Female Subordination Research Articles

A LEI MARIA DA PENHA E OS DESAFIOS POLICIAIS NA PROTEÇÃO DA MULHER

Violence against women is not something new, but rooted in the historical-cultural system of female subordination, with its protection addressed in detail in the Maria da Penha Law. This law was created to also protect victims of domestic violence, the focus of this article, whether they are victims of psychological, physical, property or moral violence. Thus, this article seeks to highlight the importance and impacts of police activity in protecting women, highlighting the Maria da Penha Patrol, which is a police patrol created to monitor victims, their protective measures and necessary follow-up after a complaint. With this, the article highlights the importance of reporting as a duty of all people, in addition to demonstrating the difficulties faced by the police in implementing protective measures and the insensitivity of approaches, highlighting the importance of community involvement. The slowness of the judiciary allowing punishments to expire brings insecurity to women who avoid reporting. As a result, research shows an increase in the number of femicides, and more policies should be created for campaigns to encourage reporting. To this end, the methodology used was secondary bibliographic research of academic articles and books.

Unmasking Street Harassment in Spain: Prevalence, Psychological Impact, and the Role of Sexism in Women’s Experiences

Street harassment is a widespread problem that affects women from all backgrounds, often leading to negative psychological consequences such as anxiety, depression, and reduced self-worth. Despite the pioneering development of laws protecting women’s rights, Spanish culture often normalizes this type of violence against women, and research on this context remains limited. To address this gap, we conducted a cross-sectional study with 245 women in Spain to investigate the occurrence and impact of street harassment on psychological well-being. We used the Street Harassment Assessment Scale, a self-report measure designed to evaluate the prevalence and frequency of street harassment, and explored its association with anxiety, fear of rape, avoidance behavior, self-esteem, and adherence to sexist beliefs. The results showed that 98% of women experienced street harassment, with 80% reporting monthly occurrences. The frequency of street harassment was correlated with increased anxiety, fear of rape and avoidance behavior, and lower self-esteem. Additionally, the results supported the link between the endorsement of sexist ideology and lower identification of events. Collectively, the results underscore the negative impact of street harassment on women’s well-being and freedom, highlighting its role as a patriarchal tool that perpetuates female objectification and subordination. An integrative feminist perspective involving various fields, including psychology, public policy, and education, among others, is necessary to create safer environments for women.

Executive functions and brain morphology of male and female dominant and subordinate cichlid fish.

Living in a social dominance hierarchy presents different benefits and challenges for dominant and subordinate males and females, which might in turn affect their cognitive needs. Despite the extensive research on social dominance in group-living species, there is still a knowledge gap regarding how social status impacts brain morphology and cognitive abilities. Here, we tested male and female dominants and subordinates of Neolamprologus pulcher, a social cichlid fish species with size-based hierarchy. We ran three executive cognitive function tests for cognitive flexibility (reversal learning test), self-control (detour test), and working memory (object permanence test), followed by brain and brain region size measurements. Performance was not influenced by social status or sex. However, dominants exhibited a brain-body slope that was relatively steeper than that of subordinates. Furthermore, individual performance in reversal learning and detour tests correlated with brain morphology, with some trade-offs among major brain regions like telencephalon, cerebellum, and optic tectum. As individuals' brain growth strategies varied depending on social status without affecting executive functions, the different associated challenges might yield a potential effect on social cognition instead. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of studying the individual and not just species to understand better how the individual's ecology might shape its brain and cognition.

Gender Based Violence and Public Health Consequences among Refugees in Uganda

Purpose: The current study was undertaken to establish the influence of gender based violence on public health consequences among refugees in Uganda. The main objective was to ascertain the influence of gender based violence on public health consequences among refugees in Uganda.
 Materials and Methods: In an effort to address the set objective, a cross-sectional survey design which followed both quantitative and qualitative research approaches was adopted. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used because they are complementary methods that work well together to provide insights that are both deep and wide. Data was collected from a total quantitative sample of 311 refugees. A qualitative sample of 68 of refugee stakeholders’ and officials from office of the Prime Minister in Uganda was determined by saturation point approach. The data was analysed at descriptive and inferential level, and later a Path Equation Model was fitted through Structural Equation Modelling in Stata Version 14.0.
 Findings: The key reference in the study is Sarfo-Kantankah, K. S. (2022), who avers that violence against women includes any act of verbal or physical force, coercion or life-threatening deprivation, directed at an individual woman or girl that causes physical or psychological harm, humiliation or arbitrary deprivation of liberty and that perpetuates female subordination. The overall result in regard to Gender Based Violence among refugees in selected refugee campcamp indicate that it is highly practiced (M = 5.32, SD = 0.88). The results also indicated exists there exists a positive significant influence of Gender Based violence on public health consequences of the refugees (r = 0.379). This relationship is statistically significant since the associated p – value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 (p< 0.001). The study concluded that that sufficient evidence substantiates significant relationship exists between gender based violence and Public Health Consequences. Finally, the study reveals that the biggest numbers of refugees are semi illiterate and this makes them unable to access any viable source of income which may give them or expose them to gender based violence and the associated public health consequences which result or impact the society negatively. Therefore, equipping these refugees with some skills may help them to be preoccupied with economic activities which will eventually have an impact on their life styles and hence help to mitigate the challenge of gender based Violence. 
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The government and other refugees’ stakeholders should devise strategies to enhance the literacy levels such that the refugees may be able to understand and collaborate in not only reducing gender based violence but also be able to take decisions for which the refugee sector relies on.

