Female Population Growth Research Articles

Analisis Implementasi Matriks dalam Estimasi Laju Pertumbuhan Populasi Wanita

Leslie matrix is a growth matrix used to estimate the growth rate of a population. Through the population growth rate, information can be obtained whether the growth tends to increase, decrease, or stabilize. The general form of the Leslie matrix is a square matrix in which the first-row entries contain values of female fertility rate , the subdiagonals contain values of female survival rate , and entries other than in the first row and sub diagonals are zero. This research is to determine the implementation of the Leslie matrix in estimating the female population growth rate in Situbondo Regency 2023 and its analysis. The stages of this research began with presenting the Leslie matrix population growth model for the next three years. The second stage is to determine the age class interval. Next, determine the initial age distribution vector. The fourth and fifth stages, respectively, are calculating the and the value. The next step is constructing the Leslie matrix. The seventh stage is to calculate the estimated female population. The eighth stage is determining the eigenvalue and ends with determining the dominant eigenvalue. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it is obtained that the estimated female population in Situbondo Regency 2023 tends to decrease with the acquisition of a dominant eigenvalue that is less than one. That information can be taken into consideration by the government in formulating population-related policies.

Demographic responses of nearly extirpated endangered mountain caribou to recovery actions in Central British Columbia.

Recovering endangered species is a difficult and often controversial task that challenges status quo land uses. Southern Mountain caribou are a threatened ecotype of caribou that historically ranged in southwestern Canada and northwestern USA and epitomize the tension between resource extraction, biodiversity conservation, and Indigenous Peoples' treaty rights. Human‐induced habitat alteration is considered the ultimate cause of caribou population declines, whereby an increased abundance of primary prey—such as moose and deer—elevates predator populations and creates unsustainable caribou mortality. Here we focus on the Klinse‐Za and Quintette subpopulations, part of the endangered Central Group of Southern Mountain caribou in British Columbia. These subpopulations were trending toward immediate extirpation until a collaborative group initiated recovery by implementing two short‐term recovery actions. We test the effectiveness of these recovery actions—maternity penning of adult females and their calves, and the reduction of a primary predator, wolves—in increasing vital rates and population growth. Klinse‐Za received both recovery actions, whereas Quintette only received wolf reductions, providing an opportunity to test efficacy between recovery actions. Between 1995 and 2021, we followed 162 collared female caribou for 414 animal‐years to estimate survival and used aerial counts to estimate population abundance and calf recruitment. We combined these data in an integrated population model to estimate female population growth, total population abundance, and recovery action effectiveness. Results suggest that the subpopulations were declining rapidly (λ = 0.90–0.93) before interventions and would have been functionally extirpated (<10 animals) within 10–15 years. Wolf reduction increased population growth rates by ~0.12 for each subpopulation. Wolf reduction halted the decline of Quintette caribou and allowed them to increase (λ = 1.05), but alone would have only stabilized the Klinse‐Za (λ = 1.02). However, maternity penning in the Klinse‐Za increased population growth by a further ~0.06, which when combined with wolf reductions, allowed populations to grow (λ = 1.08). Taken together, the recovery actions in these subpopulations increased adult female survival, calf recruitment, and overall population growth, more than doubling abundance. Our results suggest that maternity penning and wolf reductions can be effective at increasing caribou numbers in the short term, while long‐term commitments to habitat protection and restoration are made.

Does Women’s Participation in Politics Matter for Economic Development in OIC-15? An Islamic Perspective

This study aims to empirically determine and analyze the role of women's participation in politics, female population growth, trade balance, and women's labor force participation in promoting economic development across 15 OIC countries during the 2006-2017 period, both in short- and long-run from an Islamic perspective. Using the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method, this study found that, in the short term, trade balance and women's labor force participation have promoted Islamic economic development. In contrast, women's participation has a negative effect on the economic development of OIC countries. In the long term, on the other hand, all variables have promoted Islamic economic development in OIC countries, except for the trade balance variable. These findings suggest that coordination and synergy for strengthening economic development among OIC countries need to be enhanced, focusing on women's role in politics, labor force, quality of population, and economic dimensions.JEL Classification: C33, F16, J16, O11, P48Ramdayani, S., Majid, M. S. A., &amp; Suriani, S. (2021). Does Women's Participation in Politics Matter for Economic Development in OIC-15? An Islamic Perspective. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 10 (2), 209-222. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v10i2.20214.

