Female Side Research Articles

An improved medium for in vitro studies of female reproduction and oviposition in Schistosoma japonicum

BackgroundSchistosomiasis is a disease primarily caused by eggs laid by pathogens called schistosomes. Among the schistosome species infecting humans, Schistosoma japonicum possesses the largest fecundity; each adult female produces an average of 3500 eggs per day. The lack of proper culture conditions supporting continuous oviposition in vitro has precluded detailed investigation of mechanisms regulating sexual maturation and egg production in Schistosoma japonicum.MethodsWe optimized in vitro culture conditions by replacing reagents that are part of the classical ABC169 medium. Fast Blue BB staining and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) labeling were applied to observe the sexual development status of the females. In vitro RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to validate the capability of the modified medium. The detection of male β-alanyl-tryptamine (BATT) was conducted using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS).ResultsBoth m-AB169 (1640) and AB169 (1640) media are capable of facilitating the sexual development of paired virgin female S. japonicum, as well as sustaining the mature reproductive organs and egg production of adult S. japonicum for at least 22 days in vitro. M-AB169 (1640) provided a more stable condition for supporting the sexual maturity of female S. japonicum, as evidenced by the consistent initiation of egg production compared with AB169 (1640). Through a comparative analysis of S. japonicum and S. mansoni in diverse media, we demonstrated that these closely related species display distinct demands for their sexual development and egg production, suggesting a potential influence of nutritional factors on the observed variations in host ranges among different schistosome species. Importantly, we successfully identified the presence of the pheromone β-alanyl-tryptamine (BATT) in S. japonicum, previously identified in S. mansoni, highlighting its conserved role in schistosome reproductive development. Through the employment of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) treatment to silence two genes that are involved in either the male (gli1, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1) or female (vf1, vitellogenic factor 1) side in male-induced female reproductive development of S. mansoni, we confirmed that the combination of m-AB169 (1640) and RNAi technology has the capacity to facilitate in vitro studies of S. japonicum’s reproductive and oviposition processes.ConclusionsWe developed a novel medium, m-AB169 (1640), that not only maintains the mature reproductive organs and continuous oviposition of adult female Schistosoma japonicum for up to 22 days but also supports the reproductive development and subsequent egg-laying of virgin females after pairing with male worms. This study provides a valuable in vitro platform for functional studies of the mechanisms underlying the fascinating biology of the female sexual development and egg production of S. japonicum, which may accelerate the development of new strategies targeting schistosome egg production.Graphical

EVOLUCIJA ODNOSA MAJKE I KĆERKE U ITALIJANSKOM FEMINIZMU DRUGOG TALASA

With the development of feminist emancipatory concepts, the maternal figure as a symbol of the patriarchal structure becomes a frequent object of criticism. The search for identity has meant the discovery of the female side, that in patriarchy has been subordinated and manipulated for a very long time. The approach towards the mother has undergone many changes, from rejecting the mother in the late sixties when the mother was perceived as part of an authoritarian system, to viewing the mother as a victim of repression, as seen by feminists in the seventies. Critical analysis of philosophical, mythological, religious, and psychoanalytic theories linking motherhood to biology, nature, and submission has led to a change in the perception of motherhood, which over time begins to be seen as a source of creative inspiration. The paper provides an overview of the basic characteristics of Italian second-wave feminism and its most prominent representatives. It then seeks to analyze the evolution of the mother-daughter relationship, primarily through the principles and development of the feminist continental wave, and the influence that the most significant Italian feminists have had on the literary corpus and culture of this country.

Tradisi Pisuke Pada Perkawinan Adat Masyarakat Lombok Perspektif Hukum Islam

Lombok has a wedding tradition called pisuke. This study aims to find out or analyze how the pisuke tradition in traditional marriages of Lombok people in Ranggagata Village, Praya Barat Daya District, Central Lombok Regency, Islamic Law perspective. This research uses qualitative methods and qualitative descriptive design. Data collection was carried out using field observation techniques, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used include data collection, data presentation, and data verification. Analysis of research data, the results of the research are as follows: 1) Pisuke tradition processes, starting to involve village heads and local traditional leaders as representatives of both parties to discuss the number of pisuke that will be distributed by the male side for the female side, in determining the number of pisuke there are certain categories that support the high or low number of pisuke, namely the education level of women and the economic level of men but things This is not absolute as a reference because it goes back to the deliberative decision of both parties in determining the number of pisuke. 2) Pisuke is a custom or habit that is carried out for generations. Pisuke is one of the customs used for the settlement of Lombok customary nikhan, although pisuke is not contained in Islamic law but pisuke has become a tradition that is considered good to be applied among the community because it does not violate nash or syara If it is related to living, in this case pisuke has no relationship at all with living because there are several points that make it cannot be equated with living, That is the gift of pisuke which is sometimes given after the contract and before the contract

How Far Should We Investigate the Male Causes in Unexplained Infertility?

