Female Smokers Research Articles

Deadly declines and diversity – understanding the variations in regional Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smoking prevalence

Deadly declines and diversity – understanding the variations in regional Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smoking prevalence

Impact of the European Union’s menthol cigarette ban on smoking cessation outcomes: longitudinal findings from the 2020–2021 ITC Netherlands Surveys

IntroductionTo reduce the appeal of tobacco, the European Union (EU) banned menthol as a characterising flavour in cigarettes in May 2020. This pre/post-study evaluated the impact of the menthol ban...

Cross-sectional analysis of tobacco addiction in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

The COVID-19 pandemic has become an important health issue with consequences for special populations since 2019. Tobacco use is an important public health issue and tobacco users are a risk group for lung infections. The aim of this study is to obtain information about disease prevalence and severity, laboratory parameters, and changes in radiological findings between smokers and non-smokers who were hospitalized, followed up, and treated for COVID-19, and to find answers to critical questions regarding the response to antiviral and supportive therapy. Two hundred eighty-six patients who were hospitalized and treated between March 2020-February 2021 in the COVID-19 Isolation Ward of Başkent University Hospital were included in the study. The patients were grouped as current smokers, non-smokers, and ex-smokers. The groups were compared in terms of symptoms, laboratory findings, radiological findings, and treatment response. The median age of the patients included in the study was 59 (IQR= 32). Of the patients, 40.6% were female and 59.4% were male. In our study, we discovered that there were fewer female smokers (p<0.001). When the current smokers (n= 56), non-smokers (n= 159), and ex-smokers (n= 71) were compared based on their findings, it was found that dyspnea was more common in current smokers (p= 0.009). Lung involvement was found to be more common (p= 0.002) and multifocal in the current smokers group (p= 0.038). The levels of oxygen saturation at the times of admission and discharge were lower in current smokers (p= 0.002 and p= 0.038). The need for nasal oxygen and noninvasive mechanical ventilation was also found to be higher in current smokers (p= 0.008 and p= 0.039). Systemic steroid requirement was higher in current smokers (p= 0.013). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of mortality between current smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers (p= 0.662). The analysis of the findings of the patients hospitalized in the COVID-19 isolation ward indicated that COVID-19 leads to a more serious course in patients with a history of smoking.

Smokers’ support for the ban on sale of slim cigarettes in six European countries: findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys

Background: Efforts to regulate tobacco products and reduce consumption in the European Union (EU) include the European Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), which went into force in May 2016. Despite the initial discussion to include a ban on sale of slim cigarettes, it was excluded in the final TPD. The main goal of this study was to examine support for a ban on slim cigarettes among smokers in six European Countries. Methods: Data from the 2018 (Wave 2) International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project 6 European Country (ITC 6E) EUREST-PLUS project survey, a cross sectional study of adult smokers (n=5592) from Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Spain, was analysed. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate support for a ban on slim cigarettes by sociodemographic characteristics and smoking behaviors. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors associated with support for a ban on slim cigarettes and perceptions of harm. Results: Support for a ban on slims varied across countries, with highest support in Romania (33.8%), and lowest in Greece (18.0%). Female smokers (OR=0.78; 95%CI=0.67-0.91, daily smokers (OR=0.68; 95%CI=0.47-0.97), menthol smokers (OR=0.55; 95%CI=0.36-0.86), and smokers who did not have plans to quit within next six months (OR=0.45; 95%CI=0.36-0.56) had significantly lower odds of supporting a ban on slim cigarettes. Overall, 21% of smokers perceived slim cigarettes as less harmful than regular cigarettes. Conclusions: Support for a ban of slim cigarettes was relatively low among smokers, while misperceptions that slim cigarettes are less harmful is high, particularly among countries where slim cigarette use is more prevalent. Findings support a ban on slim cigarettes to reduce misperceptions around slim cigarettes being less harmful.