The queen bee phenomenon in Canadian surgical subspecialties: An evaluation of gender biases in the resident training environment.

The queen bee phenomenon (QBP) describes the behavioural response that occurs when women achieve success in a male-dominated environment, and in this position of authority, treat their female subordinates more critically. It has been demonstrated in business, academia, the military, and police force. The goal of this study was to determine whether the QBP occurs in surgical specialties. We hypothesized that female surgeons, fellows, and senior surgical residents would be more critical in their assessment of junior female residents than their male counterparts. A scenario-based survey was distributed via email to all Canadian surgical programs between February and March 2021. Scenarios were designed to assess either female or male learners. Centers distributed surveys to attending surgeons, surgical fellows, resident physicians, and affiliate surgeons. Respondents average Likert score for female-based and male-based questions were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed based on gender, age, seniority, and surgical specialty. 716 survey responses were collected, with 387 respondents identifying as male (54%) and 321 identifying as female (45%). 385 attending surgeons (54%), 66 fellows (9%), and 263 residents (37%) responded. The mean Likert scores for female respondents assessing female learners was significantly lower than male learners (p = 0·008, CI = 95%). During subgroup analysis, some specialties demonstrated significant scoring differences. The QBP was shown to be present among surgical specialties. Female respondents assessed female learners more critically than their male counterparts. These findings highlight the importance of tackling organizational biases to create more equitable educational and work environment in surgery.

Who wreaks more havoc? Gender and the detrimental effect of abusive supervision on interpersonal deviance

Purpose Abusive supervision provokes subordinates’ interpersonal deviant behavior. It is, therefore, essential to explore the contingent factors of this relationship. Drawing upon gender role theory, this study aims to explore how subordinate and leader genders moderate the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinate interpersonal deviance. Furthermore, this study posits a three-way interaction effect of abusive supervision with leader and subordinate genders on interpersonal deviance. Design/methodology/approach Multisource survey data were collected from 45 supervisors and 170 subordinates in eight companies in China. The data were analyzed using the PROCESS macro in SPSS. Findings The results showed that the positive relationship between abusive supervision and interpersonal deviance was stronger among female leaders than male leaders. Furthermore, the authors found a three-way interaction effect between abusive supervision and leader and subordinate genders on subordinates’ interpersonal deviance. Compared with female subordinates, male subordinates engaged in significantly more interpersonal deviance when experiencing abusive supervision from a female leader than from a male leader. Originality/value The authors reveal that gender differences exist in the effect of abusive supervision on subordinates’ interpersonal deviant behavior. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate that subordinate and leader genders jointly influence the effect of abusive supervision. Finally, the findings extend the literature on gender’s moderating effects from constructive and neutral leader behaviors to destructive leader behaviors.

Role of Social Norms and Culture in Gender Violence

Gender violence is a complex issue deeply woven into the fabric of many societies. Norms and culture play a significant role in perpetuating and justifying this violence by shaping societal expectations, gender roles, and power dynamics. Rigid gender norms can create a climate where men are expected to be dominant and aggressive, while women are expected to be submissive and passive. This creates an uneven playing field where violence against women is often seen as acceptable, even expected, behavior. Cultural beliefs and traditions can further reinforce these norms, for example, through practices like child marriage, female genital mutilation, or honor killings. These harmful practices not only directly violate women’s rights and safety but also normalize the idea of male control and female subordination, creating a breeding ground for further violence. Understanding the intricate interplay between norms, culture, and gender violence is crucial for dismantling these harmful structures and building a society where all individuals can live free from fear and discrimination. Gender norms are the cultural messages we all get about the way men and women are “supposed” to be. Tropes like boys will be boys. Take it like a man. A woman’s place. Act like a lady. Sometimes these messages are indirect, implied, or invisible; others, direct, specific, and overt. These norms affect us all consciously or otherwise. Therefore is study focused on analyzing the prevalence of gender violence and also to find out the role of social norms and culture in abetting gender violence? Objectives of the study To find out the role of social norms in abetting gender violence. To find out the views of women on already established social norms.