According to a recent report by the Guideline Development Group of the ESHRE, the definition of Unexplained Infertility (UI) is ‘infertility in couples with apparently normal ovarian function, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and pelvis, age [Formula: see text]40 years and with adequate coital frequency; and apparently normal testicular function, genito-urinary anatomy and a normal ejaculate.’ This is anchored with the ICMART definition of infertility, where couples should have at least 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse before investigations are initiated. Since Unexplained Infertility is a diagnosis by exclusion, apart from evaluating female causes, it seems important that in evaluating male contributions to the UI, all necessary tests need to be carried out. Unfortunately, there are no robust standardized methods for establishing etiologic diagnosis in the male partner and that in some patients, underlying sperm dysfunction may not be detected during a routine assessment of the ejaculate, which may appear to be normal using the 2021 WHO standards. It is possible that some adverse reproductive outcomes that have been identified during medical and reproductive history examination may require the use of further tests procedures specified in the latest WHO manual to assess sperm function. However, these tests have a research status only or are not regarded for routine use in clinical practice until sound evidence is developed. These tests include testicular imaging, anti-sperm antibodies, sperm DNA fragmentation, sperm chromatin condensation, sperm aneuploidy screening, serum hormone testing, semen HPV testing, and semen microbiology testing all of which were found not routinely indicated based on current evidence when semen was found to be normal using the WHO 2021 semen standards. In summary, in evaluating male causes in unexplained infertility, there are no robust data to support the recommendation that additional tests about the male reproductive function may routinely be carried out when semen analysis based on the 2021 WHO standard is normal. However, additional tests may be carried out when adverse reproductive outcomes and findings in the medical and reproductive history may require the use of these further tests especially when there are no findings on the female side.

Equality (Kafa'ah) In Marriage: A Dialogue of Islamic, State, and Customary Law in INDONESIA

Purpose: Religious (Islamic), state and customary laws in Indonesia offer the same concept with different indicators. Islam offers the aspects of religion, descent, wealth, and beauty as elements to be considered. The state adds the aspect of age as a physical and psychological consideration for couples facing marriage. Customary law accommodates all of them by requiring the requirement of customary social strata in marriage. The praxis dialogue of the three laws above in Sasak tribal society is the object of study in this research. Theoretical Framework: Equality in marriage is a religious teaching, some of which is also constructed in local cultural values. The meeting of religious and cultural values sometimes does not go hand in hand, and gets resistance from the community. Conflict theory, social change, and Islamic methodology are used as basic theories. Method: The research used qualitative descriptive-analytical method, by observing the words, actions, and feelings of the informants in the research. Documentation and interviews were used to find the deepest things object of the research. Results: The study found that the equality required in the Sasak traditional marriage system aims to maintain descendants well and intact. However, the social strata requirements imposed in Sasak society have an impact on injustice on the female side and ignore the value of equality between humans. Marriage with mandatory equal conditions in social strata is widely ignored and resisted by the community. Social changes that cover the education system, economy, politics, communication, culture, technology, and other elements of novelty are a trigger for dialogue and resistance to the mandatory requirement of equality in social strata in Sasak traditional marriage. Religion and the state safeguard the legal needs of the community based on equality, justice and partiality. Conclusions: In principle, both religious law (Islam), customary law and state law aims to protect citizens and help them to achieve the goals of marriage. However, the meeting of the local values of a particular culture with the universal values of religion and the state is often not in harmony. Local culture values are still restrained by the old culture (feudalism), while religious and state laws tend to be open. With the opening of access to education, the mindset of the community has changed, which is also in line with the accelerated development program in Lombok.

Investigation for Anxiety and Depression Situation in Couples Receiving in vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (IVF-ET) with Donor Sperm and Associated Influencing Factors.