Application of the Leslie Matrix to Predict the Number and Growth Rate of Women in West Java 2021

Data from the Central Statistics Agency 2019 collected that the total population of women in Indonesia is less than male, which is 131.48 million people if compared to the total male population, which is 132.68 million population. This matter is directly relation to the total female population in West Java which is also less than the male population around 24031252.0 female and 24652609.0 male population(Badan Pusat Statistika, 2019).This should be the focus of the government to balance the population growth of women and men in West Java because of the role of women being central in the population growth of the people of West Java. The targets of the development plan contained in the RPJM 2005-2025 is to improve the quality of human resources, including the role of women in development. The growth of the female population is an important thing that must be observed, considering the role of women is determining the development of the human population in the future, because without the role of women the population will not be able to develop. This encourages researchers to predict the number and rate of female population growth in West Java in 2021. The Leslie matrix is a matrix used to predict the number and growth rate of a population. By applying the Leslie matrix to predict the number and growth rate of women in West Java in 2021, it can be concluded that the number of female populations in West Java is around tends to increase.

Prediction of the number of Women Population in Medan City 2025 by using The Leslie Matrix

The Leslie matrix model is a model used to predict the number and rate of female population growth. This study aims to determine the number and rate of female population growth in the city of Medan in 2025 based on data on birth rates and life expectancy. The eigenvector is used to determine the number of female populations at each age interval, while the eigenvalues are used to determine the population growth rate. To determine the number of female populations from each age interval, a positive eigenvalue is sought. Based on positive eigenvalues, three cases occur, namely: 1) the population will tend to increase if; 2) the population will tend to decline if; 3) the population will tend to be stable if. Based on the research results, the eigenvalues were obtained λ = 1,3673 which means the number of the female population in the city ofMedan tends to increase

Prediction of the Number of Women Population in Medan City 2025 by Using the Leslie Matrix

Population problems can cause problems, both in terms of political, economic, socio-cultural life, defense and security, as well as other aspects of life concerning the use of natural resources and the environment. By knowing the population growth rate, the Medan city government can implement a policy to anticipate social problems that may arise. This study aims to determine the number and rate of female population growth in the city of Medan in 2025. The Leslie matrix model is a model that can be used to predict the number and rate of female population growth. The step taken to predict the number of population p in the following year is to form a column vector whose entry is the initial number of population for each age class. Next look for n (t + p) which is the total population for the following year using the formula n(t+p)=Apn(t) where A is the Leslie matrix. Furthermore, to predict the population growth rate using the Leslie matrix is to find the positive eigenvalues λ of the matrix A. Based on positive eigenvalues λ, three cases occur, namely: 1) the population will tend to increase if λ>1; 2) the population will tend to decline if λ<1 ; 3) the population will tend to be stable if λ=1. Based on data analysis, the total female population in the city of Medan in 2025 is 1,576,294. Furthermore, the eigenvalues of λ=1,3673 which mean that the number of female populations in the city of Medan tends to increase.

Use of a Managed Solitary Bee to Pollinate Almonds: Population Sustainability and Increased Fruit Set.

Simple SummaryMethods to rear Osmia bees to pollinate fruit trees have been developed in various parts of the world. These bees are excellent pollinators but evidence that their populations can be sustained in orchards and their use results in increased fruit production is scarce. We released an Osmia cornuta population at one end of an almond orchard. Then, we surveyed the pollinators visiting the almond flowers and measured fruit set in trees located at increasing distances from the nesting stations. We found that fruit production was higher in the trees that received more Osmia visits. Importantly, this result was obtained against a strong background of honeybees, which were 10 times more abundant than Osmia. The Osmia population obtained at the end of the flowering period was 1.28 larger than the population initially released. Our study demonstrates that Osmia populations can be sustained in orchard environments and that even a small population of a highly effective pollinator may have a significant impact on fruit set. Our results are encouraging for the use of Osmia populations and for the implementation of measures to promote wild pollinators in agricultural environments.Osmia spp. are excellent orchard pollinators but evidence that their populations can be sustained in orchard environments and their use results in increased fruit production is scarce. We released an Osmia cornuta population in an almond orchard and measured its population dynamics, as well as visitation rates and fruit set at increasing distances from the nesting stations. Honeybees were 10 times more abundant than O. cornuta. However, the best models relating fruit set and bee visitation included only O. cornuta visitation, which explained 41% and 40% of the initial and final fruit set. Distance from the nesting stations explained 27.7% and 22.1% of the variability in initial and final fruit set. Of the 198 females released, 99 (54.4%) established and produced an average of 9.15 cells. Female population growth was 1.28. By comparing our results with those of previous O. cornuta studies we identify two important populational bottlenecks (female establishment and male-biased progeny sex ratios). Our study demonstrates that even a small population of a highly effective pollinator may have a significant impact on fruit set. Our results are encouraging for the use of Osmia managed populations and for the implementation of measures to promote wild pollinators in agricultural environments.