Risk factors of frailty and functional disability in community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the FREEDOM-LNA cohort study

BackgroundFrailty is a geriatric syndrome associated with disability and negative health outcome. To determine the factors associated with frailty and functional disability in older participants living in community in France. We included 753 community-dwelling old participants with available frailty data at baseline.ResultsOverall, 31.9% were frail, 58.3% were prefrail, and 9.8% were robust. The SMAF (French acronym for Functional Autonomy Measurement System) score was significantly lower (mean ± standard deviation: -25.8 ± 11.2) in frail participants compared to prefrail (-14.3 ± 9.7) or robust participants (-8.1 ± 7.0); 82% of frail older participants had limitation in at least one ADL and 97.5% in at least one IADL compared to 54.2 and 76.8%, respectively of pre-frail and 29.7 and 47.3% of robust participants. Age, depression, impaired cognition and diabetes were significantly associated with higher odds of frailty. These variables were also strongly associated with functional disability. Female gender, polypharmacy, and smoking were additional variables significantly associated with degraded SMAF and/or ADL/IADL.ConclusionsThis study showed that functional disability increased proportionally to frailty, and depression, cognitive decline and diabetes are modifiable risk factors significantly associated with frailty and functional disability.

Prevalence of Smoking and Its Associated Factors among Indonesian Women: A Simple Literature Review and Alternative Management

Aims: To review previous electronic literature available on the internet regarding epidemiology of smoking among Indonesian women, and its associated factors with seeking for alternative management available in the internet.&#x0D; Study Design: A simple cross sectional study by systematically review of the electronic literatures.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: All steps in ths study conducted in the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta Indonesia between January-July 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: This simple literature study held by reviewing the electronic literatures regarding the topics. Data mining made available from popular scientific search engine named PubMed® and Google scholar™. Phrases of "Female Smokers in Indonesia pdf", "Risk Factors for Female Smokers in Indonesia pdf", “Prevalence smoking in Indonesia” being the keyword in searching which combined in bahasa and or English. The data collected will be entered systematically with tabulation and presentation of the map of Indonesia. Out of 106 articles gained initially, then through several stages of screening, the number reduced step by step until the remaining 15 articles to be analyzed further. All important data form all articles are presented in tabular form and then followed by an attempt to describe geographical location where the study conducted This is done by placing dots and related numbers in modified Indonesia map.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence and characteristics of female smokers in Indonesia in time period of 2016 – 2022 were achieved in 15 articles. Methodologically, most of the study using a simple, cross sectional method (60%) presented in a table.&#x0D; Conclusion: This literature study discusses the prevalence and risk factors of female smokers in Indonesia. Smoking is still a common health problem that causes death on a large scale in the world, especially in the vulnerable group like women. Many internal and social factor affect this practice among women. By teaching them properly about the future risk of smoking and support them actively to quit smoking; this approach will save her future and her descendant. Yoga and or other alternative approach might be an alternative for those who want to quit smoking.

Slow Colonic Transit in Systemic Sclerosis: An Objective Assessment of Risk Factors and Clinical Phenotype.

Up to 50% of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) experience slow colonic transit, which may be associated with severe outcomes. Our objective, therefore, was to identify specific clinical features associated with slow colonic transit in SSc. SSc patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were prospectively enrolled and completed a scintigraphy-based whole gut transit study. Clinical features were compared between patients with and without slow colonic transit in univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Forty-eight of 100 patients (48%) in our cohort had slow colonic transit. In the univariate analyses, slow colonic transit was positively associated with female sex (odds ratio [OR] 12.61 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.56-101.90]), telangiectasia (OR 4.00 [95% CI 1.32-12.10]), anticentromere antibodies (OR 3.25 [95% CI 1.25-8.44]), prior or current smoking (OR 2.56 [95% CI 1.06-6.21]), and a Medsger gastrointestinal severity score of ≥3 (OR 3.94 [95% CI 1.16-13.36]). Patients were less likely to have significant restriction on pulmonary function tests (OR 0.23 [95% CI 0.09-0.63]). In our multivariable model, the association between slow colonic transit and telangiectasia (OR 3.97 [95% CI 1.20-13.20]) and less restrictive lung disease on pulmonary function tests (OR 0.28 [95% CI 0.09-0.86]) remained statistically significant, though a trend with smoking remained (OR 2.16 [95% CI 0.82-5.75]). Interestingly, there were no significant associations between slow colonic transit and delayed transit in other regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Distinct clinical features are associated with slow colonic transit in SSc. Such features may provide insight in risk stratification and the study of disease mechanism in more homogeneous subgroups.