This study aimed to explore the current situation of anxiety and depression on day of transfer in couples receiving in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) with donor sperm and analyze its influencing factors. This study selected 187 IVF-ET administered couples who received donor sperm from our Hospital from August 2021 to July 2022. On the day of IVF-ET with donor sperm transplantation, patients were investigated with general data questionnaire, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) to analyze their anxiety and depression scores and their influencing factors. Scores of anxiety and depression on the day of transplantation in patients receiving IVF-ET with donor sperm were 43.98±6.80 and 46.03±10.61 respectively, which were higher compared to levels of Chinese health norm (P<0.05). The anxiety score of patients' spouses was 41.23±6.69 and depression score was 44.23±11.65, which were higher compared to levels of Chinese health norm (P<0.05). Score of anxiety and depression of women was significantly higher compared to those of their spouse (P<0.05). Anxiety and depression scores of women in non-pregnant group were significantly higher compared to those in pregnant group (P<0.05). Regression analysis showed that education level and annual family income were influencing factors of anxiety and depression scores of IVF-ET with donor sperm couples on the day of transfer, and number of eggs taken and transfer times were influencing factors of depression scores of IVF-ET with donor sperm patients on the day of transfer. Psychological state of couples receiving IVF-ET with donor sperm was significantly affected, especially in female side. Medical staff should focus on patients with low education level, low family income, and more times of transfer and egg retrieval, and take targeted intervention measures to keep them in good psychological state, which is conducive to improving pregnancy outcome.

Collaborative Insight: Examining Ethical Dilemmas in Academic Integrity Among MBBS Students

Introduction: We use the sentence, "If a colleague lets me copy from their paper, I am not doing something wrong", as a phrase. The phrase "collaborative insights" implies a study of student conduct and potential problems with academic integrity, and idioms help us communicate effectively with others by conveying meaning and expressing our thoughts, ideas, and feelings. This statement reveals the problematic view towards plagiarism because it promotes unethical and lazy behaviour, undermines academic integrity, and damages the academic and professional community. Methods: A self-established questionnaire was administered to 200 MBBS college students at Muhammad Medical College Mirpurkhas. The questionnaire consisted of three categories: agree, neutral, and disagree. The collected data were analyzed using MS Excel 10, and the results were tabulated and graphed. The analysis took place at Muhammad Medical College's central library, affiliated with Ibn-e-Sina University in Mirpur Khas, Sindh, Pakistan. Results: The crass sectional method and he survey received responses from 99, 58.2%, from the male side and 71, 41.7%, from the female side out of 170 people. 5, 3%, agree, 14, 8.2% neutral, and 151, 88.8%, disagree with the statement. Of 170 people from all academic levels, 136, 80%, disagreed with the statement 24, 14.1% responded as neutral, and 10, 5.8% agreed, showing the misunderstanding or lack of awareness about what plagiarism is and the consequences that come with it. Practical Implication Learning requires effort, practice, and dedication, and copying someone else's work does not contribute to any of those. Copying someone else's work without proper attribution can have legal implications, especially if the work is copyrighted. Conclusion: Of the 170 participants, 136 responded with "Disagree," indicating that the majority of the survey participants find copying from a colleague's paper unacceptable, even if the colleague permits it. The results combine the responses to objectives providing insights into the participants' attitude, attention, mindset, perception, approach, demeanour, and point of view towards plagiarism and their engagement in such activities. This outcome aligns with the general expectation of academic and professional integrity, which underscores the significance of honesty, originality, and ethical behaviour in all domains of work and study. Keywords: Copying, students, MMC, plagiarism, thoughts, fair-work, integrity.

Loss-of-function of gynoecium-expressed phospholipase pPLAIIγ triggers maternal haploid induction in Arabidopsis.

Production of in planta haploid embryos that inherit chromosomes from only one parent can greatly increase breeding efficiency via quickly generating homozygous plants, called doubled haploid. One of the main players of in planta haploid induction is a pollen-specific phospholipase A, which is able, when mutated, to induce invivo haploid induction in numerous monocots. However, no functional orthologous gene has been identified in dicots plants. Here, we show that loss-of-function of gynoecium-expressed phospholipase AII (pPLAIIγ) triggers maternal haploid plants in Arabidopsis, at an average rate of 1.07%. Reciprocal crosses demonstrate that haploid plants are triggered from the female side and not from the pollen, and the haploid plants carry the maternal genome. Promoter activity of pPLAIIγ shows enriched expression in the funiculus of flower development stages 13 and 18, and pPLAIIγ fused to yellow fluorescent protein reveals a plasma-membrane localization Interestingly, the polar localized PIN1 at the basal plasma membrane of the funiculus was all internalized in pplaIIγ mutants, suggesting that altered PIN1 localization in female organ could play a role in maternal haploid induction.