Crafts in the Time of Coronavirus

Crafts in the Time of Coronavirus

Gender Equality as a Necessary Approach for the Country’s Development Process and for Gender Integration

The key word in the concept of gender integration is the word perspective. To implement this concept, a major change in the way we think and act is necessary. (Gender Integration in Practice, 2007:11) When gender equality is discussed as a policy in its own right, the focus is on gender structures, not just women as underrepresented gender groups. Gender mainstreaming is the inclusion of a gender perspective at every stage of the process, approval, implementation, planning, evaluation and delivery of legislation, policies or programmes. In all political, economic and social spheres, taking into account the promotion and advancement of equal opportunities between men and women. Defined as equality between men and women in all spheres, both public and private, gender equality means equal access to and control over resources and benefits, equal participation in political decision-making, and equality before the law for women and men. (Shkurti 2009:19). Gender is not just a socially constructed definition of women and men, it is a socially constructed definition of the relationship between the sexes. Policies and structures play a very important role in living conditions and often institutionalize the maintenance of the social construction of gender (Anastasi, Mandro-Balili, Shkurti, Bozo, 2012:8). This social construction contains an unequal power relationship with male dominance and female subordination in most spheres of life. This means a true partnership between men and women and their sharing of responsibility for correcting imbalances in their public and real lives. The issue remains in the use of the skills, values and talents of every citizen, as well as in the inclusion of women and men in the construction of society. Gender inequality must be fought, protected and promoted as a human right. Gender equality means participation, empowerment and visibility of both sexes in all spheres of public and private life. An important goal is the full recognition and implementation of women's rights as human rights. This means respecting, protecting and promoting the human rights of both women and men, ensuring that both parties fully respect these rights. It also means fighting interference with women's freedom and dignity.

Warrior Women: Indigenous Women, Gender Relations, and Sexual Politics within the American Indian Movement and at Wounded Knee

The main purpose of this article is to describe and analyze Indigenous women’sparticipation in the prolonged takeover of Wounded Knee in 1973. Indigenouswomen’s grassroots activism was fundamental for sustaining and keeping the occu-pation alive, yet their contributions were largely eclipsed by the actions of theirmedia-savvy, male comrades-in-arms. What is more important, Indigenous women inthe American Indian Movement (AIM) frequently claimed that they were in a state of“double oppression” or “double colonization”—first, through colonial domination andracial inequality, and second, through male privilege and female subordination—itself,part of the legacy of colonization and the imposition of dominant white patriarchalmasculinity.2 Nationalist struggles such as that of the anticolonial AIM tend to repli-cate the very structures of male dominance that they struggle against. While womenhave been included in public discourse, they have been largely left out of politicaldecision-making.3At Wounded Knee, Indigenous women took on a series of interrelated roles andresponsibilities that kept the occupation alive. Indigenous women skillfully renegoti-ated their gendered position of power within the masculinist organization, constructingfemininities that shifted between domesticated motherhood and female comrades-in-arms. In so doing, they both reaffirmed and challenged sexist and chauvinist attitudes within AIM. They were well known as long-standing community organizers, andtheir active participation at the Wounded Knee takeover was an indication of female empowerment. 

State, platform, and misogynistic disinformation in China

The dissemination of disinformation that devalues and discredits women as individuals or communities online is a prominent manifestation of misogyny in contemporary China. As a longstanding system of structural oppression, misogyny in China has its roots in the deeply-sedimented framework of patriarchal Confucianism, which underpins the conventional social norms of male supremacy and female subordination. Today, amid the rise of “platform society” where the dual power of digital capitalism and the authoritarian state dictates the social space, misogyny has gained greater momentum, joining forces with disinformation and subjecting women to complex forms of oppression. Based on analysis of the Huolala case in which a woman tragically died, not only physically, but also reputationally under a wave of disinformation, this article discusses how the state power and digital platforms have conspired to co-create an intensified misogynistic environment in contemporary China through a set of techno-social and techno-cultural mechanisms.