Incidence and predictors of radial artery occlusion following transradial coronary angiography: the proRadial trial

ObjectivesThis study investigated the contemporary incidence and predictors of radial artery occlusion as well as the effectiveness of antithrombotic treatment for radial artery occlusion following transradial coronary angiography.BackgroundThe radial artery is the standard access for coronary angiography and even complex interventions. Postprocedural radial artery occlusion is still a common and significant complication.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled 2004 patients following transradial coronary angiography. After sheath removal, hemostasis was obtained in a standardized fashion. Radial artery patency was evaluated by duplex ultrasonography in all patients. In case of occlusion, oral anticoagulation was recommended and patients were scheduled for a 30-day follow-up including Doppler ultrasonography.ResultsA new-diagnosed radial occlusion was found in 4.6% of patients. The strongest independent predictors of radial occlusion were female sex and active smoking status. In the subgroup of patients with percutaneous coronary interventions, female sex followed by sheath size > 6 French were the strongest predictors of radial occlusion. 76 of 93 patients with radial occlusion received an oral anticoagulation for 30 days. However, reperfusion at 30 days was found in 32% of patients on oral anticoagulation.ConclusionThe incidence of radial artery occlusion following coronary angiography in contemporary practice appears with 4.6% to be lower as compared to previous cohorts. Female sex and smoking status are the strongest independent predictors of radial occlusion followed by procedural variables. The limited effectiveness of oral anticoagulation for treatment of radial artery occlusion suggests a primarily traumatic than thrombotic mechanism of this complication.Graphical abstract

Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with increased arterial stiffness in men and women: evidence from a large population-based cohort

BackgroundCigarette smoking is a threat to global human health and a leading cause of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Importantly, sex-specific differences in smoking-induced arterial stiffness, an early key event in the development of atherosclerotic CVD, remain still elusive. Thus, this study sought out to investigate sex-specific associations between smoking and measures of arterial stiffness.Methods and resultsOverall, 15,010 participants (7584 men and 7426 women aged 35–74 years) of the Gutenberg Health Study were examined at baseline during 2007–2012. Smoking status, pack-years of smoking, and years since quitting smoking were assessed by a standardized computer-assisted interview. Arterial stiffness and wave reflection were determined by stiffness index (SI) and augmentation index (AI). In the total sample, 45.8% had never smoked, 34.7% were former smokers, and 19.4% were current smokers. Median cumulative smoking exposure was 22.0 pack-years in current male smokers and 16.0 in current female smokers. In general, multivariable linear regression models adjusted for a comprehensive set of confounders revealed that smoking status, pack-years of smoking, and years since quitting smoking were dose-dependently associated with markers of arterial stiffness. In sex-specific analyses, these associations were overall more pronounced in men and SI was stronger related to the male sex, whereas differences between men and women in the case of AI appeared to be less substantial.DiscussionThe present results indicate that chronic smoking is strongly and dose-dependently associated with increased arterial stiffness in a large population-based cohort regardless of sex but with a stronger association in men.

An experimental vignette study to assess stigmatized attitudes towards tobacco smokers in Kuwait.