SANCTIONS FOR ANNULMENT OF MARRIAGE IN THE CUSTOMARY LAW OF THE PEKANBARU MALAY COMMUNITY

The betrothal is conducted before the traditional marriage ceremony is carried out. Betrothal is commonly called an engagement or application process carried out by the male party to the female side. This research was conducted to determine the sanctions in the customary law of the Malay community that apply if one of the bride and groom's parties cancels the betrothal agreement and how the law is carried out. The research uses qualitative methods that are descriptive analysis. This study uses Schleiermacher's romantic hermeneutics, which is a text analysis approach. Based on the results of the research discussion, it can be concluded that the Malays uphold the rules and laws of Islamic sharia in marriage. In this study, there are two versions of customary sanctions adopted by the Malay community. The customary sanction applied in Kuantan Singingi Regency, Kuantan Hilir Seberang District, regarding the annulment of marriage is the agreement of both parties to provide a number of materials to one of the aggrieved parties so that there is no misunderstanding. This sanction is carried out in order to have a deterrent effect on the party who breaks the promise or cancels the marriage.

EXPLORING FACTORS PREDICTING WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN CANCER PREVENTION SCREENING

Background: The main areas of prophylaxis in oncology are the identification and elimination of factors that favor the formation of cancer cells, as well as early diagnosis of already formed lesions. The aim of this paper was to search for variable factors influencing women’s decisions concerning prophylaxis. Methods: The questionnaires used included our own and standardized research. The research group consisted of 100 dyads. Results: All significant predictors were associated primarily with factors located on the female side. The only predictor on the side of men was their knowledge about women’s cancer diseases. The frequency of taking preventive examinations for early diagnosis of cancer increased when the level of anxiety about one’s own health was higher, and when the partner’s support for preventive examinations was higher. Conclusions: The predicting factors identified in our study might be included in the development of cancer prevention action strategies by public health institutions.

An empirical study on women entrepreneurship in small scale industries

Despite making up over 50% of the nation's total population (48%) and contributing only 34% to economic growth, women's participation in that process is limited. To develop a meaningful career for themselves, women are now taking on entrepreneurial roles. Although small in size, the small enterprises have had a significant impact on the Indian economy by helping to decentralise resources from the male to the female side, making them better suited to employing women. The present study aims “to identify the socio-economic factors that limit women's entry into entrepreneurship and those that adversely affect their performance”. Additionally, it highlights the fact that institutions have created specialised programmes for women entrepreneurs and how, particularly in recent years, these programmes have improved the socioeconomic circumstances of women entrepreneurs.

CrRLK1L receptor kinases-regulated pollen-pistil interactions

Mutual communications and precise recognitions between the male side pollen and female side pistil are crucial for successful fertilization. Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinases (CrRLK1Ls) participate in pleiotropic biological processes of plant growth, development and defense responses. In this review, we summarize the recent studies on CrRLK1Ls-mediated pollen-pistil interactions, focusing on the key regulatory elements and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, the downstream reactive oxygen species, the Ca2+ signaling and some important questions are discussed for future directions.

Communication Symbols of Marriage in Minangkabaumanjapuik Marapulai Tradition on the Family-committed-relationship of Bayur Family in Medan

This study aims to analyze intercultural communication for the Minangkabau community of nomads who are members of the Bayur Family Association in the implementation of the Manjapuik Marapulai tradition, as the proposal of marriage from the female side towards the male side along with bringing the gifts as a traditional symbol. The research used qualitative descriptive methods. Data collection was carried out by means of interviews and observations.The results showed that there are communication symbols in the Manjapuik Marapulai tradition, which describes that men remain leaders and rule, such as traditional figures or ninik mamak who speak and lead events, which is men. Manjapuik Marapulai has a special meaning because men are highly valued and believed to be responsible in the family. Manjapuik Marapulai has special requirements, such as carano or a place that contains betel leaves, gambier, betel nut and rarely added with tobacco or cigarettes. Carano is obliged at Manjapuik Marapulai event. The event will not be started without carano. Carano is a communication that describes consensus by means of deliberation. When the Manjapuik Marapulai event is about to begin, the two families consult using traditional rhymes or petitih then when the decision has been finalized the traditional figure or family representative will eat the betel as a sign of approval.