The Impact of Supervisor Relationships on Auditor Turnover Intentions Using Leader-Member Exchange Theory

ABSTRACT This study expands understanding of auditor relationships and turnover by introducing the measurement of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) to an audit setting. LMX—which considers overall quality of subordinates’ relationships with their supervisor—is well established in the management literature but has previously only been referred to as a theoretical construct in the audit literature. Utilizing a well-validated scale, we measure LMX with 167 practicing auditors. We find LMX with a single supervisor significantly impacts retention via organizational commitment. This finding is novel in the LMX literature given the unique audit setting where subordinates have multiple supervisors and transitory teams. In an exploratory analysis, we also find female subordinates form lower-quality relationships with supervisors, regardless of supervisor sex, which in turn can influence the impact of LMX on organizational commitment. Results demonstrate the value of measuring LMX in audit research and practically highlight the importance of fostering positive, strong auditor-supervisor relationships. Data Availability: Contact the authors. JEL Classifications: L2; M40; M42; M50.

Sex differences in dominance relationships in Syrian hamsters

Dominance relationships are identified by changes in agonistic behavior toward specific individuals. While there are considerable individual and species differences in dominance relationships, sex differences are poorly understood in rodent models because aggression among female rodents is rare. The aim of this study was to characterize sex differences in the formation and maintenance of dominance relationships in same-sex pairs of male and female Syrian hamsters. We pooled data from multiple projects in our lab to evaluate dominance interactions in 68 male dyads and 88 female dyads. In each project, animals were matched with a partner similar in age, sex, and estrous cycle and we exposed animals to daily social encounters for two weeks in a resident-intruder format. We found that female hamsters were quicker to attack and attacked at higher rates compared to males regardless of dominance status. In addition, resident female hamsters were quicker to attack and attacked at higher rates than intruder females, but aggression in males did not depend on residency status. Female subordinates were quicker to submit and fled at higher rates from their dominant counterparts compared to male subordinates. Intruder subordinate females were quicker to submit and fled at higher rates than resident subordinate females. Females were also more resistant than males to becoming subordinate in that they fought back more consistently and were more likely to reverse their dominance status. These findings indicate that dominance relationships are less stable in females compared to males and that residency status has a larger impact on agonistic behavior in females than males. Overall, differences in how males and females display territorial aggression can lead to sex differences in the establishment and maintenance of dominance relationships.

GENDER ROLES, WOMEN AND THE POLITICS OF BECOMING IN ABIMBOLA ADELAKUN’S UNDER THE BROWN RUSTED ROOF

Society’s strict insistence on prescribed gender-typed roles and behaviours has eventually become a parameter that defines the expectations for each sex. These expectations, among other things, include how men and women, as well as boys and girls, should behave and look like, and what they ought to do and also not to do. This has consequently created, reinforced, and perpetuated male dominance and female subordination. Thus, the construction of masculine/feminine, father/mother, husband/wife, and superior/inferior becomes a social process of gendering power in society. In literature, the situation has led to a negative portrayal of women, especially in male-authored literary works. Against this backdrop, this paper addresses the conflict of power and interest within the family and societal structure, through analysis of Abimbola Adelakun’s Under the Brown Rusted Roof. The paper adopts Judith Butler’s Gender Performativity as its theoretical standpoint and succinctly establishes that male dominance is not only sexist, but promotes the belief that women are inferior to men. In conclusion, the paper argues that the way women are portrayed in female-authored texts, exemplified in Adelakun’s text, revises the canon and attempts to justify the need for the dismantling of power structures within the family.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0008/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

‘The Falange Changed Our Way of Being Completely’: Women and Gender Identity in Spanish Fascism

Women's and gender history has broadened our knowledge of the Franco dictatorship by incorporating new perspectives and categories of analysis. The Women's Section of the Falange, a topic that has attracted progressively greater attention since the 1990s, has been analyzed mainly as a mechanism of female subordination and as a differentiated sphere for women's agency. This dual approach follows to a great extent the ground rules established in ongoing debates on other European experiences of fascism. This article intends to offer ways of surmounting some dichotomies (e.g., subordinated/emancipated, victims/perpetrators) that have underpinned the analysis of women during the dictatorship. Accordingly, an attempt will be made to explore how the Falangists constructed a collective subjectivity from their own notions of their political culture – Spanish fascism – and a specific war experience that had shaped them as subjects. And, from this perspective, the article offers an understanding of their agency in a context in which the ‘victory’ of the military uprising had led to a process of reconstructing political and social power.