休眠卵孵化对策与食物浓度对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)两品系干雌体种群增长的影响

周期性孤雌繁殖的轮虫靠休眠卵度过不良环境，等环境适宜时休眠卵孵化出干雌体，再次通过孤雌繁殖建立种群。通常休眠卵要经历一段休眠期再孵化，但也有些休眠卵生成后很快孵化，称为早孵化现象。有关休眠卵不同孵化对策如何影响其干雌体克隆种群的增长，目前尚不清楚。分别观测了萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）的两个品系H1（窄温度生态位）和D1（宽温度生态位）的休眠卵在不同孵化对策和不同食物浓度下所生产的干雌体克隆群的种群增长差异。孵化对策包括早孵化（early hatching，EH）和晚孵化（late hatching，LH）；食物浓度包括高食物浓度（high food concentration，HF：2×106个细胞/mL）和低食物浓度（low food concentration，LF：5×105个细胞/mL），每个品系下各设置4个实验组（LH-HF、LH-LF、EH-HF、EH-LF），每组10个重复。结果发现，对D1品系来说：孵化对策和食物浓度对最大种群数量具有显著的综合影响（P=0.002），但两因素间不存在交互作用（P=0.911）；早孵化的干雌体种群在最大种群数量上显著高于晚孵化的干雌体种群（P=0.001）。对H1品系：孵化对策和食物浓度对最大种群数量综合影响显著（P < 0.001），且两个因素之间存在交互作用（P < 0.001）；高食物浓度下，EH干雌体克隆群的最大种群数量显著低于LH干雌体克隆群（P < 0.001）。高食物浓度下干雌体克隆群开始有性生殖的密度阈值，D1品系EH组显著高于LH组（P=0.041）；而H1品系EH组却显著低于LH组（P=0.022）。最高种群密度下，H1品系的有性生殖率在两种孵化对策之间存在显著差异（P=0.044），EH种群的有性生殖率低于LH种群，而D品系却未见有性生殖率在不同孵化对策间存在明显差异。本研究结果显示休眠卵的孵化对策会影响其后代干雌体种群的增长特性，其影响的结果可能与种群的生境适应相关。

PENGEMBANGAN SOAL-SOAL KONTEKSTUAL PADA MATA KULIAH ALJABAR LINEAR BERBASIS MATRIKS LESLIE

Understanding the exact mathematical concepts in students can be obtained through an in-depth process by practicing existing problems in daily life known as contextual learning. Linear Algebra is one of the mathematics courses in the Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Borneo Tarakan. But in practicing problem solving students need contextual questions so that the learning abilities obtained by students are more meaningful and students can find out the usefulness of Linear Algebra courses in daily life, especially on matrix material. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors in matrix material are one sub material that can be associated with the Leslie matrix. The Leslie Matrix is a matrix used to predict the number and rate of growth of female population in the City of Tarakan. The development of contextual questions related to the Leslie matrix includes calculating the predicted number of female population growth in one of the kelurahans in the City of Tarakan in the next 5 years and calculating the prediction of the rate of female population growth in one of the kelurahans in the City of Tarakan in the next 5 years.

PCN155 ESTIMATIVE OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED OR METASTATIC BREAST CANCER HR+ / HER2-, STRATIFIED BY TREATMENT LINES IN BRAZIL

To estimate the total number of patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2-) in Brazil and also the number of patients in each treatment lines (first and second lines). A retrospective analysis was performed based on epidemiological and published data from Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA). Were considered the Brazilian female population in 2018 and the prevalence of advanced or metastatic breast cancer to estimate the number of patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer HR+ / HER2-, followed by the prevalence of postmenopausal patients in each treatment lines. An average rate of 0.7% of female population growth in Brazil was considered based on the last five years data from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) to estimate the population for the next four years (2019 to 2022). According to available data, it was possible to estimate that there were a total of 7,724 women with advanced or metastatic breast cancer HR+ /HER2- in 2018, of which 2,248 are pre-menopausal and 5,476 are in postmenopausal phase. For those in postmenopausal, considering the profile of Brazilian patients, it is estimated that, 3,177 women will receive the first line of treatment. Furthermore it was estimated a total of 3,192 that will receive second line treatment. Breast cancer presents several histological subtypes that can be directly related to prognosis, therefore, it is relevant to estimate these populations in order to customize the treatment for the patients. In this context, it is possible to conclude that this is a significant result considering the studied population, and it is necessary to increase the efficacy and the access to treatment for these patients in Brazil.