COVID-19 and Lockdown, as Lived and Felt by University Students.

In the last 2 years, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread all over the world, forcing the closure of universities, among other unusual measures in recent history. (1) Background: This work is based on the study HOUSE-ULisbon, a survey carried out during the second confinement (March–May 2021) in Portugal with the collaboration of all the Faculties of the University of Lisbon (UL). The present work aims to explore gender differences in how first-year college students experienced and felt COVID-19 and the second confinement. (2) Methods: A questionnaire was carried out. In total, 976 university students (19.66 years (SD = 4.033); Min = 17 and Max = 65) from the first year of the UL were included, of which 69.5% (n = 678) were female, and 30.5% were male (n = 298). SPSS v. 26 was used for quantitative data and MAXQDA 2020 for qualitative data. (3) Results: Overall, students reported various symptoms of physical and mental discomfort (especially females). Statistically significant differences were found in the problems that could arise from the pandemic, such as the prevalence of higher anxiety and worries by females, and online gaming by males. In coping strategies, differences were found in leisure and family relationships, with greater difficulty on the female side. Social interaction was perceived as difficult or very difficult by both genders. As strategies for future pandemics, they highlighted a concerted effort between the government and media in the transmission of messages to the population, facilitating information, knowledge and adoption of protective behaviors. (4) Conclusions: These results are important data for activating or maintaining resources and services for first-year university students, who in some university institutions were supported during the pandemic by psychological, material (e.g., computers, internet), and financial support measures, which are now diminished or extinct. The impacts on their lives will certainly not be extinguished post-pandemic, and health, education, and public policy measures should be prioritized for this group. These results are important data for activating resources and services for students, informing health and education professionals, and supporting public policies.

The role of women in STEM disciplines. A multimodal analysis of crowdfunding project videos for the iGEM science competition.

The gender gap in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) is a matter of growing social concern: although the female presence in these disciplines has grown during the last decades, men still outnumber women (Corbett &amp; Hill, 2015). It has been shown that this is partly because of the lack of visibility that the work of women scientists has had along history, which has led to unconscious beliefs and stereotypes about gender and professional careers, and therefore, the disinterest in science on the female side (Nimmesgern, 2016). Previous research has shown that these stereotypes are reinforced through television programs depicting fictional women characters in STEM scenarios (Steinke, 2017; Davis &amp; Coleman, 2018), and the present study aims to explore the representation of real female and male scientists on the Internet. By applying a multimodal analysis from a social semiotic perspective, I examine how gender identities are represented in eight crowdfunding project videos of science created by undergraduate students for an international science competition, the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM). Relying on the Swalesian move-step analysis genre approach for the verbal content (Swales, 1990, 2004), and Kress and van Leeuwen’s Visual Grammar (VG) model for the visual content (Kress &amp; van Leeuwen, 2006), the analysis intends to uncover ideological purposes and meanings about gender roles within a context of scientific research. The results are compatible with previous studies that confirm that women are underrepresented in STEM, highlighting the ideologies that lead to the reinforcement of gender bias at the scientific workplace.

SEJARAH TARI TUBUN SITUN DI DESA DATAH DIAAN KECAMATAN PUTUSSIBAU UTARA KABUPATEN KAPUAS HULU

AbstractThe background of this research is to trace the history and origin of Tubun Situn Dance, which is a traditional Dayak Kayaan dance. This study aims to describe the history and development of the Tubun Situn dance in written form. This study uses historical methods in a qualitative form, assisted by a historical approach, with primary and secondary data sources. The resource persons in this study were Elisabeth Ijot, Yustina Lahe, Alel, Fransiska Bua'a, Marta Haraan, Leno. The techniques of data collection were using in this research are observation, interviews, and documentation. The technique of testing the validity of the data used in this research was lengthening observations, source triangulation and technical triangulation. Based on the results of the researchers, it can be concluded that: the name Tubun Situn is taken from the Tubun Situn flower. Tubun Situn dance is a dance inspired by the Telaang Mayaak dance or the Gong Ato dance but only takes the female side. Tubun Situn dance was created in 1944 by an artist from East Kalimantan named Kuu 'Bit Bayo, then introduced in 1955 in the Umaa Pagung community living in Umaa Aruu'. Tubun Situn dance has 3 kinds of movements: Sembip, Pekibak, and nyagok. Musical instruments that can be used to accompany the Tubun Situn dance are Sape' Telok Ting and the lyric, namely Taalima'.Keywords: History, Tubun Situn Dance

Endocrine and molecular factors of increased female reproductive performance in the Dummerstorf high-fertility mouse line FL1.