INTRODUCTIONSmoking is the most common method to consume tobacco. Although the prevalence of smoking is on the increase among females, it is still shown to be lower when compared with males, as there is a buildup of stigma towards tobacco smokers, with structural discrimination beginning to emerge. This study explored the effect of gender on stigmatizing attitude and behavior towards tobacco smokers.METHODSAn experimental vignette study design was used to explore the effect of gender on stigmatizing attitudes towards tobacco smokers of 151 students of both genders from Kuwait University. Students were divided into control and experimental groups and were provided with describing vignettes of male (control) and female (experimental) tobacco smokers along with the standard stigmatization questionnaire 1 (SSQ1). Data were analyzed using independent samples t-test, a p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.RESULTSFemale smokers were more stigmatized than male smokers (p=0.007). In social self-interest, more students think that it is socially acceptable for men to smoke than it is for women (p<0.001). In evolutionary self-interest, there was a significant difference between the participants in accepting to marry or to have a relative who is a smoker (p<0.001), indicating disapproval for female smokers. In psychological self-interest, female tobacco smokers were not considered as good parents compared to male tobacco smokers (p=0.003).CONCLUSIONSThe findings of the study indicate the presence of stigmatizing attitudes towards female tobacco smokers in contrast to male tobacco smokers.

Evaluating the influences of confounding variables on benchmark dose using a case study in the field of ionizing radiation

Purpose A vast amount of data regarding the effects of radiation stressors on transcriptional changes has been produced over the past few decades. These data have shown remarkable consistency across platforms and experimental design, enabling increased understanding of early molecular effects of radiation exposure. However, the value of transcriptomic data in the context of risk assessment is not clear and represents a gap that is worthy of further consideration. Recently, benchmark dose (BMD) modeling has shown promise in correlating a transcriptional point of departure (POD) to that derived using phenotypic outcomes relevant to human health risk assessment. Although frequently applied in chemical toxicity evaluation, our group has recently demonstrated application within the field of radiation research. This approach allows the possibility to quantitatively compare radiation-induced gene and pathway alterations across various datasets using BMD values and derive meaningful biological effects. However, before BMD modeling can confidently be used, an understanding of the impact of confounding variables on BMD outputs is needed. Methods To this end, BMD modeling was applied to a publicly available microarray dataset (Gene Expression Omnibus #GSE23515) that used peripheral blood ex-vivo gamma-irradiated at 0.82 Gy/min, at doses of 0, 0.1, 0.5 or 2 Gy, and assessed 6 hours post-exposure. The dataset comprised six female smokers (F-S), six female nonsmokers (F-NS), six male smokers (M-S), and six male nonsmokers (M-NS). Results A combined total of 412 genes were fit to models and the BMD distribution was noted to be bi-modal across the four groups. A total of 74, 41, 62 and 62 genes were unique to the F-NS, M-NS, F-S and M-S groups. Sixty-two BMD modeled genes and nine pathways were common across all four groups. There were no differential sensitivity of BMD responses in the robust common genes and pathways. Conclusion For radiation-responsive genes and pathways common across the study groups, the BMD distribution of transcriptional activity was unaltered by sex and smoking status. Although further validation of the data is needed, these initial findings suggest BMD values for radiation relevant genes and pathways are robust and could be explored further in future studies.

Casos e óbitos por COVID-19 e tabagismo nas capitais e regiões brasileiras: estudo ecológico

Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre casos e óbitos por COVID-19 e o percentual de tabagistas nas capitais e regiões do Brasil. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo ecológico nas regiões brasileiras do número de casos e óbitos por COVID-19, de março a dezembro de 2020, e a prevalência de tabagismo em 2019, a partir dos bancos de dados do Painel Coronavírus da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL – 2019). Com informações extraídas em janeiro de 2021, calcularam-se os coeficientes de incidência e mortalidade por COVID-19 por capital brasileira e região, bem como se utilizou a correlação de Pearson para verificar a relação entre as variáveis do estudo. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Análises bivariadas mostraram correlações positivas entre tabagistas do sexo feminino e coeficiente de incidência de COVID-19 nas capitais da região do Centro-Oeste (r=0,957; p=0,043), e entre fumantes do sexo masculino e coeficiente de mortalidade de COVID-19 nas capitais do Nordeste (r=0,706; p=0,034). Conclusão: O tabagismo teve impacto na incidência de casos e óbitos por COVID-19 em diversas capitais brasileiras, alertando que o fumo pode ser fator de predisposição e agravamento do estado clínico dos pacientes.