Politics of Representation

This article takes a feminist viewpoint to highlight the lives and religious identities of Muslim women who are victims of pervasive negative perceptions of imperialist discourses and restrictive cultural practices of native males. We intend to investigate the practicability of empowerment conferred by feminism in redefining their subjectivity as represented in Tariq Ali’s Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree (1991) and The Book of Saladin (1998). Drawing on the concepts of postcolonial theorists such as; Edward Said, Chandra Mohanty, Fatima Mernissi and Riffat Hassan, we interpret the female characters as reflective of the women’s struggles to renegotiate their identity. The novels under scrutiny address the difficulties of depicting Muslim women in a cultural setting dominated by images of religious fanaticism, violence, and female subordination. Ali articulates a particular ideology regarding the construction of Muslim women’s socio-religious identity(ies) that serve the interests of Muslim clergy and patriarchy. We suggest that these representations are a powerful resource Muslim Women can draw upon in constructing their identities. Finally, it is argued that a disruption of the stereotypes of Muslim women signals the potential for the compatibility of Muslim women’s distinct identities.

The Role of Leader and Subordinate Gender in the Leadership–Empowerment Relationship

Building on prior research on leadership and gender, the current study explores whether leaders’ and subordinates’ genders influence the impact of leaders’ behaviors on subordinate attitudes. More specifically, this study identifies three moderator variables that might influence the relationship: gender congruence and gender combination between supervisor and subordinate and gender ratio (gender composite in a work unit). Using a sample of state government employees, the current study found that supervisors’ transformational leadership style was more likely to influence male subordinates’ feelings of psychological empowerment than female subordinates’ feelings of psychological empowerment, regardless of the supervisor’s gender and that the positive effect among male employees becomes weaker when they are in a work unit with more women. Ultimately, the findings from this study contribute to our knowledge base regarding leadership and gender, in general, and deepen our understanding of supervisor–subordinate gender dynamics and how these dynamics are associated with gender ratio in public sector organizations.

Cross-cultural issues in trans terminology

This article examines the applicability of trans terminology in non-Anglophone linguistic environments, particularly in Spanish and Modern Greek, two grammatical gender languages. The aim is to demonstrate the importance of cross-language comparisons that question the all-encompassing pretensions and universalist biases which still permeate the Western gender structure. Drawing on the methodological tools of double vision uncertainty, trans-crip-t time and translatxrsation, the article examines the particularities of both languages in terms of gender language scripts and representations, and offers a sociocultural analysis of how norms of the masculine generic, female semantic subordination and presumed binarism and cisgenderism have been consolidated, much to the detriment of sexual and gender diversity. Although this reflection stays within the Western paradigm, it focuses on peripheral models of gender diversity that help to deconstruct the binary and to queer gender in open dialogue with transnational realities, and calls for more cross-cultural and cross-language comparisons.

INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE WITH REFERENCE TO FEMALE SUBJUGATION IN MANTO'S SHORT STORIES: A HABERMASIAN LENS

In this research work, Saadat Hasan Manto's short stories are textually analyzed using a Habermasian lens. Manto's ideas on female subordination, societal supremacy, and freedom are stressed in this paper. The main goal of this qualitative study is to demonstrate the applicability of Manto's discovery in the modern day within the context of Habermas' critical social theory. This study illustrates unequivocally how social institutions' instrumental rationality colonizes and rationalizes the lifeworld. According to Habermas, societal structures like political and economic systems are encroaching on our daily lives. He is worried about the lines separating the lifeworld and the system. Additionally, Habermas' realistic objective for critical theory is for human liberty to be unhindered by any superfluous shackles. The short stories of Saadat Hasan Manto are drawn from Mottled Dawn: Fifty Sketches and Stories of Partition translated by Khalid Hasan and Manto's Selected Short Stories translated by Aatish Taseer. According to the study's findings, Manto and Habermas both reject social structures that oppress people and exert unjust dominance or colonization. The goal of maximizing human emancipation is shared by both. According to the results of the textual analysis, Manto's characters like Saughandi, Nesti, Raadha, and Mozail do not accept submission and advocate for independence from ideological, political, and social restraints. Keywords: Life world and System, instrumental rationality, social structures, domination, emancipation

Embodying dependency: Caribbean godna (tattoos) as female subordination and resistance

AbstractA tattoo has not one but multiple meanings, depending on the person and interpretations within a sociocultural context. To demonstrate, this article focuses on tattoo marks labeled godna in Suriname and Guyana and on their related tattooing practices. Godnas can be found among senior Hindu women, and can be interpreted as marks of subordination and resistance. They inscribe and actively (re)create asymmetrical power relations and embody different dimensions of dependency. Relating to the notion of service, they reinstate women's subalternized positionalities in socioreligious relationships and recreate experiences thereof, especially regarding husbands and in‐laws, gurus, and deities. However, they may also become a means of subverting patriarchal hierarchy and challenging colonial and orthodox religious structures.