The Female Population Growth Projection Year 2021 in Trenggalek Regency by Leslie Matrix Model on the Birth Rate and Life Expectancy

&lt;p&gt;This research aims to determine the number of female residents in Trenggalek Regency in 2021 based on data on birth rate and life expectancy. The use of eigenvalues and eigenvectors aims to determine the dividing age distribution by Leslie matrix model. The eigenvectors are used to determine the number of female populations of each age interval, while the eigenvalues are used to determine population growth rates. The research method used is to determine the subject of research. The next stage is to collect research data, then analyze the data and last draw conclusions. The research data is obtained from BPS Kabupaten Trenggalek and BPS East Java Province that is data of woman population from year 2010-2015. The result of this research using Leslie matrix model for female population in Trenggalek Regency that is discrete model. The discrete model is divided into fourteen age intervals constructed using the birthrate and life expectancy. The conclusions of the study showed that the number of female population in Trenggalek Regency tended to increase with positive eigen value greater than one. In other words, the growth rate of female population in Trenggalek Regency tends to be positive. The success of Leslie's matrix model is the application of case studies in predicting the number of female populations in Trenggalek District by 2021 using the MAPLE 16 Program.&lt;/p&gt;

Effects of male trophy hunting on female carnivore population growth and persistence

Carnivore populations are often managed based on the density dependent, compensatory mortality model, which suggests that trophy hunting of males causes an increase in female reproductive success, survival, and population growth. Our previous research on grizzly bears (Ursus acrtos) and cougars (Puma concolor) showed that increased mortality of males resulted in no net reduction in males due to increased immigration. Female reproduction and survival did not increase with male mortality. That research suggested that female demographics are additive to male mortality and might even be depensatory (inversely compensatory), whereby increased male immigration and infanticide may be associated with decreased female reproductive success, survival, and population growth. In this paper we test the compensatory, additive, and depensatory hypotheses by censoring female hunting deaths and plausible kitten infanticides from two independent cougar populations. The previously observed lack of compensatory demographics allowed us to censor deaths in this manner. The lightly hunted population (male hunting mortality=0.16) had a female population growth rate of 1.05. With female mortality from hunting removed the growth rate increased to 1.14. The heavily hunted population (male hunting mortality=0.35) had a female population growth rate of 0.78. With infanticide removed the growth rate increased to 0.89. With hunting mortality of females removed, the growth rate increased to 0.98. With both female mortalities and infanticide removed, the growth rate increased to 1.14. Light hunting of males (no net male immigration) decreased female population growth in an additive manner and heavy hunting of males (increased net male immigration) decreased female population growth in a depensatory manner. We reject the compensatory mortality hypothesis, and suggest that hunting of male carnivores has a negative additive or depensatory effect on female population growth depending on the intensity of male mortality. We recommend that hunting of polygnous carnivores not exceed their intrinsic growth rates to forestall excessive compensatory male immigration and infanticide. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife instituted a new “equilibrium” hunting management plan (hunting mortality<14%/year) for cougars in 2013 based on our findings and recommendations.

Does hunting regulate cougar populations? A test of the compensatory mortality hypothesis