Environmental and Health Impacts of Women Fish Processors Working on Traditional and Modern Fish Smoking Platforms in Braffèdon (Ivory Coast)

Smoked fish plays a significant role in food security and nutrition, represents 2/3 of the consumption of fishery products in Ivory Coast and is still obtained using outdated traditional smoking methods. These methods are not very concerned with the health of the populations and the preservation of the environment, despite the existence of improved ovens called FTT ovens (FAO-Thiaroye Processing Technique) introduced in the country. The objective of this study is to show the impact of traditional smoking on the health of fish smokers and the environment in comparison with smoking processes based on FTT ovens. It is a cross-sectional and descriptive study involving 36 female smokers who use traditional ovens, 24 female smokers who use FTT ovens, as well as 53 Braffèdon case controls. It was conducted from January 2017 to December 2018. The data collection methodology includes questionnaire surveys, interviews, and observations. For the purpose of the study, two samples were followed: these were women smokers and non-smokers of fish, all of whom volunteered at the clinical examinations conducted. The results showed that women who use traditional stoves are more affected by pathologies. Baseline spirometry did not detect a significant frequency of ventilatory disorders. Bronchial hyperreactivity was statistically more frequent in women smokers using traditional ovens. Three measurement campaigns for CO, VOC and NO were performed above the ovens, at the women's resting point and beyond the ovens. The CO levels found at the women’s resting point in the traditional sites were higher and often exceeded the limit value (50 mg/m3). This work has allowed us to identify the deleterious effects of the fish smoking activity on the health of the fish smokers and the environment.

Personality predicts smoking frequency: An empirical examination separated by sex

Personality is predictive of current smoking, smoking initiation, smoking progression, and smoking cessation. However, it is much unclear how the Big Five personality traits including Neuroticism, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion relate to smoking frequency and whether personality traits are similarly predictive of smoking frequency in male and female smokers. The current study examined how personality relates to smoking frequency using a nationally representative sample in the United Kingdom. Results suggested that consistent with the literature, Neuroticism is negatively related to smoking frequency. However, Conscientiousness was positively related to smoking frequency in males but negaitively related to smoking frequency in females. Some potential explanations for this sex difference were provided.

Early flattening of the oxygen pulse during the cardiopulmonary exercise test in asymptomatic adults and its association with cardiovascular risk factors

BackgroundIndividuals with cardiovascular exercise limitations present oxygen pulse morphology with early flattening (plateau) during the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Although this oxygen pulse response is well known in cardiac patients, these changes' prevalence and clinical relevance in asymptomatic individuals are not known. We aimed to quantify the proportion of asymptomatic adults with an early flattening of the oxygen pulse and investigate its association with classical cardiovascular risk factors. MethodsWe carried out a cross-sectional study with a sample of 824 adults aged between 18 and 80 years. We assessed anthropometry, body composition, and cardiovascular risk. In addition, we obtained cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during a ramp protocol treadmill CPET. ResultsThe prevalence of early flattening of the oxygen pulse was 36.8%. These participants were predominantly females, older, less educated, with a higher body mass and percentage of fat and a lower percentage of lean body mass. After a multinominal multiple logistic regression analysis, we identified female sex (odds ratio, 5.46: 95% confidence interval, 3.73–7.99), low education (2.24: 1.47–3.42), dyslipidemia (1.67: 1.14–2.45), smoking (1.64: 1.00–2.69), and physical inactivity (1.39: 1.02–1.96) as the leading independent predictors of the early flattening of oxygen pulse. ConclusionThe early flattening of oxygen pulse is common in asymptomatic adults and is highly determined by modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. These results suggest that identifying the early flattening of oxygen pulse may be helpful in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Early natural menopause is associated with poor lung health and increased mortality among female smokers

