's distinction among the narratee, the implied reader, and the actual reader. She admits, however, that this distinction works more neady with Reviews171 male narrators' strategies of distancing than with female narrators' attempts at engagement. Chapters three through six test her theory against a series ofnovels published between 1845 and 1865. Gaskell's Mary Barton provides the perfect example of the engaging female narrator who intervenes throughout her story to advocate sympathy for the working poor. Warhol offers Charles Kingsley's Yeast and Thackeray's Vanity Fair as examples of male narrators' distancing techniques . The narrative interventions in Yeast are more self-conscious than those of Gaskell. According to Warhol they create a metafictional level in which one is continually conscious of the writing process. Throughout her book, Warhol contends that the male authors had other avenues for persuading their audiences and thus did not need to use the novel to communicate direcdy with their readers. Warhol's most interesting chapter is on Uncle Tom's Cabin and Adam Bede. These novels contain both distancing and engaging narrative strategies. Stowe employs the puritan preacher's method of turning signs into sensations, but she feminizes the process by transforming "a masculine means of enforcing spiritual presence into a feminine strategy for evoking presence in fiction" (p. 108). Adam Bede also uses preacher's rhetoric, but Eliot's narrator moves beyond Stowe's in complexity, reminding the reader that the story is realistic, if not real. Eliot sets up parallel worlds of fiction and reality which the reader views simultaneously. She thus provides us with a sophisticated androgyny: "The feminine insistence that the story is 'real' works in tandem with the masculine acknowledgment that it is 'really' a story" (p. 131). While she also discusses Trollope's Can You Forgive Her? and Dickens's Bleak House as cross-gendered texts, Warhol argues that both men departed only rarely from ironic male interventions. Part Three moves beyond discussion of novelistic narrators to consider the difference between Victorian men and women in public roles. Warhol argues that the female alternative to public speaking was novel writing: "By taking...

Divided Fictions: Fanny Burney and Feminine Strategy

Today Fanny Burney's venture into authorship would not be questionable. She was, after all, a daughter of a celebrated musician, and the Burney family was know to the circle of Samuel Johnson and Hester Thrale. Yet as Kristina Straub ably shows, the public recognition which followed the publication of her first novel placed Fanny Burney in a situation of disturbing ambiguity. Did she become famous or notorious? Was she a prodigy or a freak? In this study of Burney, Straub not only describes and analyzes the disturbing transition of a writer's self-awareness as a woman and a literary artist from private to public terms, but also reveals in Burney's works a hitherto unacknowledged complexity.

Divided Fictions: Fanny Burney and Feminine Strategy. Kristina Straub

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsDivided Fictions: Fanny Burney and Feminine Strategy. Kristina StraubPaula R. BackscheiderPaula R. Backscheider Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Modern Philology Volume 87, Number 1Aug., 1989 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/391752 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1989 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Divided Fictions: Fanny Burney and Feminine Strategy (review)

Divided Fictions: Fanny Burney and Feminine Strategy (review)

Gender differences in the perceptions of self's and others' use of power strategies

The utility of P. B. Johnson's [“Women and Interpersonal Power,” in D. N. Ruble & G. L. Zellman (Eds.), Women and Sex Roles, New York: W. W. Norton, 1978] framework for the sex typing of power strategies was examined. Female and male subjects rated the extent to which they used a number of power strategies in order to get their way with others. Subjects also rated their perceptions of the extent to which either men-in-general or women-in-general used the strategies. Partial support for Johnson's framework was found in that males reported greater use of “masculine”-typed strategies than did females, though they did not report using these strategies more than “feminine”-typed ones. Females did not report significantly greater use of feminine strategies than did males, though they reported using more feminine- than masculine-typed strategies. Data also indicated that both males and females held similar gender-consistent sex-stereotyped perceptions of the power strategies used by men-in-general and women-in-general. Comparison of self-report ratings with usage attributions for men-in-general and women-in-general revealed that both male and female subjects perceived themselves to use most of the strategies less often and to be more inclined to use socially desirable strategies involving reason and logic and compromise.