Many wildlife species are managed based on the compensatory mortality hypothesis, which predicts that harvest mortality (especially adult male mortality) will trigger density-dependent responses in reproduction, survival, and population growth caused via reduced competition for resources. We tested the compensatory mortality hypothesis on two cougar (Puma concolor) populations in Washington, USA (one heavily hunted and one lightly hunted). We estimated population growth, density, survival, and reproduction to determine the effects of hunting on cougar population demography based on data collected from 2002 to 2007. In the heavily hunted population, the total hunting mortality rate (mean +/- SD) was 0.24 +/- 0.05 (0.35 +/- 0.08 for males, 0.16 +/- 0.05 for females). In the lightly hunted population, the total hunting mortality rate was 0.11 +/- 0.04 (0.16 +/- 0.06 for males, 0.07 +/- 0.05 for females). The compensatory mortality hypothesis predicts that higher mortality will result in higher maternity, kitten survival, reproductive success, and lower natural mortality. We found no differences in rates of maternity or natural mortality between study areas, and kitten survival was lower in the heavily hunted population. We rejected the compensatory mortality hypothesis because vital rates did not compensate for hunting mortality. Heavy harvest corresponded with increased immigration, reduced kitten survival, reduced female population growth, and a younger overall age structure. Light harvest corresponded with increased emigration, higher kitten survival, increased female population growth, and an older overall age structure. Managers should not assume the existence of compensatory mortality when developing harvest prescriptions for cougars.

Age structure and growth of Semotilus atromaculatus(Mitchill) in PCB‐contaminated streams

Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus from two PCB contaminated streams (Clear Creek and Richland Creek) at three locations and a reference stream (Little Indian Creek), Indiana, U.S.A., were examined to determine if age class structure and growth variables were correlated with in‐situ PCB exposure. Approximately five to 15 fish were captured weekly during the spring spawning season and monthly thereafter for a 12 month period. Fish collected ranged from 25 to 267 mm total length (LT). Throughout the course of this study, no spawning activity was observed at either location in Clear Creek, although some very small young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) creek chub fry were observed at the downstream location by late summer. Creek chub nests were observed in both Richland Creek and Little Indian Creek but YOY were common only in Little Indian Creek. Exposure to PCBs was shown to both enhance and decrease growth in varied laboratory tests; subtle but significant gender‐specific differences in the growth of creek chub populations between the sites were observed. Creek chub up to 24 months in age from Clear Creek and Richland Creek were significantly larger (both LT and mass for males and LT for females) than reference site creek chub. This trend was reversed for creek chub aged ≥24 months as the reference site fish were consistently larger with reference males weighing significantly more. Older age classes of creek chub were missing in areas of higher PCB contamination. Female population growth rates and individual instantaneous growth rates were consistently higher at the reference site in comparison to the PCB‐contaminated sites. Calculation of ‘functional b’(as a condition factor) did indicate that growth enhancement in young males did occur at the most contaminated site and reductions in growth (mass relative to LT) occurred in females from all contaminated sites. Furthermore, long‐term survivorship for females was reduced in the PCB‐contaminated streams. All of these subtle alterations in growth would not have been observed if males and females had not been analysed separately.

Expectations for population growth at new breeding locations for the vulnerable New Zealand sea lion ( Phocarctos hookeri) using a simulation model

Management plans for threatened or recovering large vertebrate species that are increasing in population size and range focus on the establishment of viable populations within set temporal limits. New Zealand (Hookers) sea lions ( Phocarctos hookeri) were declared a threatened species in 1997, and New Zealand legislation requires that threatened species of marine mammals must be managed to reduce human-induced mortality and achieve a non-threatened status within 20 years. The present breeding distribution of P. hookeri is highly localised, with over 95% of total annual pup production located at Auckland Islands and almost all of the remainder at Campbell Island. Breeding elsewhere has been ephemeral or restricted to <10 adult females. The only recorded sustainable breeding at a new location has been at Otago, South Island, New Zealand. This breeding population consisted of a total of four breeding females in 2002 and is derived from one immigrant female that gave birth to her first pup in the 1993/1994 breeding season. The New Zealand Department of Conservation management plan specifies that to achieve a non-threatened status P. hookeri (1) at Otago must increase in the number of breeding females to ⩾10, and (2) must establish ⩾two new breeding locations within the 20-year time frame, each with ⩾10 breeding females. This study 1) projects the population growth trends at a new location (Otago) to see if it will achieve ⩾10 breeding females within the legislated time frame, and (2) examines the likelihood that other breeding locations will establish elsewhere given the demographic information available for this species. We present 20 deterministic and three stochastic Leslie matrix model scenarios for female population growth for the initial years following the start of breeding at a new location. Our results indicate that (1) a new breeding population derived from one immigrant female is unlikely to reach 10 breeding females in 20 years; this duration is more likely to be 23–41 years (deterministic models) or 23–26 years (stochastic model), (2) the likelihood of two new sites establishing within 20 years is unquantifiable, but the probability is low, and (3) if the legislated outcome and time limit are not revised in the population management plan, the feasibility and effectiveness of re-locating young females could be investigated.