The Dummerstorf high-fertility mouse line FL1 is a worldwide unique selection experiment for increased female reproductive performance. After more than 190 generations of selection, these mice doubled the amount of offspring per litter compared to the unselected control line. FL1 females have a superior lifetime fecundity and the highest Silver fecundity index that has been described in mice, while their offspring show no signs of growth retardation. The reasons for the increased reproductive performance remained unclear. Thus, this study aims to characterize the Dummerstorf high-fertility mouse line FL1 on endocrine and molecular levels on the female side. We analyzed parameters of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis on both hormonal and transcriptional levels. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were decreased in FL1 throughout the whole estrous cycle. Luteinizing hormone (LH) was increased in FL1 mice in estrus. Progesterone concentrations were decreased in estrus in FL1 mice and not affected in diestrus. We used a holistic gene expression approach in the ovary to obtain a global picture of how the high-fertility phenotype is achieved. We found several differentially expressed genes in the ovaries of FL1 mice that are associated with different female fertility traits. Our results indicate that ovulation rates in mice can be increased despite decreased FSH levels. Cycle-related alterations of progesterone and LH levels have the potential to improve follicular maturation, and interactions of endocrine and molecular factors lead to enhanced follicular survival, more successful folliculogenesis and therefore higher ovulation rates in female FL1 mice.

Nias Marriage at Ehomo Village, Mazo Sub-District, South Nias District Analyzed through Indonesian Marriage Regulations

Background: The large number of marriage dowries that apply in nias tribal marriage customs becomes one of the considerations for nias people to hold a wedding therefore holding marriages in other areas (outside nias area), especially in urban areas, become one of the options for nias people to avoid the large cost of dowry that must be given by men to the female side. Mahar in Nias custom also contains issues of gender injustice.&#x0D; Aim: This article aimed to study the marriage status of those who get married in Ehomo Village and how it is viewed through Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage.&#x0D; Method: This type of research in the preparation of law is empirical legal research. Presearch law taken from the facts that exist in a society, legal entity or government body, so that the material isthen compiled systematically, studied then drawn conclusions in relation to the issues studied, namely regarding the marriage of indigenous Nias tribes reviewed from Law number 1 of 1974 on marriage in Ehomo Village Maze District of South Nias Regency.&#x0D; Findings: The magnitude of dowry in Nias especially in Tetegawa'ai Ehomo is driven by wedding events that every stage should be celebrated with a massive event. One stage can be up to several days, so for a marriage can take a week. To finance this event, it is not uncommon for men to think about it or take responsibility.

Stid žene na kamenu

Through its focus on the stream of thoughts of Marta L, overwhelmed by worry over the obvious signs of aging, Andrić's story The Woman on the Rock naturally encourages psychological interpretations. While challenging a psychoanalytic reading, we interpret The Woman on the Rock within the context of Jung's analytical psychology, employing the concept of archetypes, primarily the shadow, the persona, and the animus. We have pointed to Marta's grandiose self, the compensatory quality of her memories, as well as her ego ideal and the realization of her persona's inevitable adaptation. We dedicated a special section to her shame, which hasn't been given attention in literary science so far. The aging-related shame ongoing in the protagonist's stream of thought is connected with the shame she felt at the threshold of girlhood in front of others, in an episode that has an evident erotic connotation. Although the story illuminates Marta's relationships with the important men in her life, the key relationship in this story is Marta's relationship with herself and her body: the protagonist is preoccupied with self-evaluation, in a tumultuous, but just as necessary process of revalorizing her self assessment criteria. Marta is a typical father's daughter, who hasn't developed her female side because feminine qualities hadn't been affirmed in her raising. Hence she views her body through the eyes of a strict and judgmental animus, formed in great measure by her father's figure.

At the Roots of the Tree of Life: Marija Gimbutas among the Family Women

At the Roots of the Tree of Life: Marija Gimbutas among the Family Women