Early natural menopause has been regarded as a biomarker of reproductive and somatic aging. Cigarette smoking is the most harmful factor for lung health and also an established risk factor for early menopause. Understanding the effect of early menopause on health outcomes in middle-aged and older female smokers is important to develop preventive strategies. This study aimed to examine the associations of early menopause with multiple lung health and aging biomarkers, lung cancer risk, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in postmenopausal women who were moderate or heavy smokers. This study was conducted on postmenopausal women with natural (n=1038) or surgical (n=628) menopause from the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study. The Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study is a community-based research cohort of current and former smokers, screened with low-dose computed tomography and followed up for lung cancer. Early menopause was defined as occurring before 45 years of age. The analyses were stratified by menopause types because of the different biological and medical causes of natural and surgical menopause. Statistical methods included linear model, generalized linear model, linear mixed-effects model, and time-to-event analysis. The average age of the 1666 female smokers was 59.4±6.7 years, with 1519 (91.2%) of the population as non-Hispanic Whites and 1064 (63.9%) of the population as current smokers at baseline. Overall, 646 (39%) women reported early menopause, including 198 (19.1%) women with natural menopause and 448 (71.3%) women with surgical menopause (P<.001). Demographic variables did not differ between early and nonearly menopause groups, regardless of menopause type. Significant associations were identified between early natural menopause and higher risk of wheezing (odds ratio, 1.65; P<.01), chronic bronchitis (odds ratio, 1.73; P<.01), and radiographic emphysema (odds ratio, 1.70; P<.001) and lower baseline lung spirometry in an obstructive pattern (-104.8 mL/s for forced expiratory volume in the first second with P<.01,-78.6 mL for forced vital capacity with P=.04, and-2.1% for forced expiratory volume in the first second-to-forced vital capacity ratio with P=.01). In addition, early natural menopause was associated with a more rapid decline of forced expiratory volume in the first second-to-forced vital capacity ratio (-0.16% per year; P=.01) and incident airway obstruction (odds ratio, 2.02; P=.04). Furthermore, women early natural menopause had a 40% increased risk of death (P=.023), which was mainly driven by respiratory diseases (hazard ratio, 2.32; P<.001). Mediation analyses further identified that more than 33.3% of the magnitude of the associations between early natural menopause and all-cause and respiratory mortality were explained by baseline forced expiratory volume in the first second. Additional analyses in women with natural menopause identified that the associations between continuous smoking and subsequent lung cancer risk and cancer mortality were moderated by early menopause status, and females with early natural menopause who continued smoking had the worst outcomes (hazard ratio, >4.6; P<.001). This study did not find associations reported above in female smokers with surgical menopause. Early natural menopause was found to be a risk factor for malignant and nonmalignant lung diseases and mortality in middle-aged and older female smokers. These findings have strong public health relevance as preventive strategies, including smoking cessation and chest computed tomography screening, should target this population (ie, female smokers with early natural menopause) to improve their postmenopausal health and well-being.

Using Cg05575921 methylation to predict lung cancer risk: a potentially bias-free precision epigenetics approach

ABSTRACT The decision to engage in lung cancer screening (LCS) necessitates weighing benefits versus harms. Previously, clinicians in the United States have used the PLCOM2012 algorithm to guide LCS decision-making. However, that formula contains race and gender-based variables. Previously, using data from a European study, Bojesen and colleagues have suggested that cg05575921 methylation could guide decision-making. To test this hypothesis in a more diverse American population, we examined DNA and clinical data from 3081 subjects from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) study. Using survival analysis, we found a simple linear predictor consisting of age, pack-year consumption and cg05575921, to have the best predictive power among several alternatives (AUC = 0.66). Results showed that the highest quartile of risk was more than 2-fold more likely to develop lung cancer than those in the lowest quartile. Race, ethnicity, and gender had no effect on prediction with both cg05575921 and pack years contributing equally (both p < 0.003) to risk prediction. Current smokers had considerably lower methylation than former smokers (46% vs 67%; p < 0.001) with the average methylation of those who quit approaching 80% after 25 years of cessation. Finally, current male smokers had lower mean cg05575921 percentage than female smokers (46% vs 49%; p < 0.001). We conclude that cg05575921 (along with age and pack years) can be used to guide LCS decision-making, and additional studies might focus on how best to use methylation to inform decision-making.

Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Men and Women: Findings from a Population-Based Study in Iran

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between personal and clinical characteristics of adults in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) with depression, anxiety, and stress. Methods: Data of 2272 adults participating in the 6th phase of TLGS were used for univariate analysis to investigate the association between socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics and participants’ emotional states. Thereupon, the predictors with a P value&lt;0.20, at least for one of depression, anxiety, and stress in the primary analysis, were included in the model for multivariate modeling. Results: The mean age of participants was 47.23±14.87. The mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress were higher in women (P value:&lt;0.001,&lt;0.001, and 0.004) than in men. Higher age was associated with lower anxiety (β=-0.04, P=0.004) and stress (β=-0.13, P&lt;0.001) in men, but only lower stress in women (β=-0.07, P=0.001). Highly educated participants experienced lower depression (β=-2.26, P=0.01, β=-2.26, P=0.003). Although married men robustly experienced lower depression than others (β=-1.69, P=0.009), a less powerful relationship existed between being married and depression in women (β=-1.37, P=0.05). All cigarette smokers experienced higher depression, anxiety, and stress, but only female hookah smokers had higher anxiety and stress. Physical activity and chronic disorders had no relationship with emotional states. Obesity was associated with stress in women (β=1.95, P=0.001). Conclusion: This study provides an update on factors associated with mental health outcomes in a large general population. Examining the factors associated with depression, anxiety, and stress through a sex-sensitive lens could help clinicians diagnose and plan the best preventive and therapeutic approach.

Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors in coronary patients

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety in CHD patients and to explore the association between established cardiovascular risk factors and depression as well as anxiety. 2,216 patients with CHD confirmed by angiography were included in this cross-sectional study. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety symptoms. The frequencies of individual depressive and anxiety symptoms grouped by age and gender were analyzed. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify cardiovascular risk factors associated with anxiety and depression. The overall prevalence rates of depression and anxiety in CHD patients were 8.2% and 5.4%, respectively. There were significant differences in the frequency of depression and anxiety symptoms between genders. However, age differences among individual depression and anxiety symptoms were insignificant. In multivariable analysis, female gender, smoking, and hyperlipidemia were associated with a more frequent depression occurrence, and female gender was associated with more frequent anxiety. Depression and anxiety were not associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. These findings suggest that a substantial proportion of CHD patients experienced anxiety and depression symptoms. Differences in depressive or anxiety symptoms among the distribution of individual symptoms need more attention. Depression was significantly associated with female gender, smoking, and hyperlipidemia. No anxiety symptom associations with cardiovascular risk factors were demonstrated to be significant except for the female. More research is needed to unravel the mechanisms of depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease.

The 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Score and Cancer Risk: A Longitudinal Analysis in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.

We examined associations between adherence to the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Cancer Prevention Recommendations using the standardized 2018 WCRF/AICR Score and cancer risk among older U.S. adults. Participants included 215,102 adults in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study followed between 2004 and 2011 (mean 7.0 person-years). Scores (range: 0-7 points) were calculated from self-reported weight, physical activity, and diet and alcohol intake measures. Outcomes included 17 cancers reviewed by WCRF/AICR (cases: male n = 11,066; female n = 8,865) and top three U.S. cancers in males (total n = 4,658; lung n = 2,211; prostate n = 920; colorectal n = 1,527) and females (total n = 5,957; lung n = 1,475; post-menopausal breast n = 3,546; colorectal n = 936). Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for score and cancer risk associations, stratifying by sex and smoking status. Each one-point score increase was associated with 6% to 13% reduced cancer risk across combined outcomes, except for male never smokers' risk for top three cancers and male current smokers' risk for both combined cancer outcomes. Higher scores were associated with decreased lung cancer risk only among male former smokers (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.79-0.89) and female current smokers (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82-0.96). Higher scores were associated with 7% to 19% decreased breast cancer risk across smoking strata and 10% to 14% decreased colorectal cancer risk among male and female never and former smokers. Greater recommendations adherence was associated with reduced cancer risk. Findings emphasize the importance of considering combined contributions of multiple lifestyle factors for cancer prevention among older adults and the potential modifying role of smoking history.